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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Group selection of early replicators and the origin of life.

A major problem of the origin of life has been that of information integration. As Eigen (1971) has shown, a mutant distribution of RNAs replicating without the aid of a replicase cannot integrate sufficient information for the functioning of a higher-level unit utilizing several types of encoded enzymes. He proposed the hypercycle model to bridge this gap in prebiology. It can be shown by a nonlinear game model, incorporating mutation of a hypercycle, that the selection properties of hypercycles make them inefficient information integrators as they cannot compete favourably with all kinds of less efficient information carriers or mutationally coupled hypercycles. The stochastic corrector model is presented as an alternative resolution of Eigen's paradox. It assumes that replicative templates are competing within replicative compartments, whose selective values depend on the internal template composition via a catalytic acid in replication and "metabolism". The dynamics of template replication are analyzed by numerical simulation of master equations. Due to the stochasticity in replication and compartment fission the best compartment types recur. An Eigen equation at the compartment level is set up and calculated. Even selfish template mutants cannot destroy the system though they make it less efficient. The genetic information of templates is evaluated at both levels, and the higher (compartment) level successfully constrains the lower (template) one. Compartmentation together with stochastic effects is sufficient to integrate information dispersed in competitive replicators. Compartment selection is considered to be group selection of replicators. Implications for the origin of life are discussed.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1992

Network information security in a phase III Integrated Academic Information Management System (IAIMS).

The developing Integrated Academic Information System (IAIMS) at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center provides data sharing links between two separate corporate entities, namely Columbia University Medical School and The Presbyterian Hospital, using a network-based architecture. Multiple database servers with heterogeneous user authentication protocols are linked to this network. "One-stop information shopping" implies one log-on procedure per session, not separate log-on and log-off procedures for each server or application used during a session. These circumstances provide challenges at the policy and technical levels to data security at the network level and insuring smooth information access for end users of these network-based services. Five activities being conducted as part of our security project are described: (1) policy development; (2) an authentication server for the network; (3) Kerberos as a tool for providing mutual authentication, encryption, and time stamping of authentication messages; (4) a prototype interface using Kerberos services to authenticate users accessing a network database server; and (5) a Kerberized electronic signature.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1997

Geriatric assessment, coordinated case management, and information systems: an integrated model for delivery of services to nursing home residents.

Several interventions have been developed to minimize the effects of a fragmented health care system and improve services to older adults in long-term care settings. In the context of scarce specialized resources and expertise, this article describes Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment, Minimum Data Set, and Resident Assessment Protocols, the integration of which offers promise for effective evaluation and case management. The model's significance and potential benefits for targeting services to residents at risk for adverse outcomes are explored as components of an integrated information system for enhancing the care of nursing home residents.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Information governance standards for managing e-health information.

Integrity of patient information, from both a quality and a security perspective, is critical to patient care. In the UK, the information governance initiative of the National Health Service (NHS) provides a framework to monitor and control the management of confidential patient data. Information governance standards grew out of the Data Accreditation Programme, first proposed in the 1998 NHS document Information for Health. The Data Accreditation Programme was based on a three-stage assessment of data quality in acute hospitals. Stage one required internal review of policy and procedures for data input into computerized patient administration systems. Stage two involved an external audit to verify compliance with the standards. Stage three mandated audits of data outputs, focusing on clinical coding quality. Before stage three of the programme was fully implemented, the standards were incorporated into the information governance initiative, in which standards were expanded to include primary care and other health-care settings. These standards address many information management issues, including security and data quality, which are key concerns in telemedicine and e-health applications. Compliance is essential for the successful implementation of the NHS Care Records Service, which will allow sharing of electronically stored patient information across the UK.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed1995

The future of American health care in the "post-reform" era.

"As the debate over health care reform rages in Washington, the market is reforming itself. For any given market, it's a question of 'How soon will it hit?', not 'Will it hit?'" Health care reform and market restructuring are ushering in a new era of integrated health care. Although the future is not fully clear, there are at least three competing models for the creation of regional and statewide health systems that will integrate the financing and delivery of services to large enrolled populations of consumers: Payer-driven networks. Provider-sponsored systems. Partnership models. Whatever the future scenario, physician executives will play a larger, more dominant role. Research on integrated health systems has identified three critical success factors for future success: physician-hospital integration, clinical integration and information integration. For managed care to be successful, there must be clinical leadership. The essence of managing care is clinical efficiency, based on "critical-path" treatment protocols and real-time patient care management, supported by integrated information systems.

Capitation Fee↗
PubMed2003

Cortical operational synchrony during audio-visual speech integration.

Information from different sensory modalities is processed in different cortical regions. However, our daily perception is based on the overall impression resulting from the integration of information from multiple sensory modalities. At present it is not known how the human brain integrates information from different modalities into a unified percept. Using a robust phenomenon known as the McGurk effect it was shown in the present study that audio-visual synthesis takes place within a distributed and dynamic cortical networks with emergent properties. Various cortical sites within these networks interact with each other by means of so-called operational synchrony (Kaplan, Fingelkurts, Fingelkurts, & Darkhovsky, 1997). The temporal synchronization of cortical operations processing unimodal stimuli at different cortical sites reveals the importance of the temporal features of auditory and visual stimuli for audio-visual speech integration.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed2004

All Kids Count Connections: a community of practice on integrating child health information systems.

Integrated child health information systems consolidate data about multiple health care services a child receives into information useful to families, private health care providers, public health officials, and others. The challenges to successful integration faced by public health agencies are similar, yet system integration projects have historically struggled in isolation to overcome these barriers. All Kids Count created a community of practice called Connections to bring together 11 state and local public health agencies engaged in child health information system integration projects to learn from each other, capture best practices, and collaboratively address challenges. As demonstrated by All Kids Count Connections, communities of practice can be employed by geographically distributed public health agencies to address complex issues.

Child↗
PubMed1994

The pharmacy as part of an integrated hospital information system: a focus on benefits.

An integrated hospital information system benefits not only the pharmacy but also each department within a hospital, including the physician and patient. The Composite Health Care System (CHCS) is a fully integrated healthcare information system that has been developed for the Department of Defense's medical treatment facilities. CHCS provides modules for Patient Administration, Patient Appointment Scheduling, Radiology, Laboratory, Pharmacy, and Physician/Nursing Order Entry and Results Retrieval, which serve to integrate inpatient wards, clinical services, administrative departments, and remote outpatient clinics. CHCS provides an integrated patient profile to care givers throughout the medical facility, improving the quality of their clinical decisions. The integrated hospital information system also helps to coordinate the delivery of patient care and automates many interdepartmental transactions, which allows for more efficient use of resources and increases the turnaround time for delivery of services. This article focuses on the system's pharmacy component to demonstrate the benefits realized with an integrated hospital information system.

Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems↗
PubMed1989

A strategy for curriculum integration of information skills instruction.

The ever increasing need of health professionals for information and the inclusion of active learning experiences in the medical school curriculum require that students learn the effective use of health information tools. Curriculum integration is gaining acceptance as an effective approach to teaching information skills in this setting. At the University of Miami School of Medicine, information skills components taught by library faculty are integrated into the Freshman Orientation Program and two sophomore curriculum courses. Beginning with a core set of skills and basic information management tools, more complex and subject-specific skills are introduced sequentially throughout the basic sciences curriculum. During the first two years, a wide range of information skills are taught, and students receive many opportunities to seek and identify information using both printed sources and computerized bibliographic databases. This paper describes how curriculum integration of information skills instruction was achieved and the many benefits of this approach. Included are a description of the information skills components, evaluation data, and future plans.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed2003

Information mastery: integrating continuing medical education with the information needs of clinicians.

Traditional continuing medical education (CME) has been disconnected from the actual practice of medicine and has not focused on providing the most useful information in the most efficient way. Physicians have different information needs at different times. When asked at the end of a day of patient care, physicians will typically report having had one question for every four or five patients. However, direct observation during patient care reveals many more questions. In the outpatient primary care setting, most studies have found, on average, that about two clinical questions are generated during every three patient encounters, with even higher numbers reported in the inpatient teaching setting. Thus, a physician seeing 25 patients in a typical day of outpatient care may have 15 clinical questions. Because clinical questions are the result of critical reflection by a clinician on his or her practice, they are central, to physician learning. This connection between "need" and learning is consistent with generally accepted theories of adult learning. When applied to continuing education, this connection suggests that physicians will learn best when learning is in the context of patient care, answers their questions, does not take too much time, and is directly applicable to their work. Pursuing answers to these questions and answering them with the best available evidence, at the time the answer is needed, may well change the physician's general approach to patient care.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMed1998

Charting the information technology direction for an integrated delivery system.

Automating the healthcare integrated delivery system requires a special set of skills, talent, and communication that goes beyond the capability of the i.t. manager alone. Bringing together all elements of the integrated delivery system and forming a well-integrated information environment will require a level of teamwork rarely seen in any industry. Today's IT manager is like an orchestra conductor. He or she should look ahead in the musical composition, manage the tempo, and bring all the sounds of the eclectic set of instruments together in harmony and achievement of the melody. Following the key success factor outlined here may not guarantee success in automating the integrated delivery system, but following them should keep the process harmonious.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2001

Integration of information systems: assessing its quality.

Due to organizational and technological changes the need for integrating information systems within healthcare institutions, has increased enormously. Although the technical means for systems integration have definitely matured, integration methodologies are still in their infancy. Two important questions regarding systems integration are hardly ever addressed in a systematic way: how to derive integration requirements, and how to check whether the requirements are met in a given integrated system. These two questions must be answered if we want to assess or improve the quality of integration of a given set of systems. In this article we present a nine-step method for deriving integration requirements from a business process model, and we assess the quality of integration of a given integrated system against these requirements. The method is demonstrated by elaborating two case studies from the health care domain.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2005

The development of a dialogue between cortex and midbrain to integrate multisensory information.

The anterior ectosylvian (AES) and rostral lateral suprasylvian (rLS) sulci send critical signals to multisensory superior colliculus (SC) neurons that enable them to integrate information from different senses. When either of these areas is temporarily deactivated in adult animals, the ability of SC neurons to integrate multisensory information and, thereby, enhance their responses to cross-modal stimuli is temporarily compromised. As a consequence, the ability to use cross-modal stimuli to enhance SC-mediated behavioral performance is also compromised. In contrast, removal of either one of these areas during early life has little effect on the development of multisensory processes in the SC or on SC-mediated multisensory behaviors and these animals seem very similar to normal controls. These observations suggest that there is considerable plasticity in these cortico-collicular systems during early life, with each area able to compensate for the early loss of the other. However, when both AES and rLS are removed early in life, there appears to be no compensation. The SC neurons now deal with sensory stimuli, even those embedded in multisensory complexes, as if they were there alone, precluding any SC-mediated behavioral benefit to cross-modal stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Effect of integration of injury control information into a high school physics course.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects on knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported behaviors of a 1-week course of injury control and crash safety information integrated within a high school physics curriculum. METHODS: Students in an intervention high school (n=129) were compared with students in a control high school (n=74) enrolled in a comparable physics curriculum. A standardized survey was administered before instruction (time T1), and at 2 weeks (T2) and 6 months (T3) after instruction was completed. The behaviors measured were self-reported use of seat belts, speeding, drinking and driving, and intention to use seat belts in the future. RESULTS: At T2, students in the intervention group reported attitudes that were less favorable toward risk-taking in regard to speeding and seat belt use than those of the control group. At T3, there was still a difference in attitudes toward speeding but not toward seat belt use. The intervention significantly altered the knowledge level of the course participants, and these changes persisted to T3. The strongest and most persistent change was that students in the intervention group reported increasing their use of seat belts when riding as a passenger. (Seat belt use as a driver was high for both groups.) The intervention group showed a significant increase in their 1-year intentions to use seat belts both as a driver and as a passenger. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that driver safety education can be successfully integrated into a mainstream high school science curriculum. Future studies measuring the effects of this curriculum on observed behaviors are needed.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1984

Storage and processing constraints on integrating story information in children and adults.

In two experiments, this study examined the effects of integration complexity on the ability of child and adult listeners to integrate information from different sentences in a story. First and third graders and college adults were read stories containing incongruent event information and succeeding resolution information that explained the incongruency, and asked questions that probed incongruency recognition and resolution. Information storage complexity was manipulated by separating the event and resolution information and foregrounding or backgrounding the focal story characters. Processing complexity was manipulated by varying the inferential complexity of relating the resolution to the incongruent information, and the coreferential cues linking the event and resolution information. The results showed that increases in complexity adversely affected resolution integration, and more for the children than for the adults. The children's integration performance, in particular, was affected by theme discontinuity and coreferential complexity.

Adult↗