Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “kernel oil”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

214 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Preharvest aflatoxin contamination: effect of moisture and substrate variation in developing cottonseed and corn kernels.

Variations in moisture and substrate in preharvest corn kernels and cottonseed were linked with the ability of Aspergillus parasiticus to infect the seed and produce aflatoxin. Osmotic pressures and moisture content (MC) levels of developing starch-rich corn kernels and lipid-rich cottonseed were determined. For in vivo studies, corn kernels and cottonseed were inoculated with A. parasiticus conidia and retained on plants through maturation. For in vitro studies, samples of corn kernels and cottonseed were collected at various stages, sterilized, inoculated, incubated for 2 weeks, and assayed for toxin. Aflatoxin levels were highest in corn kernels inoculated at 28 days postflowering (52% MC) in both the in vivo and in vitro tests. Toxin concentrations in cottonseed were greatest with inoculation at 35 days postflowering (70% MC) in seed retained on the plant, but toxin accumulation continued to increase with the maturity of the seed inoculated in cottonseed used in the in vitro trials. Moisture and substrate conditions in the midrange of seed development provided optimum conditions for fungal development and toxin production in seed retained on the plant.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1986

[Peeling of sorghum by a dry method: continuous and discontinuous methods].

A study was carried out wherein two dry dehulling sorghum grain methods, the continuous and discontinuous types, were quantitatively compared in a laboratory abrasive dehulling device. Reflectance values, expressed as dehulling percentage, the percentage of kernels removed, and of kernel cracking were evaluated. Graphs of the dehulled and removed percentages as function of the contrast time for each method, revealed that the continuous process was the most efficient of both procedures. Analysis of the broken kernels indicated a similar behavior for both methods. The macrocomponent and tannin variations as dehulling advanced, as well as the reflectance values were determined with the continuous method. Findings showed that the greater proportion of tannin, fiber and ashes has been removed at the 85% extraction rate. Thus, abrasion of grains above the 65% extraction rate is not convenient, since an excessive loss of nutrients is produced without any important decrease in polyphenolic pigments and of those imparting color to the sorghum grain milling products.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed1997

Rumen dry matter and crude protein degradability of extracted or untreated oilseeds and Leucaena leucocephala leaves.

A study was undertaken to determine the rumen DM and CP degradability characteristics of soyabean, canola seed, peanut, palm kernel and Leucaena leucocephala leaves. The oilseeds were either treated with n-hexane to extract the fat or left untreated. Nylon bags were incubated in each of four rumen cannulated sheep for 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Animals were fed on a diet consisting of meadow hay (ad libitum) and 150 g of concentrate twice daily. Fat extraction caused a decrease (P < or = 0.05) in DM disappearance of soyabean at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 12 h and of peanuts at all incubation times. CP disappearance from peanuts was reduced (P < or = 0.05) as a result of fat extraction at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 12 h. Fat extraction of canola seed increased CP disappearance at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 24 h (P < or = 0.05). However, in the case of defatted canola seed, an increase in DM disappearance (P < or = 0.05) was observed in the first 4 incubation times and a decrease (P < or = 0.05) in the later times. Fat extraction increased (P < or = 0.05) DM disappearance of palm kernel at 0 and 48 h, but reduced it at 4, 6 and 24 h. CP disappearance of palm kernel was improved by treatment (P < or = 0.05) at 0, 4, 24 and 48 h and decreased at 12 h. In the case of palm kernel the largest differences in DM and CP disappearance occurred between the 24 and 48 h incubation times. Degradability characteristics for DM and CP of full-fat soyabean, canola seed and peanut were comparable to those of the full fat samples. Effective DM degradability of soyabean, canola seed and peanuts was 72.2 and 71.9; 74.1 and 66.8; and 85.9 and 70.8 for full fat and extracted feeds, respectively. Effective CP degradability was similar in all oilseeds with the exception of the extracted canola seed. Therefore, the incorporation of full-fat soyabean, canola seed and peanut into ruminant rations can be considered as a means of increasing the energy balance. Both palm kernel DM and CP degradabilities were characterized by slow rates of degradation by negative values "b". This suggests the predominance of microbial colonization over disappearance during incubation. DM and CP disappearance of Leucaena leucocephala leaves originating from Cuba were lower than those from Nigeria. Degradability characteristics for CP and DM of Cuban leucaena leaves showed that the linear model resulted in a better fit than the exponential one.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

Biosynthesis enhancement and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) arachidin-1, arachidin-3, and isopentadienylresveratrol.

UNLABELLED: Peanut is a potent plant to be induced to synthesize bioactive stilbenoids. Bioactivities of those stilbenoids except resveratrol have been meagerly investigated. When peanut kernels (Tainan 14, a Spanish cultivar) were imbibed, incubated 3 days for germination, sliced, incubated with artificial aeration, periodically sampled, lyophilized, extracted with methanol, and subjected to reverse-phase HPLC analysis, four major fractionations were detected and identified as trans-resveratrol (Res), trans-arachidin-1 (Ara-1), trans-arachidin-3 (Ara-3), and trans-isopentadienylresveratrol (IPD). During incubation of the peanut slices, contents of Res, Ara-1, and Ara-3 increased tremendously from initially trace or not detectable amounts up to 147.3, 495.7, and 2414.8 microg/g, corresponding to 20, 16, and 24 h of incubation, while IPD contents continued to increase up to 28 h (4474.4 microg/g). When the four stilbenoids and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were subjected to antioxidant characterization by various measures, all have exhibited varied potencies of antioxidant activity. In particular, retardation of absorbance increase at 234 nm as formation of the conjugated diene hydroperoxides in a real pork oil system stored at 60 degrees C, supplement of Ara-1 at 100 microM has shown equivalent or even greater activity than did BHT. When the media were supplemented with Res, Ara-1, Ara-3, and IPD at 15 microM for cultivation of mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the LPS-induced extracellular production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) was significantly inhibited by Ara-1 (p < 0.001), Res (p < 0.001), Ara-3 (p < 0.01), and IPD (p < 0.01). It is noteworthy and of merit that all test stilbenoids have exhibited potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and varied as affected by number of hydroxyl groups and isopentenyl or isopentadienyl moiety. KEYWORDS: Arachis hypogaea L.; peanut; groundnut; resveratrol; stilbenoids; arachidin; antioxidant; anti-inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Histological alterations in the intestinal epithelium caused by the inclusion of full-fat sunflower kernels in broiler chicken diets.

Changes in small intestinal morphology (jejunum) were examined at 28 d of age in chicks fed with full-fat sunflower kernels (FFSK)-based diets. Jejunal mucosa of chicks (six chicks per treatment) were embedded in Epon-812 for examination by a conventional electron microscope procedure. A portion of the tissues was also sectioned and embedded in paraffin for examination by light microscopy. Brush border, goblet cells, and intraepithelial lymphocytes, on the one hand, and fibroblast and mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages) were observed in the enterocytes and lamina propria, respectively. The results showed that the birds fed 150 g kg(-1) of FFSK showed a shortening and thickening of the villi, hyperplasia and vacuolar degeneration of enterocytes, and hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells. Likewise, an increment of intraepithelial lymphoid cells and hypercellularity of the lamina propria was observed. In addition, electron microscopy showed large vacuoles in the enterocytes, which could be dilations of agranular and granular endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi. There were many dark granules within the vacuoles that could be triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (portomicrons). These lesions could have been due to the presence of chlorogenic acid or to the greater concentration of oil in the FFSK diet. Our observations demonstrated that addition of 150 g kg(-1) FFSK to broiler chicken diets caused alterations in jejunal mucosa that could explain the decrease in fat digestibility observed in a previous experiment in which we incorporated FFSK into broiler diets.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of shell content in palm kernel cake.

A method for determining shell in palm kernel cake (PKC) is described. This simple and rapid method requires little pretreatment compared with the method currently used in PKC trade, in which the sample undergoes defatting, acid and alkali digestion, and washing, before a chloroform-alcohol solution is used to separate the shells. In the proposed method, only defatting the sample is required. The shells are separated by the density difference between the shell and PKC in a potassium iodide solution. Recoveries of at least 93% were obtained, and the correlation coefficient between the actual shell content and the determined shell content was 0.999, with gradients of 0.97 and 0.98 for fine and coarse shell, respectively.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Do Aloe vera and Ageratum conyzoides enhance the anti-microbial activity of traditional medicinal soft soaps (Osedudu)?

The Nigerian traditional soft soaps prepared using varied locally sourced raw materials such as cocoa pod ash (Theobroma cacao) palm kernel shaft ash (Elaies guineensis) have been evaluated for their physico-chemical properties and anti-microbial activities using standard pharmacopoeia protocols and an in-vitro agar diffusion bioassay method. The anti-microbial evaluation was done with and without incorporation of Aloe vera and Ageratum conyzoides extractives into the soap samples. Results showed that the physico-chemical properties of the soaps are dependent on the raw materials utilised. The incorporated medicinal plants used in this study, however, did not show any significant effect on the anti-microbial activities exhibited by the various soaps against the bacterial and fungal test organisms.

Ageratum↗
PubMed1975

Collaborative study of a rapid method for determing aflatoxins in cottonseed products.

Eleven laboratories collaboratively studied a modification of the official final action AOAC method, 26.048-26.056, for determining aflatoxins in cottonseed products. An aflatoxin-negative meal, 6 contaminated meals, 4 contaminated meats (kernels) samples, and 2 ammonia-inactivated meals were used. Mean aflatoxin values, mug/kg, ranged from 6 to 223 (B1), 2 to 44 (B2), and 7 to 266 (total: B1 + B2). Only one laboratory reported a false-positive for the negative meal. The mean coefficients of variation for B1, B2, and total were 28, 56, and 29%, respectively, for meals; 35, 54, and 37%, respectively, for meats; and 35, 58 and 38%, respectively, for ammoniated meals. Statistical treatment of data from triplicate sets of meals and meats showed evidence for systematic error between laboratories. Since the modified method is considerably faster than the official method and yields precision estimates consistent with previous AOAC collaborative studies on determining aflatoxins, the method has been adopted as official first action.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2004

[Nondestructive analysis of protein and fat in whole-kernel soybean by NIR].

Near-infrared diffusion reflectance spectroscopy is a fast technique that can provide component information about intact soybean samples. We have combined this technique with partial least-squares (PLS) regression to perform a quantitative determination of protein and fat contents in soybean samples. In calibration set, the NIR model determination coefficient R2 of protein and fat is 0.9930 and 0.9752 respectively, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) is 0.76% and 1.3% respectively. The correlation coefficient r of validation set is 0.9473 and 0.8695 respectively. This NIR model is used to predict the contents of protein and fat in 264 soybean samples, using R-error to assess the deviation of analysis results. The minimum RSD of prediction of protein and fat is 0.04% and 2.46% respectively, and the maximum RSD of prediction of protein and fat is 2.45% and 4.25% respectively. These results are of great importance in early screening of crop breeding.

Dietary Fats↗
PubMed1996

The effect of condensed tannins from heated and unheated cottonseed on the ileal digestibility of amino acids for the growing rat and pig.

The effect of condensed tannins (CT) from heated and unheated cottonseed on the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids for the growing rat and pig was determined. In Expt 1, twenty-four rats were allocated to four semi-purified diets which contained cottonseed kernel and hulls as the only protein source. Two of the diets contained unheated solvent-extracted cottonseed kernel and hulls, while the remaining two diets contained similar material but which had been heat-treated by autoclaving at 110 degrees for 120 min. In Expt 2, twelve rats and twelve pigs were fed on four semi-purified diets containing commercial cottonseed meal (CSM) as the only protein source. Cr2O3 was added to all diets as an indigestible marker. For each pair of diets in both experiments, PEG was either included or excluded. The effect of CT was assessed by comparing control animals (-PEG; CT acting) with PEG-supplemented animals (+PEG; CT inactivated). Ileal contents from the terminal 150 and 450 mm of ileum were collected at slaughter, 7 h from the start of feeding, for the rats and pigs respectively. Apparent ileal amino acid digestibility for rats fed on the diet containing cottonseed kernel and hulls was significantly depressed by the heat treatment, particularly for lysine and threonine. On average, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in the diets without PEG was decreased from 0.80 to 0.70 by heat treatment. Dietary cottonseed CT depressed apparent ileal protein digestibility in the pig and in the rat. The addition of PEG to the diets significantly increased the apparent ileal digestibility of N and some amino acids for the pigs and the rats. The mean increase in apparent ileal digestibility due to PEG addition for the fourteen amino acids was 2 percentage units in both species fed on the commercial CSM diets, and 2 or 4 percentage units in rats fed on the unheated or the heated cottonseed kernel and hull diets respectively. The effect of PEG was similar in the heated and unheated cottonseed kernel and hulls for most amino acids, but apparent ileal digestibilities of threonine, tyrosine and lysine were increased more by PEG in heated than in unheated CSM. Apparent ileal N digestibility was lower in the pig than in the rat. For several of the amino acids there were significant animal species differences in apparent ileal digestibility. Studies into the effects of cottonseed CT should be carried out in the target animal species. The commercial CSM had a low apparent ileal amino acid digestibility overall, particularly for the essential amino acids lysine and threonine. It was concluded that effects of heating did not eliminate the reversible reactivity of cottonseed CT on amino acid digestion in rats and pigs but rather appeared to increase it for threonine, tyrosine and lysine in Expt 1, causing large reductions in apparent ileal digestibility of these amino acids.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2001

Characterization and fat migration of palm kernel stearin as affected by addition of desiccated coconut used as base filling centre in dark chocolate.

The characterization and fat migration of palm kernel stearin (PKS) and desiccated coconut, used as base filling centre in dark chocolate were studied. C36 and C38 triglycerides of PKS decreased by 11% and 9.6% respectively, whereas C32 and C34 increased by 97% and 48% respectively. The change in the triglycerides composition of PKS shift the melting point of PKS from 33.2 to 31.4 degrees C. Solid fat content (SFC) of PK reduced by 40% at 30 degrees C. The rate of fat migration was very slow at 18 degrees C storage compared to 30 degrees C. The rate of change of C36 in the chocolate layer was 0.1% week-1 and 1.2% week-1 at 18 and 30 degrees C respectively. Chocolate stored at 18 degrees C showed post hardening during storage period and withstood bloom during the storage period, whereas that stored at 30 degrees C became soft and bloomed faster after 3 weeks of storage.

Cacao↗
PubMed2000

Preference of female students for "tempe" preparations composed of glandless cottonseed and defatted soybean or corn at various ratios.

Cottonseed kernels are rich in protein, but they have not been effectively utilized as a foodstuff because of the occurrence of glands that secrete gossypol. a toxic yellow pigment. Glandless cottonseeds (GLCS) are now available. and their kernels or flour are sold as a foodstuff. For this reason, a GLCS-tempe was prepared after the pattern of a traditional food called "Tempe" in Indonesia (fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus), and any gossypol remaining in GLCS proved to be lost in the process. Corn has not yet been used for tempe because of its difficulty to dehull: nevertheless, corn tempe was satisfactorily made from corn grits. Although GLCS-tempe was good. it smelled slightly unique just at swallowing. The preference for GLCS-tempe was correlated to the smell and taste. A combination of GLCS and defatted soybeans or corn at ratio of 1 : 1 led to many good effects on GLCS-tempe: e.g., favorable improvement in smell, taste, amino acid score, nutrient balance, and decrease of oligosaccharides related to the flatulence of the GLCS-tempe. Thus GLCS-tempe containing defatted soybeans or corn half of what can be expected to serve as a nutritious tasty food.

Cottonseed Oil↗
PubMed2006

The future of coproducts from corn processing.

Increased demand for ethanol as a fuel additive has resulted in dramatic growth in ethanol production. Ethanol is produced from corn by either wet milling or dry-grind processing. In wet milling, the corn kernel is fractionated into different components, resulting in several coproducts. Wet-milling plants are capital intensive because of equipment requirements; they produce large volumes of ethanol and are corporate owned. In dry-grind processing, the corn kernel is not fractionated and only one coproduct, distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS), is generated. Dry-grind plants require less equipment and capital than wet mills. They generate smaller volumes of ethanol, are producer owned, and add direct benefits to rural economies. Most of the increase in ethanol production during the past decade is attributed to growth in the dry-grind industry. The marketing of coproducts provides income to offset processing costs. For dry-grind plants, this is especially important, because only one coproduct is available. Several issues could affect DDGS marketing. The increasing volume of DDGS accompanying ethanol production could reduce market value; high phosphorous content could limit the use of DDGS, because of animal waste disposal issues. Water removal is a costly processing step and affects the economics of ethanol processing. Technologies to remove germ and fiber from DDGS could produce a new coproduct suitable for feeding to nonruminants; this would expand the markets for DDGS. Reducing phosphorus in DDGS would sustain markets for conventional DDGS. The development of more efficient methods of water removal would increase the efficiency of ethanol processing and reduce the costs of processing. New technologies could contribute to greater stability of dry-grind plants.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sampling plans for the determination of aflatoxin B1 in large shipments of animal feedstuffs.

Incremental samples (50, 100, and 500 g) were systematically collected from large shipments of copra meal pellets, copra cake, and palm kernel cake to study the distribution of aflatoxin B1 and evaluate adherence of distribution to the model, CV(2)is (EQ) = A + B/Mis (where CVis = coefficient of variation of the true concentration of aflatoxin B1 within the incremental samples; Mis = mass of the incremental samples; and A and B are constants). Also evaluated was the distribution of aflatoxin B1 among 1 kg composite samples, produced both by random combination of existing incremental samples and by collection of 1 kg composite samples (composed of 10 x 100 g increments) from additional batches of copra meal pellets and cottonseed cake. The efficiency of selected sample preparation (grinding and subdivision) procedures was compared, culminating in the development and description of a variety of sampling plans. The coefficient of variation (CV) among incremental samples varied from 0 to 38%, and was independent of incremental sample size. No significant difference (F-test, 5% significance level) was found between the efficacy of 4 sample preparation methods when these methods were applied to the commodities described above. Various sampling plans were evaluated with estimated CVs from 4.0 to 12.5%, for the aflatoxin B1 content of the composite samples.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1999

Performance of broiler chicks fed on diets containing urea ammoniated neem (Azadirachta indica) kernel cake.

1. The performance, nutrient utilisation, blood profile, carcase composition, gross pathology and sensory evaluation of meat from broiler chicks fed from 3 to 42 d on diets containing urea ammoniated neem (Azadirachta indica, A.juss) kernel cake (NKC) as a protein supplement to replace peanut meal (PNM), were evaluated. NKC was ammoniated with urea at 15 (UANKC 1) or 25 g (UANKC 2)/kg and incorporated into the test diets to replace either half (134.5 g/kg (L-UANKC 1) and 127.5 g/kg (L-UANKC 2), respectively) or all (269, g/kg (H-UANKC 1) and 255.0 g/kg (H-UANKC 2), respectively) of the nitrogen provided by the PNM. 2. The growth, food intake and efficiency of nutrient utilisation of the birds were comparable between the reference and L-UANKC 1 and 2 diets but were depressed on the other UANKC diets. 3. The retention of dry matter (DM), crude fibre (CF), nitrogen-free extract, total carbohydrate, gross energy, acid detergent fibre, calcium and phosphorus were similar among groups, except lower DM and higher CF and phosphorus retentions were noted in chicks fed on the H-UANKC 1, H-UANKC 2 and L-UANKC 2 diets. All the chicks were in positive nitrogen balance and percentage nitrogen retention did not differ between the reference and test diets. 4. Haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count and aspartate amino transferase activity were unaffected by diet, but total leucocyte count was higher in chicks fed on the H-UANKC 1 and 2 diets and alanine amino transferase activities were lower in chicks fed on the test diets. Blood urea increased as the amount of urea in the diets increased. 5. Most of the physico-chemical carcase characteristics from birds fed on the L-UANKC 2 were comparable to those from birds fed on the reference diet. No bitter taste was noticed in cooked meat from any diet by the sensory panel. 6. Incorporation of L-UANKC 2 was economical and responses were comparable to those observed on the reference diet. 7. It was concluded that NKC detoxified with 25 g urea/kg can economically and successfully replace half the nitrogen of PNM in broiler diets thereby mitigating the chronic shortage of costly oil cakes in developing countries.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2001

Deterioration and spoilage of peanuts and desiccated coconuts from two sub-Saharan tropical East African countries due to the associated mycobiota and their degradative enzymes.

A broad variety of fungi (84 species belonging to 36 genera) were identified with more taxa infesting peanut seed samples from two tropical countries (29 genera and 61 species) compared to those found in desiccated coconuts (20 genera and 55 species) on both DRBC and DG18 media. This may be due to the higher moisture levels in peanuts (5.07-7.97%) compared with coconuts (1.5-4.17%). More taxa and propagules were recovered on DG18 in both cases. The dominant fungi from both substrates on both isolation media were Aspergillus and Penicillium, with other fungi from only one substrate/medium. The aflatoxigenic species (A. flavus) dominated Kenyan samples more so than Ugandan samples on both substrates. However only 71.5% and 87.5% of the peanut kernels, on DRBC and DG18, respectively, were found to be infested with fungi. The aflatoxigenic species (A. flavus/parasiticus) were found in 75% of the samples, however only 15.75% and 13% of the kernels analyzed were infested. The most frequently isolated species from peanuts were A. niger followed by A. flavus and M. phaseolina. E. repens, E. amstelodami, E. rubrum and E. chevalieri dominated peanut seeds on DG18, and R. stolonifer, A. parasiticus, F. solani, L. theobromae and P. chrysogenum on DRBC. The mean count of fungal propagules in coconut samples were approximately 0.7 x 10(3) and 0.8 x 10(3) on DRBC and DG18, respectively, with a high proportion of those propagules recorded for the aflatoxigenic species (about 0. 17 x 10(3) and 0.25 x 10(3) colonies/g). The mycobiota of desiccated coconut was dominated by A. niger, A. flavus and P. chrysogenum. Also A. ochraceus, P. waksmanii, Paecilomyces variotii, P. islandicum and R. mucilaginosa were more frequent on DRBC, while, species of Cladosporium. Chrysosporium and Eurotium were more frequent on DG18. Enzyme indices (or the activities) for each specific strain, when determined after 5 and 8 days of incubation, proved to be similar. A recommendation is given. The proteolytic and lipolytic potentialities of the most commonly encountered species from both peanuts and coconuts were studied. The most interesting observation is that most of the positive isolates, in both commodities had high enzymic activity compared to those reported earlier for isolates of the same species. Such capabilities suggest that these commodities are expected to deteriorate, since climatic conditions in tropical areas favour fungal proliferation. Emphasis on the proper harvesting, drying, handling, transportation and/or storage; and also education of the populace, especially those are dealing with these foods, should be taken into consideration by the relevant authorities. The contaminated foods constitute a health hazard for human consumption.

Arachis↗