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PubMed1993

Longitudinal changes of plasma pancreatic enzymes and hormones in experimental pancreatolithiasis in dogs.

Plasma pancreatic enzymes and hormones were longitudinally observed after producing partial obstruction of the major pancreatic duct in dogs to study an initial state of chronic pancreatitis or pancreatolithiasis. Fasting plasma immunoreactive cationic trypsin was elevated during the first six months and then decreased in a subgroup with pancreatic calculi, marked fibrosis, or duct dilatation when compared with the corresponding opposite at the end of the 12-month period. Similar but less prominent changes were found in fasting plasma immunoreactive pancreatic polypeptide (IRPP). Plasma amylase, glucose, or immunoreactive insulin or glucagon (IRG) show no significant variation. Plasma IRG and IRPP responses to intravenous insulin were reduced in the subgroups with marked pancreatic changes towards the end of the 12-month period. These results suggest that plasma pancreatic enzymes and hormones remain elevated as long as pancreatic damage is mild and then start to decline as the damage progresses in chronic pancreatitis or pancreatolithiasis.

Amylases↗
PubMed1989

Longitudinal changes in periodontal disease in untreated subjects.

About 300 subjects, 20-79 years of age were recruited for a longitudinal study on the effect of periodontal therapy. The result of a baseline examination have been reported earlier. Following this baseline examination, the subjects were monitored for 24 months without therapy. Re-examinations were performed after 12 and 24 months. All teeth including the 3rd molars were included in the examinations. Presence of plaque was assessed at 4 surfaces per tooth and gingivitis, probing pocket depth, probing attachment levels were assessed at 6 locations per tooth. Out of the subject sample examined at baseline, 57 individuals failed to return for either the 1st, the 2nd or both re-examinations. An analysis was performed regarding the periodontal status at baseline, of the respondents and non-respondents. The results from the follow-up examinations of the participating 20 to 79 year-old subjects revealed that the sample underwent, during a 2-year period, only minor changes with respect to a series of different parameters characteristic of periodontal disease. Thus, the mean values of probing pocket depth and probing attachment level failed to change between baseline and the re-examinations after 1 and 2 years. Even if the mean values underwent only minor changes, however, certain subjects within each age category improved their periodontal conditions, whereas other subjects worsened. Furthermore, the findings of the re-examinations revealed that there was a strong correlation between improving plaque levels and gingivitis. The relationship between supragingival plaque levels and changes with respect to probing depth and attachment levels were weak.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Longitudinal changes in family outcomes of very low birth weight.

OBJECTIVES: Although children with very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g) are at high risk for developmental impairments, we know little about the long-term effects of VLBW on families. This study examined long-term family outcomes and their stability over time. METHODS: Participants were the families of 64 children with <750 g birth weight, 54 with 750-1499 g birth weight, and 66 term-born controls. Family burden and parental distress were assessed annually as part of longitudinal follow-up of the children from mean ages 11-14 years. RESULTS: Family burden and parental distress were higher in the <750 g group than in the term-born group, but differences varied with the child's age and family environment. CONCLUSIONS: The findings document long-term effects of VLBW on families that are moderated by the degree of low birth weight, child's age, and family environment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Longitudinal changes in the relationship between body mass index and percent body fat in pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the longitudinal relationship between body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat in women before and during pregnancy. METHODS: Twenty-seven healthy, nonobese women were evaluated before conception, in early gestation (12-17 weeks), and in late gestation (33-36 weeks). Height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. Percent body fat was estimated using hydrodensitometry with correction for residual lung volume. RESULTS: The correlation between BMI and percent body fat before conception was r = 0.693 (P < .005); in early gestation it was r = 0.723 (P < .005) and in late gestation r = 0.633 (P < .005). The mean pregravid BMI was 21.54 and the 95% predictive confidence interval (CI) for percent body fat was 18.2, 26.5%. For the mean BMI of 22.26 in early gestation, the predictive 95% CI for percent body fat was 20.0, 29.0%. In late gestation, the mean BMI was 26.04 with a predictive 95% CI for percent body fat 22.5, 30.8%. CONCLUSION: In nonobese women the correlation between BMI and percent body fat remains significant during pregnancy, although the 95% CI for predicting percent body fat from the mean BMI ranges widely.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Longitudinal changes in isokinetic leg strength in 10-14-year-olds.

This study used multilevel regression modelling to longitudinally investigate the influences of age, sex, body size, skinfold thicknesses and maturity on the development of isokinetic knee extension and flexion on eight occasions over a 4-year period. Forty-one subjects (20 boys and 21 girls) were measured and 295 isokinetic leg strength tests and associated measures were successfully completed. Subjects were aged 10.0 +/- 0.3 years at the onset of the study. Stature, body mass, triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, and sexual maturation (according to pubic hair development) were assessed at each test occasion. Isokinetic concentric knee extension and flexion of the dominant leg were determined to elicit maximal peak extension (PET) and flexion torque (PFT). Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Multilevel regression modelling indicated that stature and mass were significant predictors of both PET and PFT. Age and maturity were non-significant explanatory variables once stature and mass had been accounted for. Skinfold thickness exerted a significant negative effect independent of mass and stature on PFT but not PET. At test occasion 8, cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the knee extensors (ExCSA) and flexors (FlexCSA) were determined using magnetic resonance imaging on 23 boys and 14 girls and examined as predictors of isokinetic leg strength. There were no significant sex-related differences in PET or PFT. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients indicated a significant relationship between ExCSA and PET and FlexCSA and PFT for both boys and girls. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) demonstrated that ExCSA and FlexCSA were significant explanatory variables for PET and PFT, respectively, but became non-significant once stature and mass had been introduced into the analysis. To conclude, there were no significant sex differences in PET or PFT between the ages of 10 and 14 years and the development of PET and PFT could be accounted for by the increase in stature and mass. Age, maturity and thigh muscle CSA were all non-explanatory variables in the production of PET and PFT once body size had been controlled for.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Establishment of streptococci in the upper respiratory tract: longitudinal changes in the mouth and nasopharynx up to 2 years of age.

As part of a series of longitudinal studies on the development of the indigenous microflora of the upper respiratory tract, the establishment of streptococci in the oral cavity and nasopharynx and IgA1 protease production by the early streptococcal flora was examined in 50 healthy Caucasian infants at the ages of 2, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. In the oral cavity, streptococci were found in all infants on every sampling occasion, Streptococcus mitis biovar 1 being the main finding in each age group. S. salivarius and S. mitis biovar 2 reached their highest prevalence during the first year of life, whereas the prevalence of S. oralis and S. sanguis showed no significant increase before 12 months of age. Salivary streptococci mainly consisted of the above-mentioned species during the follow-up period. In contrast to the oral cavity, no stable colonisation pattern was observed for viridans streptococci in the nasopharynx. S. mitis biovar 1 and S. pneumoniae, a traditional respiratory pathogen, were the principal streptococcal species among nasopharyngeal isolates. IgA1 protease production by early streptococci was common in infancy. Among the oral streptococcal microflora, S. mitis biovar 1 (especially during the first year of life) and S. oralis and S. sanguis constituted the main species responsible for this enzyme activity. In the nasopharynx, IgA1 protease was produced by S. mitis biovar 1, S. oralis and S. pneumoniae. In conclusion, streptococcal colonisation differs in these two close habitats in the upper respiratory tract.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Informant ratings of cognitive decline of elderly people: relationship to longitudinal change on cognitive tests.

Formal assessment of cognitive decline with cognitive tests can be difficult, requiring either two measurement points or a comparison of 'hold' with 'don't hold' tests. Informant-based assessment provides an alternative approach because informants can adopt a longitudinal perspective and directly rate cognitive change. A study was carried out to assess the validity of informant ratings collected by means of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE). A community sample of 500 subjects aged 74 or over underwent four cognitive tests on two occasions 3 1/2 years apart. On the second occasion, informants filled out the IQCODE. Subjects rated as having moderate or severe decline were found to have greater change on the cognitive tests. These findings support the validity of informant ratings of cognitive decline.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Longitudinal changes in serum HER-2/neu oncoprotein levels in trastuzumab-treated metastatic breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate longitudinal variations of serum HER-2/neu extracellular domain (sHER-2) in metastatic breast cancer patients receiving combined trastuzumab treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients were monitored by serial sHER-2 ELISA (Oncogene Science). Results were compared to time to progression (TTP) and survival from treatment initiation. Non parametric statistical tests were used. RESULTS: Median sHER-2 before first injection was 41.37 ng/ml (range 7.54-1597.00 ng/ml, n=32). Mean sHER-2 levels differed significantly between responders (n=20) and non responders (n=13) (p<0.0001). Median TTP (266 days, range 35-1000 days) was unrelated to clinico-biological variables at diagnosis or number and site of metastases before treatment. Patients with pre-treatment sHER-2 levels < or = 30 ng/ml (n=14) had a significantly longer TTP than the group with sHER-2 > 30 ng/ml (n=18) (p=0.0346) and sHER-2 levels were of prognostic value for overall survival from first injection (p=0.0150). CONCLUSION: Our results show that monitoring serum HER-2/neu levels during metastatic breast cancer can provide a real time assessment of a woman's HER-2/neu status and can provide important information for therapeutic decisions.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Informant ratings of cognitive decline of elderly people: relationship to longitudinal change on cognitive tests

Formal assessment of cognitive decline with cognitive tests can be difficult, requiring either two measurement points or a comparison of 'hold' with 'don't hold' tests. Informant-based assessment provides an alternative approach because informants can adopt a longitudinal perspective and directly rate cognitive change. A study was carried out to assess the validity of informant ratings collected by means of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE). A community sample of 500 subjects aged 74 or over underwent four cognitive tests on two occasions 3&half; years apart. On the second occasion, informants filled out the IQCODE. Subjects rated as having moderate or severe decline were found to have greater change on the cognitive tests. These findings support the validity of informant ratings of cognitive decline.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Longitudinal changes of bone mineral density and metabolism in antiretroviral-treated human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may be a contributory factor for a decreased bone mass and altered bone metabolism in HIV-infected children. However, the evolution of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism during HAART has not been studied yet. In the current longitudinal study we monitored the changes of BMD and bone metabolism over a period of 12 months. Thirty-two HIV-infected children (15 girls and 17 boys), aged from 6.3 to 17.7 yr, with a long duration of HAART exposure (40.0 months at baseline) were enrolled in the study. As a control group, 381 healthy volunteers of comparable age were assessed. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine and whole skeleton by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP, as bone formation index) and N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (as bone resorption index) were measured in serum and urine, respectively. BMD values at baseline were significantly lower at all skeletal sites than those of control subjects. The annual increment of spine BMD was comparable to normal, whereas that of the whole skeleton was significantly lower (P < 0.04). BALP and N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen concentrations were significantly higher compared with controls at baseline and at follow-up. BALP annual changes of HIV patients were significantly different from normal. Our data confirm the presence of low BMD and bone metabolism derangement in HIV-infected children treated with HAART. The role of possible therapeutic approach to restore bone mass and metabolism should be assessed in pediatrics.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2001

Longitudinal change in parenting associated with developmental delay and catch-up.

The current study examined the predictors of parent-child relationship quality and developmental change in a sample of children adopted into the U.K. following severe early privation, and in a comparison sample of nondeprived, within-country adoptees. One hundred and fifty-eight children adopted from Romania and 52 U.K. adoptees were assessed at age 6 years; longitudinal data (age 4 and 6 years) were available on the 110 Romanian adoptees placed into U.K. homes before 24 months of age and all U.K. adoptees. Ratings of parent-child positivity and negativity during a semistructured interaction task were obtained from coders who were blind to the child's background. Results indicated that adoptive parent-child relationship quality was related to duration of deprivation and that cognitive/developmental delay mediated this association. The magnitude of this effect was modest and diminished over time. Longitudinal analyses revealed that positive change in parent-child relationship quality was most marked among children who exhibited cognitive catch-up between assessments. The direction of effects appeared to be primarily child to parent. The findings underscore the need for further research on the long-term impact of early experiences on psychosocial development.

Adoption↗
PubMed1988

The development of locomotor coordination: longitudinal change and invariance.

Developmental sequence, relative timing, center of gravity, and phase-plane analyses were used to study a minimum of 15 years of longitudinal, filmed data on the development of hopping in 7 children. The developmental sequences revealed common, qualitative changes in the movement of the children, although each child progressed through the changes at his/her own rate. The timing analyses showed that, in the advanced hop, the tightest limb relationships were found within the hopping leg, then between contralateral limbs of the same girdle, and then between legs and arms. Relative-timing calculations revealed (a) intralimb, timing invariances that were present in first attempts to perform the skill at age 3 and remained for 15 years across all developmental levels; (b) emergent, interlimb timings that gradually became invariant; and (c) intra- and interlimb timing showing gradual development over the 15 years. One invariant, the time between landing and deepest knee flexion, is also invariant in the walk and the run (Shapiro, Zernicke, Gregor, & Diestel, 1981). Phase plane analyses indicated that the timing of peak and zero velocities may be the coordinative constant accounting for a relative timing invariance between the two legs. Position of the body's center of gravity may explain the invariant relative time between landing and deepest knee flexion, or the explanation could lie in the "equation of constraint" regulating joint equilibrium points. The data suggest that modeling the developing hop as the evolving interaction of four vibratory systems would be promising.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Age- and gender-specific reference ranges for hearing level and longitudinal changes in hearing level.

This paper presents age-specific reference ranges for hearing level and change in hearing level for men and women at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. The percentiles are constructed from data obtained from persons in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging who were rigorously screened for otological disorders and evidence of noise-induced hearing loss. The resulting percentile curves represent norms for changes in hearing level in the absence of any known otologic disease. These percentile curves provide a reference for detecting when a person deviates from a normal pattern of change, thus helping in diagnosing problems with hearing or in monitoring hearing in occupational settings. The smoothed means and standard deviations of the hearing levels were used to construct the longitudinal percentiles. The percentiles for cross-sectional change were constructed using the skew normal distribution to allow for the percentiles to be asymmetric on either side of the median level. These percentiles are the first reference curves that (1) provide standards for hearing level changes over periods of up to 15 years, (2) account for age differences in the distribution of hearing levels, and (3) are based on data from persons who have been systematically screened for otological disorders and evidence of noise-induced hearing loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Longitudinal changes in magnetic resonance imaging brain volumes in abstinent and relapsed alcoholics.

Chronic alcoholism is associated with smaller volumes of cortical gray matter and white matter and a complementary increase in brain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes, relative to age norms. This longitudinal study quantified the extent of brain volume changes associated with abstinence and drinking at three time points in chronic alcoholics. We obtained magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on 58 alcoholic men after an average of 12 days (MRI-1) and 32 days (MRI-2) of sobriety. In addition, 58 healthy control subjects were scanned at a comparable interval. At MRI-3, 11 controls and 39 alcoholics were rescanned, 2-12 months after MRI-2; 19 alcoholics had abstained, and 20 had resumed drinking. Axial MRI slices were segmented into cortical gray matter, white matter, and CSF and summed over seven slices; lateral and third ventricular volumes were also estimated. MRI volume changes were corrected using an estimate of interscan measurement error caused by head positioning differences, and then divided by the interval to yield rates of change (slopes). From MRI-1 to MRI-2, the alcoholic group showed declines in CSF volumes of the lateral ventricles and posterior cortical sulci, and a trend toward an increase in anterior cortical gray matter volume relative to the control group. From MRI-2 to MRI-3, third ventricular volumes decreased in the abstainers relative to the relapsers and controls; cortical white matter volume decreased in the relapsers. In the relapsers, lifetime consumption of alcohol (as of MRI-1) predicted later vulnerability to white matter volume decline and third ventricular enlargement with resumption of drinking. These data suggest that improvement in cortical gray matter, sulcal, and lateral ventricular volumes occur early in the course of abstinence, and that improvement in third ventricular volume appears later with continued abstinence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Relationship between home blood pressure and longitudinal changes in target organ damage in treated hypertensive patients.

Cross-sectional studies have shown that home blood pressure (BP) correlates with hypertensive target organ damage better than clinic BP. However, there have been few longitudinal studies regarding the predictive value of home BP on the changes in organ damage in treated hypertensive patients. Clinic and home BP over a 12-month period, antihypertensive medication use, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic results, and serum creatinine and urinary protein levels were examined in 209 treated hypertensive patients in 1993. These patients were prospectively followed for 5 years. The patients were divided into 4 subgroups according to hypertension control as follows: good control (<140/90 mmHg for clinic BP, <135/85 mmHg for home BP), improved, worsened, and poor control. The average clinic BP was 147.0+/-14.9/87.0+/-7.6 mmHg (mean+/-SD) in 1993 and 146.0+/-13.7/84.1+/-7.5 mmHg in 1998. The average home BP was 136.8+/-10.4/84.3+/-7.6 mmHg in 1993 and 136.1+/-9.7/81.2+/-7.7 mmHg in 1998. The left ventricular mass index (LVMI) positively correlated with both home systolic BP and clinic systolic BP in 1998 but not in 1993. The correlation tended to be closer for home BP than for clinic BP. LVMI did not change in patients with good or improved home systolic BP, while it increased in those with poor or worsened home systolic BP. The relationship between changes in LVMI and clinic BP was not significant. In conclusion, Home BP was more effective than clinic BP as a predictor of changes in left ventricular hypertrophy in treated hypertensive patients. Home BP should be controlled to below 135/85 mmHg to prevent cardiac hypertrophy.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Longitudinal changes in visual acuity in keratoconus.

PURPOSE: The present investigation aimed to identify factors that predict reduced visual acuity in keratoconus from a prospective, longitudinal study. METHODS: This report from the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study used 7 years of follow-up data from 953 CLEK subjects who did not have penetrating keratoplasty in either eye at baseline and who provided enough data to compute the slope of the change over time in high- or low-contrast best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Outcome measures included these slopes and whether the number of letters correctly read decreased by 10 letters or more in at least one eye in 7 years. RESULTS: Mean age of the subjects at the first follow-up visit was 40.2 +/- 11.0 years (mean +/- SD). Overall, 44.4% were female, and 71.9% were white. The slope of the change in high- and low-contrast BCVA (-0.29 +/- 1.5 and -0.58 +/- 1.7 letters correct/year, respectively) translated into expected 7-year decreases of 2.03 high- and 4.06 low-contrast letters correct. High- and low-contrast visual acuity decreases of 10 or more letters correct occurred in 19.0% and 30.8% of subjects, respectively. Independent predictors of reduced high- and low-contrast BCVA included better baseline acuity, steeper first definite apical clearance lens (FDACL), and fundus abnormalities. Each diopter of steeper baseline FDACL predicted an increased deterioration of 0.49 high- and 0.63 low-contrast letters correct. CONCLUSIONS: CLEK Study subjects with keratoconus exhibited a slow but clear decrease in BCVA during follow-up, with low-contrast acuity deteriorating more rapidly than high-contrast. Better baseline BCVA, steeper FDACL, and fundus abnormalities were predictive of greater acuity loss with time.

Adult↗