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Basic quantitative analysis of classroom tests in radiologic technology educational programs is an essential, yet often overlooked, aspect of an effective evaluation system. This article was developed to provide educators with the information necessary to perform test evaluations in an easy-to-follow format.
The quantitative analysis of back surface deformity produced by scoliosis was carried out by the moiré method. A new computerized semi-automatic apparatus to be used for the analysis was developed. Parameters which indicate scoliotic deformity were calculated. The relations between these parameters and X-ray findings were examined. It was found that the parameters well estimated the spinal condition and could be used for an automatic diagnosis of scoliosis. Then, the effect of the treatment of scoliosis was evaluated by this analytic method. It was indicated that the improvement of deformities by treatment was not always correlated with the change of the spine on X-ray film and moiré analysis was significant as a three-dimensional evaluation procedure.
The aim of the study was the comparison of a newly developed method of quantitative analysis of the seminiferous epithelium (SE) cells with the traditional method based on stage classification according to Clermont. In 4000 sections of seminiferous tubules the following parameters have been evaluated: in procedure I--the frequency of cells at the particular stages of the SE cycle, in procedure II--the frequency of particular cell types forming SE. In the two procedures, 17,726 and 14,670 cells were assessed, respectively. In both procedures, the mean values of the studied cells per animal (I--886.3 +/- 15.4; II--733.5 +/- 96.9) and the distribution of the particular types of cells were similar. The new method of quantitative analysis is less laborious and cheaper. It may be applied instead of the method used so far.
A direct on-filter method in infrared spectrophotometry was investigated for the quantitative analysis of respirable cristobalite. A polypropylene membrane filter was employed for this analysis, because the membrane filter has high transparency and no interference peak in the spectral range to be used (750-250 cm-1). Linear relation between the sample weight and peak height (absorbance) for three specific peaks at 620, 385 and 300 cm-1 of cristobalite were confirmed over the range from 45 to 1,000 micrograms/cm2 for 620 cm-1 peak and 45-2,380 micrograms/cm2 for 385 and 300 cm-1 peaks. The variation of absorbance with the difference of particle size was smaller in filter sample than in potassium bromide pellet sample. As a conclusion, this direct on-filter method can be used for quantitative analysis of cristobalite in airborne dust in working environment.
OBJECTIVES: To identify, clone and sequence human sperm protein P34H gene and perform semi-quantitative analysis of its expression in testis and epididymidis. METHODS: Total RNA was prepared from human epididymidis tissue. cDNA fragment encoding human P34H was amplified by RT-PCR using specific primers, and then was cloned into pGEM-T vector. Inserted P34H gene was sequenced by ABI 377 DNA Sequencer. Meanwhile, semi-quantitative analysis of P34H expression in testis and caput, corpus, cauda epididymidis was done by RT-PCR based on beta-actin as an inner control. RESULTS: Human sperm protein P34H gene was successfully cloned and its cDNA sequence was submitted to GenBank(Accession No. AF515625). CONCLUSIONS: The cloning of P34H gene may be useful for the further basic and clinical studies on P34H.
The detection of multivessel disease (MVD) in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) was performed using exercise myocardial scintigraphy with qualitative and quantitative analysis, to compare the diagnostic ability of planar (PL), planar + washout rate (PL + WR), SPECT, Bull's eye + WR (BE + WR) and SPECT + BE + WR. Forty seven patients of anterior MI (SVD: DVD: TVD = 29: 8: 10) and thirty four patients of infero-posterior MI (SVD: DVD: TVD = 16: 8: 10) were reviewed. SPECT was superior to PL to detect ischemia of RCA in patients with anterior MI (50% vs. 100%) and to detect ischemia of diagonal branch in patients with infero-posterior MI (0% vs. 83%). The detection of ischemia of LCX in patients with anterior MI revealed low sensitivity in both PL and SPECT. SPECT + BE + WR showed the highest diagnostic ability to detect MVD in patients with both anterior (87%) and infero-posterior MI (82%). We conclude that SPECT with qualitative and quantitative analysis is the most useful to detect MVD in patients with MI.
Some reports show the qualitative analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulsation in the subarachnoid space and the syrinx using cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, few reports studied the quantitative analysis of CSF pulsation. We report here the results of quantitative analysis of CSF pulsation using the cine MRI with pre-saturation pulse. Using flow phantom, we calibrated the correlation between the true velocity and calculated velocity acquired from the movement of pre-saturated low signal. Three cases of syringomyelia with Chiari malformation, two cases of traumatic syringomyelia, and three normal volunteers were examined using this technique, and we could obtain time-velocity curves of CSF in both subarachnoid spaces and syrinx. Although obvious pulsation of CSF was observed in the syrinx of all Chiari malformations, no pulsation of CSF was observed in the syrinx of traumatic syringomyelia. CSF in the syrinx moves upward in the early systolic cardiac cycle, downward in the systolic cycle, and upward again in the diastolic cycle. Patterns of CSF pulsation in syrinx were similar to those in the subarachnoid space, but "phase" of these pulsations differed from case to case. These results suggest the close relationship between CSF pulsation in the syrinx and CSF obstruction at the cranio-vertebral junction. Dissociation of the "phase" of CSF pulsation in the syrinx and subarachnoid space may be significant in the analysis of the pathogenesis of syringomyelia.
The use of steady-state free precession nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for quantitative analysis in low magnetic field is investigated and shown to exhibit substantial advantages compared to more conventional NMR methods. With only minor additional requirements, the technique permits a considerable increase in signal-to-noise ratio for a given acquisition time. The experimental conditions needed for implementation and optimization of the acquisition parameters are explored and shown to be easily accessible with unsophisticated equipment. The applicability of the technique for quantitative analysis of samples with a range of relaxation rates is tested using various examples of practical interest. Highly reproducible results can be obtained much faster and without any special sample-dependent adjustments.
Quantitative assessment of myocardial tracer uptake in stress-delayed thallium and resting BMIPP imagings were performed in 24 patients with coronary artery disease. Each distribution was displayed on the bull's eye polar map and % uptake of each distribution was calculated as a mean value in 9 myocardial segments on the polar map. Redistribution index (% delayed uptake minus % stress uptake on thallium images) and discordance index (% delayed thallium uptake minus % BMIPP uptake) were also calculated. Each parameter was compared to the visual uptake score and wall motion score on contract left ventriculography. Excellent correlations were obtained between % uptake and the uptake score in each tracer. The % thallium and BMIPP uptake also correlated with regional wall motion score. Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between redistribution and discordance indexes in the mildly hypoperfused segments. These data indicate that the quantitative analysis of thallium and BMIPP distributions seems to be valuable to understand relationship between perfusion and regional wall motion. The discordant BMIPP uptake may represent asynergic but viable segments. However, several important factors, such as attenuation factor should be also taken into consideration for such quantitative analysis.
The application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in combination with indirect UV detection for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of synthetic low-molecular-mass heparin fragments, at low pH, is described. It is demonstrated that, in contrast to direct UV detection, with indirect UV detection the signal obtained for various synthetic heparin pentasaccharides is nearly independent of their molecular structure. Moreover, the sensitivity of indirect UV detection is at least one order of magnitude higher than that of direct UV detection. CE-indirect UV detection for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of low-molecular-mass glycosaminoglycans was achieved by using 5 mM 5-sulphosalisylic acid, pH 3 or 5 mM 1,2,4-tricarboxybenzoic acid, pH 3.5 as electrophoresis buffer and chromophore. The technique is exemplified by the analysis of three pharmaceutical preparations of synthetic heparin pentasaccharides. The method employing indirect UV detection was validated with respect to repeatability, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, linearity, accuracy and ruggedness. In the indirect detection mode, the limit of detection for synthetic pentasaccharides is below 5 fmol, whereas the limit of quantitation is about 25 fmol. The method shows excellent repeatability and is linear in the femtomole-picomole range. Finally, it is demonstrated that the method is suitable for the analysis of various types of glycosaminoglycans.
To assess the accuracy of quantitative analysis of global and regional wall motion and wall thickening of the left ventricle with cine magnetic resonance (MR), images obtained in eight pigs before and after myocardial infarction were compared with those obtained using gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA)-enhanced multislice spin-echo MR imaging and determination of pathology. The region with abnormal wall motion and wall thickening, as determined with cine MR imaging, identified the same region of infarction as indicated by Gd-DTPA-enhanced spin-echo MR imaging and pathology. Within the infarcted region wall motion and wall thickening analyzed with the centerline method were significantly reduced. We conclude that the use of quantitative analysis of cine MR images accurately determines localization and extent of regional left ventricular dysfunction in the infarcted heart in vivo. This analysis using dedicated software including the centerline method allows sequential assessment of regional left ventricular function in normal and infarcted hearts.
To examine the influence of muscle fatigue on center of pressure displacement during quiet standing using quantitative and fractal analyses, 12 healthy young men and women did the exercise stress test on the triceps surae muscle until fatigued. Subjects were measured for body stability for 60 sec. before and after the exercise. Quantitative analysis showed that center-of-pressure parameters for distance, velocity, amplitude distribution, and mean vector length of sway in the anterior/posterior direction changed significantly after muscle fatigue but not on the periodic parameters. This result suggested that quantitative analysis may identify the effects of muscle fatigue on the parameters that show displacement in the anterior/posterior direction of center of pressure. Fractal analysis indicated the value of critical point coordinates increased after muscle fatigue. This analysis can clarify the fundamental postural control strategy and time-series characteristics of postural sway which cannot be identified by spectral analysis.
Background: Because spontaneous microchimerism has been reported in stable renal and hepatic allografts, the presence of donor-derived cells in recipient tissues was investigated in kidney and liver tranplant recipients. Methods and Results: Human lymphocyte antigen class II markers and Y-chromosome sequences in male donor-to-female recipient transplants were used for chimeric analysis. Human lymphocyte antigen typing was performed by group-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, X-chromosome- and Y-chromosome-specific primers were used in a multiplex polymerase chain reaction analysis. Quantitative Y-chromosome analysis was performed using energy-transfer fluorescence from a nested primer system. Patients who had rejected their grafts were also analyzed, as were a group who were analyzed for chimerism at the time of transplant (day 1) and sequentially at various intervals for up to 3 months. Of 23 long-term kidney patients analyzed, 16 were chimeric by human lymphocyte antigen or sex-determination analysis. In 2 patients whose graft had failed no chimerism was observed. Chimerism in liver patients was detectable on the day of transplant and was maintained for 30 to 120 days as measured at 5-day intervals (these patients continue to be monitored). Quantititative analysis suggested that the ratio of donor to recipient cells was variable in a patient and ranged from greater than 1 in 10(4) to less than 1 in 10(5). An enhanced fluorescence energy-transfer detection system was adopted to increase sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction detection of chimerism and to quantitate the results. Conclusions: The results indicate that cells from the donor organ migrate into recipient tissues early after transplantation. These cells persist in a majority of patients for at least 3 to 4 years. It has been proposed that tolerance is related to the presence of these "passenger" leukocytes and that dendritic cells play the most important role. The data suggest that the establishment of chimerism plays an important role in graft acceptance in a majoritiy of the kidney and liver patients in this study. These findings also suggest that the levels of chimeric cells, "a quantitative chimerism," may be important in establishing tolerance but further studies are required to support this contention.
In this paper we report for the first time semi-quantitative analysis of indigo using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and surface enhance resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS). Indigo, a dye widely used today in the textile industry, has been used, historically, both as a dye and as a pigment; the latter in both paintings and in printed material. The molecule is uncharged and largely insoluble in most solvents. The application of SERS/SERRS to the semi-quantitative analysis of indigo has been examined using aggregated citrate-reduced silver colloids with appropriate modifications to experimental protocols to both obtain and maximise SERRS signal intensities. Good linear correlations are observed for the dependence of the intensities of the SERRS band at 1151 cm(-1) using laser exciting wavelengths of 514.5 nm (R=0.9985) and 632.8 nm (R=0.9963) on the indigo concentration over the range 10(-7)-10(-5) and 10(-8)-10(-5) mol dm(-3), respectively. Band intensities were normalised against an internal standard (silver sol band at 243 cm(-1)). Resonance Raman spectra (RRS) of aqueous solutions of indigo could not be collected because of its low solubility and the presence of strong fluorescence. It was, however, possible to obtain RS and RRS spectra of the solid at each laser excitation wavelength. The limits of detection (L.O.D.) of indigo by SERS and SERRS using 514.5 and 632.8 nm were 9 ppm at both exciting wavelengths. Signal enhancement by SERS and SERRS was highly pH dependent due to the formation of singly protonated and possibly doubly protonated forms of the molecule at acidic pH. The SERS and SERRS data provide evidence to suggest that an excess of monolayer coverage of the dye at the surface of silver colloids is observed at concentrations greater than 7.85x10(-6) mol dm(-3) for each exciting wavelength. The data reported herein also strongly suggest the presence of multiple species of the indigo molecule.
Quantitative information on tissue particulate burden is essential for investigation of relationships of particulates to several aspects of disease, such as exposure, physiology, radiology and pathology. We have developed a method for quantitative analysis of inorganic particulate burden in situ in tissue sections using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with backscattered electron (BSE) imaging and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) or the ion microprobe mass analyzer (IMMA). Our data show reproducible results for concentrations above 10(6) particles per cm3 of tissue. Samples of less than one microgram can be analyzed. Standard 5 microns paraffin sections of formalin fixed tissue are mounted on carbon discs, deparaffinized and examined in the SEM under standardized conditions. Fields of view comprising 10,000 microns3 are searched and all particles visible in the BSE image are counted and individually analyzed by EDXA. Location, number, size and types of particles are tabulated. Previous work showed correlation of quantitative SEM/EDXA with bulk analysis for Ni (r = 0.64), and IMMA with bulk analysis for Be (r = 0.999). Analytical results on exogenous and endogenous particles in 40 lungs (greater than 6000 fields searched and greater than 5700 particles analyzed), and the pathology observed in the tissue, may serve as baseline for future studies on all types of inorganic particles in normal and abnormal lungs. Observed concentrations ranged from 3 X 10(6) to 2 X 10(9) exogenous particles per cm3 of tissue.
The present study exemplifies the method of quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (cRT-PCR) by quantifying, in bovine tissues, the specific mRNAs for the two key proteins which regulate cellular cholesterol metabolism, the low density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor and the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. Our data reveal a broad range of expression for both mRNAs. The LDL-receptor mRNA expression was highest in the adrenal gland (6.7 x 10(4) molecules/micrograms cellular RNA) followed by the corpus luteum of the ovary, intermediate in the liver (8.6 x 10(2) molecules/micrograms cellular RNA) and not detectable in the large intestine. Expression of the HMG-CoA reductase almost paralleled LDL-receptor values. It was found to be highest in the ovary (6.1 x 10(6) molecules/micrograms cellular RNA) followed by the adrenal gland, intermediate in the liver (3.1 x 10(5) molecules/micrograms cellular RNA) and lowest in the large intestine (9.9 x 10(4) molecules/micrograms cellular RNA). These data are consistent with other reports concerning the quantitative analysis of the expression of both proteins as determined by other experimental approaches. Thus cRT-PCR is a valuable tool for the quantitative analysis of the LDL-receptor and the HMG-CoA reductase.
This paper introduced the application of support vector machines(SVM) regression method based on statistics studytheory to the quantitative analysis with near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Sixty-six wheat samples were used as experimental materials, and thirty-three of them were used as calibration samples. The protein contents and NIR spectra of the calibration samples were used to build SVM regression models by four different kernel functions. The protein content of the predicting samples are estimated by four different SVM regression models. All of the correlation coefficients between the estimated values by different SVM regression models and the standard chemical values of protein content by Kjeldahl's method are more than 0.97. The average absolute error is less than 0.32. To investigate the predicting effect, it is compared with PLS regression models. The result suggested that the SVM regression, which was built to estimate the protein content of wheat samples, can also be used in the quantitative analysis of real samples by NIR.
Quantitative analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products is usually accomplished by gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting. We have developed an alternative technique that allows PCR products to be directly quantitated from unfractionated samples. The PCR was used to amplify genomic (endogenous) DNA sequences (actin) and exogenous DNA (herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) ribonucleotide reductase) isolated from the trigeminal ganglia of rabbits to demonstrate the dot blot method of PCR product analysis. Two primer pairs (actin and ribonucleotide reductase) were coamplified, resulting in two different PCR products. Duplicate aliquots of the PCR products were applied to separate nylon membranes and hybridized with 32P-labeled oligonucleotide probes. Each radioactive probe was specific for target (HSV-1 DNA) or control (actin DNA) products. Quantitation using a laser scanning PhosphorImager and ImageQuant software demonstrated that the dot blot method can be used to rapidly analyze a large number of PCR samples.