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PubMed1990

[Dynamics of the statistical characteristics of the cardiac rhythm in preschoolers during the school year].

The functional state of the organism of preschool-children during a school year has been investigated on the basis of the dynamics of statistical characteristics of the cardiac rhythm. It has been found out that it is more difficult for boys to get adapted to the conditions of a kindergarten than girls. During the school year children develop sex- and age-dependent fatigue. Cardiac rhythm studies data make it possible to assess the organism status of preschoolchildren in different periods of the school year and, on this basis, to correct educational work in the kindergarten.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Children's mental health service use across service sectors.

This DataWatch explores the roles of human service sectors (mental health, education, health, child welfare, and juvenile justice) in providing mental health services for children. The data are from the first wave of the Great Smoky Mountains Study of Youth, a population-based study of psychopathology and mental health service use among children. The results show somewhat higher rates of mental health service use than has been reported previously, while continuing to show a substantial amount of unmet need, even among children with both a psychiatric diagnosis and functional impairment. The findings point to a significant role for the education sector, suggesting that schools may function as the de facto mental health system for children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Does asthma or treatment with theophylline limit children's academic performance?

BACKGROUND: Asthma is a major cause of morbidity in childhood, restricting activity and causing absences from school. Theophylline, although effective in managing chronic asthma, has been reported to cause deficits in cognitive functioning and school performance. We therefore examined the effect of asthma and its treatment on academic achievement in a large, representative population of school-age children; matched sibling controls were used for comparison. METHODS: We identified 255 consecutive children with asthma (mean age, 12.0 years) who had taken nationally standardized scholastic achievement tests administered routinely by the schools. One hundred one of these children had siblings without asthma with whom comparisons could be made in reading, mathematics, and a composite measure of achievement. RESULTS: Academic achievement among the children with asthma was similar to normative standards in Iowa and higher than national standards, as reflected in a mean composite T-score of 57.1 (expected mean [+/- SD], 50 +/- 10). For the 101 children with sibling controls, composite T-scores were 58.3 for the children with asthma and 57.5 for the siblings. Eighty-five of these 101 children with asthma were receiving daily maintenance medication for chronic asthma; 72 of these were receiving theophylline. The mean composite T-scores were 58.5 for the theophylline-treated patients and 58.4 for their siblings without asthma. None of the differences between the children with asthma and the sibling controls were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Academic achievement among children with asthma, at least those whose status is closely monitored in a structured treatment program, generally appears to be unaffected by asthma or by its treatment with appropriate doses of theophylline.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Functional disturbances of the masticatory system in school children.

The centralization of treatment for functional masticatory disturbances by the Copenhagen Municipality Children's Dental Service has made possible the present survey of symptoms and results of treatment in a child population. Over a period of four years, a total of 366 children, aged six to sixteen (two thirds girls), were referred for treatment. Their symptoms differed from those reported by adult patients by a marked attrition of the mandibular incisors and concomitant sensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimulation. Other symptoms of functional disturbance, such as reduced mandibular mobility and muscle tenderness, were similar to those reported for adult subjects. Treatment conformed to conventional principles with widespread use of soft bite-splints (Figure 5). Both symptoms and signs were eliminated in about 60 percent of the patients, while 34 percent were essentially symptom-free at the conclusion of treatment. The survey showed that functional disturbances in the mandibular apparatus occur in children, and that many can be treated with good results. The symptomatology, however, resembles that of a wide range of other ailments, especially with respect to headache and facial pain, necessitating a careful differential diagnosis before functional corrective treatment is started.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Pedigrees, functioning, and psychopathology in families of school phobic children.

Family pedigrees of six children with severe school phobia compared with those of a matched group of families of five children with psychiatric disorders showed a clustering of affective and anxiety disorders. Blind and independent family histories and structured interviews of parents and siblings demonstrated higher rates of depressive and anxiety disorders in first-degree relatives of children with school phobia. Parents of children with school phobia described more disturbance in family functioning on the Family Assessment Measure than did parents in the comparison group in the areas of role performance, communication, affective expression, and control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Cerebral dysfunction after chronic hypoxia in children.

Although the long-term effects of acute anoxia have been studied, the effects of chronic hypoxia on the developing human brain have received little attention. We studied children with a cyanotic congenital heart defect to assess the impact of chronic hypoxia by eight measures: neurologic examination, visual evoked response, EEG, behavioral adjustment, cognitive, perceptual-motor, and attentional functioning, and school performance. On outcome evaluation, these children evidenced diverse neurophysiologic dysfunction. Chronic hypoxia was associated with impaired motor function, inability to sustain attention, and low academic achievement.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1992

Use of descriptive and experimental analyses to identify the functional properties of aberrant behavior in school settings.

We conducted descriptive and experimental analyses of aberrant behavior in school settings with 2 children with autism, using teachers as assessors. Experimental functional analyses carried out by the investigators were followed by training teachers to conduct a descriptive analysis and a classroom experimental analysis. A comparison of the assessment procedures showed that each procedure identified negative reinforcement as a maintaining variable for aberrant behavior. The teacher implemented an intervention based on the assessment with mixed results. We then replicated the initial results by having the first teacher train a second teacher to carry out the two assessment procedures. The results of these analyses were also in agreement, again identifying negative reinforcement as a variable maintaining aberrant behavior. An intervention based on negative reinforcement was then successfully implemented. These results suggest the applicability and utility of functional analyses carried out in school settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

England and Wales: perspectives in school health.

The main roots of health care and health education for young people in the United Kingdom are described. Contributions of the National Health Service to health screening and developmental assessment are described, primarily through the function of school health services. The development and future potential for effective school health education also is considered in the light of the impending introduction of a new national curriculum. The evaluation of the concept of the "health promoting school" is highlighted as a key area for future development, together with more emphasis on achieving a balance between health enhancement and educational outcomes to school health education. Greater priority for evaluation of school health education also is advocated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Metals and school learning: a review of investigative techniques.

A growing body of literature suggests a relationship between metals and a threatened health status among children, adolescents, and adults. Recently, several investigators have reported a direct link between exposure to metal and diminished affective, behavioral, and cognitive performance of school children. The purpose of the present study was to review and analyze methods and procedures used to understand the relationship between exposure to metals and cognitive, social, and motor functioning of school children.

Achievement↗
PubMed1996

Functional assessment and treatment of aggressive and destructive behaviors in a child victim of physical abuse.

This case study describes the functional assessment and treatment of aggressive and destructive behaviors in a 14-year-old male child with a history of physical abuse. Evaluation was performed in a classroom within a residential school setting. Functional assessment in forms of indirect and descriptive methods was used to generate hypotheses regarding sources of behavioral control. A treatment plan that combined multi-level differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) and positive reinforcement for task completion was implemented based on the outcome of functional assessment. Treatment was associated with a gradual and steady reduction in challenging behaviors with near-zero rates achieved at follow-up. This case provides an example of clinical intervention for behavior disorders commonly observed in children who have been abused physically and a hypothesis-driven model of treatment formulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Canonical correlation of body composition and pulmonary function in children aged eight to twelve].

Canonical correlation of body composition and pulmonary ventilation function in school boys and girls aged 8 to 12 and normally developed was analyzed. Skinfolds of triceps and subscapular angle were measured, and body composition was estimated as body fat percentage (BF%), body fat (BF) and lean body mass (LBM). Ventilation function was measured. Results indicated that correlation between body composition and ventilation function mainly attributed to a positive correlation between LBM and vital capacity (VC) and a negative correlation between BF% and a ratio of expiratory reserve volume (ERV) to VC. It suggests effects of body composition on ventilation function mainly attributed to LBM and BF%.

Body Composition↗
PubMed1995

Use of ECFMG certifying examinations for national comparisons: performance of graduates of Israeli medical schools in basic and clinical science examinations.

Examinations were used for comparison of Israeli medical school graduates. The two schools with traditional curricula had higher pass rates for first takers of Day 1 (68% and 61%, mean scores 76.6 and 76.4) than the community-based school (44%, mean score 74.5) and the technologically oriented school (40%, mean score 72.5). There were similar pass rates for traditional school first takers of Day 2 (97% and 91%, mean scores 82.4 and 80.4) as for community-based school first takers (94%, mean score 80.1). The traditional schools and the community-based school demonstrated higher pass rates and mean scores for first takers of Day 2 than the technologically oriented school. Analysis of the time lapse between the basic science curriculum and taking the basic science examination reveals no trend in scores or pass rates. While the likelihood of better performance on Day 1 seems enhanced by traditional curricula, there is an equivalent performance on Day 2 by graduates of schools with traditional curricula.

Certification↗
PubMed1994

The relationship of self-esteem to selected personal and environmental resources of adolescents.

This study examined the relationship of selected variables to self-esteem among 648 high school and college students. Multiple regression analyses, with self-esteem as the dependent variable, were computed separately for both males and females from small and large schools. Predictor variables were sex role orientation (masculinity/femininity); attitudes toward women's roles in society; high school activity participation; high school athletic participation; employment practices of students; and parents' education, occupational, and marital status. For all four groups, higher masculinity scores and greater levels of activity participation were significantly related to self-esteem. As predicted, however, there were differences in the regression equations as a function of school size. For males in small schools, but not in large schools, athletic participation was a significant predictor of self-esteem. For females in small schools, but not in large schools, more nontraditional or egalitarian attitudes toward women were related to higher self-esteem scores. Only masculinity and activity participation were significant predictors of self-esteem for both males and females in large schools. The implications of these results for the understanding of adolescent development are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Arterial pressure and race. A study in pauper children attending schools in an urban strip in Lisbon].

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether race is a factor of blood pressure levels in school-age children of similar social status, and to investigate other potential determinants of the levels of blood pressure. DESIGN: Inquiry in schools of the suburbs of Lisbon. SETTING: Three schools, four medical observers (general practitioners with school-health functions). SUBJECTS: Three hundred ninety seven children, aged 6-14 years, both sexes, 296 being white and 101 non-white. INTERVENTIONS: Inquiry to the following individual characteristics--sex, age, race, birthplace, type of housing, house availability of water, electricity and waste water, type of transportation to school, number of cohabitans, family income, school marks. Individual determination of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), weight and height. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Blood pressure values were cross-analyzed with all the determined variables, and the virtual correlations were checked. Main results as follows: Race does not influence either SBP or DBP. In this age group, sex does not influence blood pressure values. The used markers of socioeconomical status have equally no influence on blood pressure. Age has only a significant repercussion on SBP. No significant correlation was found between height and blood pressure. Body weight, however, influence either SBP or DBP. SBP was found to be lower in the second of two successive measurements, and the difference increases with age. CONCLUSIONS: In this school-aged biracial population, body weight seems to be the major factor of blood pressure levels, in the sense-bigger weight, higher SBP and DBP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Knowledge and attitudes of schoolteachers toward oral health programs and preventive dentistry.

Because teachers often take on major roles in school dental health programs, three surveys were completed between 1973 and 1981 to measure teachers' attitudes and knowledge about oral health and their own participation in school programs. The questionnaires were sent to teachers whose schools were included in major dental caries preventive programs and teachers whose schools were not included in such programs. Results showed that: Teachers were quite willing to teach oral health topics and were willing to take on a wide range of teaching, but not administrative, responsibilities. Teachers' acceptance of these responsibilities appeared to decrease during the surveys, possibly as a function of school budget difficulties, indicating a need for incentives and positive rein-forcement. However, their acceptance of responsibilities was not affected by their participation in preventive programs. Schoolteachers had basic misinformation about the purposes of personal oral hygiene, and about the relative effectiveness of measures such as oral hygiene and consumption of fluoridated water in preventing dental caries. The preventive knowledge of teachers was unaffected by either the passage of time or participation in school preventive programs. A series of recommendations is given for the inservice education of school-teachers.

Attitude to Health↗