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PubMed1994

Intelligibility of conversational and clear speech in noise and reverberation for listeners with normal and impaired hearing.

The effect of articulating clearly on speech intelligibility is analyzed for ten normal-hearing and two hearing-impaired listeners in noisy, reverberant, and combined environments. Clear speech is more intelligible than conversational speech for each listener in every environment. The difference in intelligibility due to speaking style increases as noise and/or reverberation increase. The average difference in intelligibility is 20 percentage points for the normal-hearing listeners and 26 percentage points for the hearing-impaired listeners. Two predictors of intelligibility are used to quantify the environmental degradations: The articulation index (AI) and the speech transmission index (STI). Both are shown to predict, reliably, performance levels within a speaking style for normal-hearing listeners. The AI is unable to represent the reduction in intelligibility scores due to reverberation for the hearing-impaired listeners. Neither predictor can account for the difference in intelligibility due to speaking style.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Maternal depression and low maternal intelligence as risk factors for malnutrition in children: a community based case-control study from South India.

AIMS: To determine whether current and postpartum maternal depression and low maternal intelligence are risk factors for malnutrition in children. METHODS: In rural South India 72 children with malnutrition were identified from a central register; 72 controls were matched for age, gender, and residence. RESULTS: Major depression in the postpartum period (OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.0 to 24.0), current major depression (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 9.5), and low maternal intelligence (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 11.1) were associated with malnutrition in the child. Low birth weight (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 6.8) was also significantly associated with infant malnutrition. Conditional logistic regression adjusting for all other determinants yielded the following results: major depression during the postpartum period (OR 7.8; 95% CI 1.6 to 38.51), current major depression (OR 3.1; 95% CI 0.9 to 9.7), low maternal intelligence (OR 4.6; 95% CI 1.5 to 14.1), and low birth weight (OR 2.7; 95% CI 2.5 to 6.8). The interactions between current maternal depression and low birth weight and between postpartum depression and low maternal intelligence were statistically significant. The level of maternal intelligence was associated with nutritional status. The severity of malnutrition was also significantly associated with major depression during the postpartum period and low maternal intelligence. CONCLUSION: There is evidence for an association between postpartum maternal depression, low maternal intelligence, and low birth weight with malnutrition in children aged 6-12 months.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Early life predictors of childhood intelligence: evidence from the Aberdeen children of the 1950s study.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the early life predictors of childhood intelligence. DESIGN: Cohort study of 10 424 children who were born in Aberdeen (Scotland) between 1950 and 1956. RESULTS: Social class of father around the time of birth, gravidity, maternal age, maternal physical condition, whether the child was born outside of marriage, prematurity, intrauterine growth, and childhood height were all independently associated with childhood intelligence at ages 7, 9, and 11. The effect of social class at birth was particularly pronounced, with a graded linear association across the distribution even with adjustment for all other covariates (p<0.001 for linear trend). Those from the lowest social class (V) had intelligence scores that were on average 0.9-1.0 of a standard deviation lower than those from the higher groups (I and II) at each of the three ages of intelligence testing. Collectively, the early life predictors that were examined explained 16% of the variation in intelligence at each age. CONCLUSIONS: Father's social class around the time of birth was an important predictor of childhood intelligence, even after adjustment for maternal characteristics and perinatal and childhood factors. Studies of the association of childhood intelligence with future adult disease need to ensure that the association is not fully explained by socioeconomic position.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Normal intelligence with severe insulin-like growth factor I deficiency due to growth hormone receptor deficiency: a controlled study in a genetically homogeneous population.

Superior school performance was reported for 52 Ecuadorian probands with severe deficiency of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) due to GH receptor deficiency (GHRD) resulting from homozygosity for the E180 splice mutation of the GHR. In contrast, subnormal intelligence was reported in a study of 18 genetically heterogeneous Israeli patients, attributed to frequent hypoglycemia or IGF-I dependence of brain development. This study is the first controlled evaluation of the intellectual ability of patients with GHRD. We compared the intelligence of 18 patients of school age (mean +/- SD age, 11.5 +/- 2.8 yr), 42 of their relatives (11.5 +/- 2.8 yr), and 28 community controls (10.0 +/- 0.8 yr), using a battery of intelligence tests that have been validated in cross-cultural research, designed to minimize the effects of physical size, motor coordination, and cultural background. Because all patients had the same GHR mutation, for which the carrier state could be determined, this study also investigated whether heterozygosity for mutation of the GHR among unaffected relatives is associated with intelligence. The intellectual ability of the patients with GHRD was not significantly different from that of their relatives (P > 0.05) on the psychometric tests of intelligence and was comparable to that of the community controls on the chronometric tests. Homozygosity or heterozygosity for the mutation in the GHR gene common to Ecuadorian patients was unrelated to intelligence (P > 0.05). These results indicate that the gene defect causing GHRD is not related to intelligence in the Ecuadorian population. They also indicate that GH-induced IGF-I production is not required for normal brain growth in utero or for postnatal intellectual development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Lead exposure and intelligence in 7-year-old children: the Yugoslavia Prospective Study.

For a prospective study of lead exposure and early development, we recruited pregnant women from a lead smelter town and from an unexposed town in Yugoslavia and followed their children through 7 years of age. In this paper we consider associations between lifetime lead exposure, estimated by the area under the blood lead (BPb) versus time curve (AUC7), and intelligence, with particular concern for identifying lead's behavioral signature. The Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children-Version III (WISC-III) was administered to 309 7-year-old children, 261 of whom had complete data on intelligence, blood lead, and relevant sociodemographic covariates (i.e., Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment (HOME), birth weight, gender, sibship size, and maternal age, ethnicity, intelligence, and education). These showed anticipated associations with 7-year intelligence, explaining 41-4% of the variance in Full Scale, Performance, and Verbal IQ. Before covariate adjustment, AUC7 was unrelated to intelligence; after adjustment, AUC7 explained a significant 2.8%-4.2% of the variance in IQ. After adjustment, a change in lifetime BPb from 10 to 30 micro/dl related to an estimated decrease of 4.3 Full Scale IQ points; estimated decreases for Verbal and Performance IQ were 3.4 and 4.5 points, respectively. AUC7 was significantly and negatively related to three WISC-III factor scores: Freedom from Distractibility, Perceptual Organization, and Verbal Comprehension; the association with Perceptual Organization was the strongest. Consistent with previous studies, the IQ/lead association is small relative to more powerful social factors. Findings offer support for lead's behavioral signature; perceptual-motor skills are significantly more sensitive to lead exposure than are the language-related aspects of intelligence.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Artificial intelligence in medicine.

INTRODUCTION: Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science capable of analysing complex medical data. Their potential to exploit meaningful relationship with in a data set can be used in the diagnosis, treatment and predicting outcome in many clinical scenarios. METHODS: Medline and internet searches were carried out using the keywords 'artificial intelligence' and 'neural networks (computer)'. Further references were obtained by cross-referencing from key articles. An overview of different artificial intelligent techniques is presented in this paper along with the review of important clinical applications. RESULTS: The proficiency of artificial intelligent techniques has been explored in almost every field of medicine. Artificial neural network was the most commonly used analytical tool whilst other artificial intelligent techniques such as fuzzy expert systems, evolutionary computation and hybrid intelligent systems have all been used in different clinical settings. DISCUSSION: Artificial intelligence techniques have the potential to be applied in almost every field of medicine. There is need for further clinical trials which are appropriately designed before these emergent techniques find application in the real clinical setting.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2006

Season of birth and childhood intelligence: findings from the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s cohort study.

BACKGROUND: In this study, 2 main hypotheses have been put forward to explain the variation in childhood intelligence or school performance by season of birth. In the first hypothesis, it is suggested that it is due to school policy concerning school entry, whereas the second suggests that a seasonally patterned exposure such as temperature, maternal nutrition, or infection during critical periods of brain development have a lasting effect on intelligence. AIMS: To determine whether childhood performance on tests of different domains of intelligence is patterned by season of birth and to examine possible mechanisms for any associations. SAMPLE: 12,150 individuals born in Aberdeen, Scotland between 1950 and 1956. METHODS: Birth cohort study in which the variation in different domains of childhood intelligence measured at ages 7, 9, and 11 by season of birth were examined. RESULTS: Reading ability at age 9 and arithmetic ability at age 11 varied by season of birth, with lowest scores among those born in autumn or early winter (September-December) and highest scores among those born in later winter or spring (February-April); p=.002 for joint sine-cosine functions for reading ability at age 9 and p=.05 for sine-cosine function for arithmetic ability at age 11. The child's perception and understanding of pictorial differences at age 7, verbal reasoning at 11, and English language ability at 11 did not vary by season of birth. Age at starting primary school and age relative to class peers were both associated with the different measurements of childhood intelligence and both attenuated the association between month of birth and reading ability at age 9 and arithmetic ability at age 11 towards the null. Both adjusted and unadjusted differences in reading ability at age 9 and arithmetic ability at age 11 between those born from September to December compared with other times of the year were less than 0.1 of a standard deviation of the test scores. Ambient temperature around the time of conception, during gestation, and around the time of birth did not affect intelligence. CONCLUSION: Any variation in mean childhood intelligence by season of birth is weak and largely explained by age at school entry and age relative to class peers.

Achievement↗
PubMed2002

Assessing intelligibility in speakers with cleft palate: a critical review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: A literature review was conducted in order to investigate three research questions: how is speech intelligibility being measured in speakers with cleft lip and palate? Is intelligibility adequately being distinguished from related measures such as acceptability? Has there been an increased understanding of intelligibility deficits in speakers with cleft lip and palate? Fifty-seven relevant articles published between 1960 and 1998 were included in the analysis. RESULTS: The results showed an increase in the number of articles that included a measure of intelligibility or a similar measure. Several concerns were raised as a result of the review, including the reliability and validity of measures being employed, adequate definition and differentiation of terms, and the need to determine speech and nonspeech variables contributing to reductions in intelligibility. Relevant literature on intelligibility from fields outside cleft lip and palate is reviewed, and a number of recommendations are made regarding the measurement of intelligibility in speakers with cleft lip and palate.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed2001

Relative roles of cognitive ability and practical intelligence in the prediction of success.

Initial investigations into the construct of practical intelligence have identified a new general factor of practical intelligence (gp), which is believed to be independent of general cognitive ability. This construct, gp, is also believed to be a better predictor of success than cognitive ability, personality, or any combination of variables independent of gp. The existence of this construct and its independence from Spearman's g is, however, under debate. The purpose of the present study is to investigate both the relationship between gp and g and the relative roles of practical intelligence and cognitive ability in the prediction of success. The participants included 197 college students. Each completed both the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery and Sternberg and Wagner's measure of practical intelligence in academic psychology. The results of structural equation modeling support Sternberg and Wagner's assertion that practical intelligence and general cognitive ability are relatively independent constructs. Results of regression analysis, however, do not support their contention that practical intelligence is related to success after controlling for general cognitive ability. Implications of these results for research and theory on practical intelligence are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Estimating self, parental, and partner multiple intelligences: a replication in Malaysia.

Participants were 230 adult Malaysians who estimated their own, their parents', and their partners' overall IQs and 10 multiple intelligences. In accordance with both the previous literature and the authors' hypotheses, men rated themselves higher than did women on overall, verbal, logical-mathematical, and spatial intelligences. There were fewer gender differences in ratings of parents and in those of partners. Participants believed that they were more intelligent than both parents (but not their partners) and that their fathers were more intelligent than their mothers. Regressions indicated that participants believed that verbal intelligence and--to a lesser extent--logical-mathematical intelligence were the main predictors of overall intelligence. The authors discussed results in terms of the extant cross-cultural literature in the field.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Emotional intelligence instruction in a pharmacy communications course.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the benefits of incorporating emotional intelligence instruction into a required pharmacy communications course. DESIGN: Specific learning objectives were developed based upon the emotional intelligence framework and how it can be applied to pharmacy practice. Qualitative data on student perceptions were collected and analyzed using theme analysis. ASSESSMENT: Students found instruction on emotional intelligence to be a positive experience. Students reported learning the taxonomy of emotional intelligence--a concept that previously was difficult for them to articulate or describe, and could use this knowledge in future pharmacy management situations. Students also recognized that their new knowledge of emotional intelligence would lead to better patient outcomes. CONCLUSION: Students had positive perceptions of the importance of emotional intelligence. They valued its inclusion in the pharmacy curriculum and saw practical applications of emotional intelligence to the practice of pharmacy.

Communication↗
PubMed2001

Speech intelligibility after glossectomy and speech rehabilitation.

BACKGROUND: Oral tumor resections cause articulation deficiencies, depending on the site, extent of resection, type of reconstruction, and tongue stump mobility. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the speech intelligibility of patients undergoing total, subtotal, or partial glossectomy, before and after speech therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven patients (24 men and 3 women), aged 34 to 77 years (mean age, 56.5 years), underwent glossectomy. Tumor stages were T1 in 3 patients, T2 in 4, T3 in 8, T4 in 11, and TX in 1; node stages, N0 in 15 patients, N1 in 5, N2a-c in 6, and N3 in 1. No patient had metastases (M0). Patients were divided into 3 groups by extent of tongue resection, ie, total (group 1; n = 6), subtotal (group 2; n = 9), and partial (group 3; n = 12). Different phonological tasks were recorded and analyzed by 3 experienced judges, including sustained 7 oral vowels, vowel in a syllable, and the sequence vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV). The intelligibility of spontaneous speech (sequence story) was scored from 1 to 4 in consensus. All patients underwent a therapeutic program to activate articulatory adaptations, compensations, and maximization of the remaining structures for 3 to 6 months. The tasks were recorded after speech therapy. To compare mean changes, analyses of variance and Wilcoxon tests were used. RESULTS: Patients of groups 1 and 2 significantly improved their speech intelligibility (P<.05). Group 1 improved vowels, VCV, and spontaneous speech; group 2, syllable, VCV, and spontaneous speech. Group 3 demonstrated better intelligibility in the pretherapy phase, but the improvement after therapy was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Speech therapy was effective in improving speech intelligibility of patients undergoing glossectomy, even after major resection. Different pretherapy ability between groups was seen, with improvement of speech intelligibility in groups 1 and 2. The improvement of speech intelligibility in group 3 was not statistically significant, possibly because of the small and heterogeneous sample.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of cognition abilities between groups of children with specific learning disability having average, bright normal and superior nonverbal intelligence.

BACKGROUND: Specific learning disabilities (SpLD) viz. dyslexia, dysgraphia and dyscalculia are an important cause of academic underachievement. AIMS: To assess whether cognition abilities vary in children with SpLD having different grades of nonverbal intelligence. SETTING: Government recognized clinic in a medical college. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ninety-five children with SpLD (aged 9-14 years) were assessed. An academic achievement of two years below the actual grade placement on educational assessment with a Curriculum-Based test was considered diagnostic of SpLD. On basis of their nonverbal Intelligence Quotient (IQ) scores obtained on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children test, the study children were divided into three groups: (i) average-nonverbal intelligence group (IQ 90-109), (ii) bright normal-nonverbal intelligence group (IQ 110-119), and (iii) superior-nonverbal intelligence group (IQ 120-129). A battery of 13 Cognition Function tests (CFTs) devised by Jnana Prabodhini's Institute of Psychology, Pune based on Guilford's Structure of Intellect Model was administered individually on each child in the four areas of information viz. figural, symbolic, semantic and behavioral. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The mean CFTs scores obtained in the four areas of information were calculated for each of the three groups and compared using one-way analysis of variance test. A P value < 0.05 was to be considered statistically significant. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between their mean CFTs scores in any of the four areas of information. CONCLUSIONS: Cognition abilities are similar in children with SpLD having average, bright-normal and superior nonverbal intelligence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Biological factors and psychometric intelligence: a review.

Results from a synthesis of correlations between psychometric intelligence and two physical traits, head size and body size, are reported. Within-family studies are reviewed for evidence of pleiotropy, the effect of a single genetic factor on two traits. Studies are also reviewed to determine whether prenatal effects bias twin studies, leading to underestimates of genetic influence. An N-weighted mean partial correlation (controlling height) of .10 between intelligence and head size was found. Using a method developed by Van Valen (1974), the correlation of intelligence and brain size was estimated as .29 based on all the intelligence/head-size studies of adults and adolescents, and .44 based on studies measuring intelligence with IQ tests. The N-weighted mean partial correlations (controlling age) of intelligence and height were .18 for children and .22 for adults. The within-family studies indicated that pleiotropy may contribute to the correlation of intelligence with head size and to the correlation of intelligence with body size. Prenatal effects are not an important source of bias in twin studies or for heritability estimates based on them.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Intelligent design and biological complexity.

Before any intelligence can appear, a world endowed with the potential for being experienced as a body of phenomena has to be existent. Indeed, if there is to be an intelligence, there first has to be something intelligible. Hence, when an intelligence is present, "creation" must already have taken place. Nevertheless, biological complexity has been deemed by some to be one of the privileged points of insertion of a supernatural intelligence endowed with temporal and causal primacy. In the course of a critical review, it is pointed out that the spectacle of nature's spontaneous tinkering with the structures and performances of informational macromolecules and with interactive connections among these molecules suggests that intelligence and design are absent from evolution. Nor is intelligent design required for explaining biological complexity, which can increase spontaneously as a byproduct of combinatorial intermolecular gambles and of the restoration of molecular damage wrought by mutations. One of the possible molecular pathways to spontaneous evolutionary increases in complexity is described.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1996

A procedure for testing speech intelligibility in a virtual listening environment.

OBJECTIVE: The development of a test of virtual speech intelligibility in noise that enables assessment in typical, everyday listening situations. To eliminate extraneous confounding factors, digital signal processing was incorporated to simulate listening environments and source locations and allow presentation of stimuli via earphones. DESIGN: Source-to-eardrum transfer functions measured on KEMAR for various source locations in anechoic and reverberant environments were used to process monosyllabic words and speech-spectrum noise. Speech intelligibility was measured for three speech and noise configurations in two environments using an adaptive procedure to determine the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio for 50% intelligibility. RESULTS: Normal-hearing listeners achieved 50% intelligibility of monosyllabic words at significantly lower S/N ratios in a virtual anechoic environment than in a virtual reverberant environment. Speech intelligibility improved significantly in both environments when the speech and noise sources were separated, but the intelligibility gain in the anechoic environment was four times larger than in the reverberant environment. CONCLUSIONS: This test is easy to administer and score, and it provides a means for measuring: 1) the effects of separating speech and noise sources and 2) the effects of reverberation on speech intelligibility in noise while eliminating confounding factors such as calibration.

Hearing↗
PubMed2000

Reverberation time and maximum background-noise level for classrooms from a comparative study of speech intelligibility metrics.

Speech intelligibility metrics that take into account sound reflections in the room and the background noise have been compared, assuming diffuse sound field. Under this assumption, sound decays exponentially with a decay constant inversely proportional to reverberation time. Analytical formulas were obtained for each speech intelligibility metric providing a common basis for comparison. These formulas were applied to three sizes of rectangular classrooms. The sound source was the human voice without amplification, and background noise was taken into account by a noise-to-signal ratio. Correlations between the metrics and speech intelligibility are presented and applied to the classrooms under study. Relationships between some speech intelligibility metrics were also established. For each noise-to-signal ratio, the value of each speech intelligibility metric is maximized for a specific reverberation time. For quiet classrooms, the reverberation time that maximizes these speech intelligibility metrics is between 0.1 and 0.3 s. Speech intelligibility of 100% is possible with reverberation times up to 0.4-0.5 s and this is the recommended range. The study suggests "ideal" and "acceptable" maximum background-noise level for classrooms of 25 and 20 dB, respectively, below the voice level at 1 m in front of the talker.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

Children with superior intelligence at 7 years of age: a prospective study of the influence of perinatal, medical, and socioeconomic factors.

Perinatal and medical information, growth, and the social background of 258 children who, in a prospective study, had superior intelligence at 7 years of age were reviewed. The subjects were divided into three categories on the basis of the results of psychological evaluation at age 7. Comparisons were made between those with superior (intelligence quotient greater than or equal to 120), average (IQ between 80 and 119), and low intelligence (IQ less than or equal to 79). A favorable parental social and educational background was the best correlate of superior intelligence in the children. Larger head size from 1 year of age was an early finding associated with superior intelligence. Greater height and weight, from 4 years of age were later findings. Correlations between psychological performance at ages 4 and 7 years were statistically significant. Perinatal factors and medical complications did not affect the intellectual status of children with superior intelligence.

Adolescent↗