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PubMed1986

The effect of the beta-carboline FG 7142 on the behaviour of male rats in a living cage: an ethological analysis of social and nonsocial behaviour.

The effects of FG 7142, a beta-carboline benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonist, on the social behavior of pair-housed rats were investigated. Four 6-min dyadic social encounters in a living cage were observed in a paradigm in which one member of a pair of rats was injected. The four injection groups (n = 8) were vehicle control, and FG 7142 at 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, respectively. All injections were administered 2 min before the start of the first observation trial. Compared to the effects of vehicle alone, FG 7142 decreased aggressive behaviour but did not change the level of total social interaction. Thus there were compensating increases in approaching and avoiding behaviours following the administration of FG 7142. Locomotion declined marginally and immobility increased in FG 7142-injected rats. FG 7142 decreased the incidence of self-grooming. The evidence is consistent with a relatively selective reduction in intraspecies aggression in male rats after the injection of the beta-carboline inverse agonist.

Aggression↗

PubMed2002

Socio-economic differences in health risk behaviour and attitudes towards health risk behaviour among Slovak adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: Socio-economic differences in the frequency of smoking, alcohol consumption, drug use, physical exercise, and attitudes toward smoking were explored in a sample of Slovak adolescents (1,370 boys, 1,246 girls, mean age 15 years). METHODS: Identification of socio-economic status was based on three indicators: the highest educational level of parents, the highest occupational class of parents, and the type of school the adolescents attended. RESULTS: Health risk behaviour was strongly related to socio-economic status based on all three socio-economic indicators, although there were some exceptions mostly related to education as indicator of socio-economic status and to alcohol consumption experience and drug use experience. The pattern of socio-economic differences was unfavourable for lower socio-economic groups of adolescents, except for differences in frequency of alcohol consumption among females when highest education of parents was used as an indicator of socio-economic status. CONCLUSIONS: There are socio-economic differences in health risk behaviour. Lower socio-economic groups of adolescents behave risky more frequently than higher socio-economic groups of adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Parent-child agreement on children's behaviours reported by the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL).

The authors examined agreement between parent and child ratings on the Child Behaviour Checklist in a sample of 1299 referred adolescents over a period of three years. Correlations ranged between 0.72 and 0.08 (mean = 0.28), while agreement using kappa was similar but slightly lower (mean = 0.24; range 0.71-0.07). Agreement on externalizing was higher than on internalizing items, and concordance increased with age for boys, while there were no differences in parent-child agreement between boys and girls. Agreement was higher for dimensions of behaviour, e.g. depression (r = 0.40).

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Social versus individual behaviour: a comparative approach to thermal behaviour of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana L.).

To study the relationship between the individual and social thermoregulatory behaviour, we used honeybee workers and American cockroaches. Single insects or groups of 10-20 individuals were placed in a temperature gradient chamber, and their thermal preference was recorded for 48 h under natural summer photoperiod. Single bees showed diurnal changes in selected ambient temperature, which culminated at 14:00 reaching 34+/-2 degrees C, and then slowly decreased, reaching a nocturnal minimum of 28+/-2 degrees C at 04:00. In contrast, the zenith of temperature selected by groups of bees (31+/-1 degrees C) was reached at 04:00 and the nadir (29+/-2 degrees C) was recorded at 14:00. Groups of bees clustered together during the night time, and dispersed during intense day time activity. Such changes were absent in groups of cockroaches. Cockroaches selected an ambient temperature of 30+/-1 degrees C both during day and night. In conclusion, there is a striking analogy in the diurnal thermal behaviour between a colony of bees and mammals. During their nychthemeral rest phase, both of them select higher temperatures than during the activity phase and, simultaneously, they reduce their overall surface area of heat loss to conserve metabolic heat. Therefore, the colony behaves as a homeothermic superorganism. In contrast, a single bee, isolated from the colony, utilizes a heterothermic strategy to save energy for a morning warm up.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1983

High-performance liquid chromatography of amino acids, peptides and proteins. XLVIII. Retention behaviour of tryptic peptides of human growth hormone isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: a comparative study using different chromatographic conditions and predicted elution behaviour based on retention coefficients.

The retention behaviour of the tryptic peptides of human growth hormone under a variety of reversed-phase chromatographic conditions has been investigated. By using water-acetonitrile gradients containing phosphate, bicarbonate, trifluoroacetate, or heptanesulphonate buffers, the influence of these ionic modifiers on peptide selectivity with several different alkylsilicas has been examined. Comparisons of observed and predicted retention behaviours for the various tryptic peptides in the different chromatographic systems are described. Application of these systems to the isolation of deamidated forms of human growth hormone is presented.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2000

Effect of age of calf on suckling behaviour and other behavioural activities of Zebu and crossbred calves during restricted suckling periods.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of age of calf on the behaviour of Zebu and crossbred calves during restricted suckling (RS) periods. The behaviours of 20 Zebu and 16 crossbred calves were recorded during two 30-min sessions each day after milking when the calves and their dams were brought together in a group for suckling. This was made for a time period of 2 weeks/month for 6 months postpartum.The total suckling duration was significantly longer in Zebu calves (11.8+/-0.19 min) compared to the crossbred calves (9.4+/-0.19 min), but decreased significantly in both breeds with increasing age from 1 to 6 months. The number of suckling bouts decreased from a mean of 3.8 at 1 month of age to 1.1 at 6 month (P<0.05). The duration of each suckling bout decreased significantly from a mean of 3.5+/-0.15 min at 1 month of age to 1.6+/-0.01 min at 6 months (<0.05). The frequency of crossbred calves cross-suckling (3.7%) was significantly higher than that of the Zebu calves (1.9%; P<0.05). The frequency of calves cross-suckling decreased significantly from 4.2% at 1 month of age to 2.3% at 6 months. The duration and number of bouts of cross-suckling was significantly higher in the crossbred calves (duration 0.9+/-0.06 min; bouts 3, 7) than in the Zebu calves (duration 0.5+/-0.06 min; bouts 2, 7) and decreased with increasing age of calf. The duration and number of bouts of inter-sucking was significantly higher in the crossbred calves (duration 0.6+/-0.07 min; bouts 1, 6) than in the Zebu calves (duration 0.1+/-0.04 min; bouts 0, 5) and decreased with increasing age of calf. Exploration increased in duration as the calves increased in age from 1 to 6 months (P<0.05). The duration of play increased significantly with the increase in age of calf from 1 to 6 months, and occurred mainly after nursing.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Nurses' behaviour regarding CPR and the theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been used in hospitals for approximately 40 years. Nurses are generally the first responders to a cardiac arrest and initiate basic life support while waiting for the advanced cardiac life support team to arrive. Speed and competence of the first responder are factors contributing to the initial survival of a person following a cardiac arrest. Attitudes of individual nurses may influence the speed and level of involvement in true emergency situations. This paper uses the theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour to examine some behavioural issues with CPR involvement.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Health care seeking behaviour of patients with sexually transmitted diseases: determinants of delay behaviour.

The study aimed to determine the factors associated with a delay in seeking health care for symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among a sample of 1482 patients attending STD clinics. Of the sample 78% were male, 58% sought help from the clinic within the first 6 days of noticing symptoms, 24% waited between 7 and 10 days and 17% waited longer than 10 days before seeking health care. Patients who delayed were those who treated themselves prior to seeking health care, who were female, whose friends waited before seeking treatment, who held misconceptions regarding the cause of STDs, who perceived STDs not to be serious and who valued personal autonomy in sexual behaviours less and had less positive outcome expectations of refusing sex. The data suggest that targeted interventions should be directed specifically at women and the youth. Early health care seeking could be facilitated through improved basic knowledge regarding STDs, control over one's own sexual behaviour and social support for early health care seeking.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Changing care staff approaches to the prevention and management of aggressive behaviour in a residential treatment unit for persons with mental retardation and challenging behaviour.

The impact of a new training procedure aimed at improving staff skills in the preventative and reactive management of severely challenging behaviours was investigated within a six-place residential treatment unit. The results showed that there was some evidence to support the notion that the training reduced the number of behavioural incidents for most residents. The rates of major reactive strategy use (restraint and emergency medication) also declined over time, as did rates of staff and resident injury. Although only a limited number of these changes showed statistically significant correlations with time, it is argued that they were clinically significant when viewed against the complexity of the client group under study.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1994

Social behaviour and susceptibility to infection in house mice (Mus musculus): effects of group size, aggressive behaviour and status-related hormonal responses prior to infection on resistance to Babesia microti.

Associations between social rank, immunodepression and resistance to Babesia microti infection within single-sex groups of male house mice suggest rank-dependent suites of response involving different hormonal and immune changes in relation to aggressive behaviour and group size prior to infection. Reduced resistance among high-ranking males was associated with increased serum testosterone and corticosterone concentration and reduced serum immunoglobulin, but was independent of group size. Among low-ranking males, hormonal changes were not associated with resistance to B. microti but changes in corticosterone concentration and measures of immunodepression increased with group size and aggressive behaviour. The results concur with earlier findings suggesting differences between high- and low-ranking mice in their physiological responses to social experience and consequently reduced resistance to B. microti infection among high-ranking individuals.

Aggression↗

PubMed1992

The Present Behavioural Examination (PBE): the development of an interview to measure current behavioural abnormalities.

Behavioural problems are an important feature of dementia and other neuropsychiatric conditions. This paper describes the development and performance of an investigator-based interview (the PBE) for the detailed assessment of the behaviour of subjects over the preceding four weeks. The interview is designed to be administered to carers. A test-retest reliability study was carried out on the penultimate edition of this interview; and the inter-rater reliability of the final edition was measured. These studies show that the reliability of the PBE is comparable with that of other investigator-based interviews.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Serotonergic dysfunction across the eating disorders: relationship to eating behaviour, purging behaviour, nutritional status and general psychopathology.

BACKGROUND: Several recent studies have pointed to a dysfunction of serotonin transmission in patients with eating disorders. Notwithstanding, it is not known whether serotonergic abnormalities are related primarily to eating and/or purging behaviour, nutritional status or general psychopathological dimensions. Therefore, by using a validated neuroendocrine strategy, we investigated central serotonergic function in patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder who differ on the above parameters. METHODS: Plasma prolactin response to D-fenfluramine (30 mg p.o.) or placebo was measured in 58 drug-free female volunteers, comprising 15 underweight anorexic women, 18 bulimic women, 10 women with binge-eating disorder and 15 female healthy controls. Behavioural assessment included ratings of eating disorder symptoms, depression, aggression and food-related obsessions and compulsions. RESULTS: A significantly decreased prolactin response to D-fenfluramine was found in underweight anorexic women and in bulimics with high frequency bingeing ( > 2 binge episodes/day), but not in patients with binge-eating disorder or in bulimics with low frequency bingeing (< I binge episode/day). In the whole bulimic group, a negative correlation emerged between frequency of bingeing and prolactin response. No significant correlation was found between physical or psychopathological measures and the hormonal response in any group. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm our previous findings of an impaired serotonergic transmission in underweight anorexics and in bulimics with high frequency bingeing, but not in patients with less severe bulimia nervosa. Moreover, they show, for the first time, that the hypothalamic serotonergic system is not altered in women with binge-eating disorder.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Dialectical Behaviour Therapy for adolescents (DBT-A)--a pilot study on the therapy of suicidal, parasuicidal, and self-injurious behaviour in female patients with a borderline disorder].

OBJECTIVES: In Germany suicide ranks as the second leading cause of death in adolescents. Risk factors for suicide are impulsive and self-injurious behaviour, depression, and conduct disorder. The main hypothesis of our study is that Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for adolescents is an effective method of treatment for these patients. METHODS: DBT was developed by Marsha Linehan specifically for the outpatient treatment of chronically parasuicidal female patients with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. Miller & Rathus modified DBT for use with adolescents (DBT-A). and our group adapted the DBT-A for use in an outpatient treatment setting in Germany. In a pre-post comparison, the efficacy of treatment was measured using standardized instruments (SCL-90-R, CBCL, YSR, ILK, CGI, etc.). RESULTS: In a pilot study of 12 adolescents, we found effect sizes between 1.1 and 2.9. During treatment, self-injurious behaviour declined significantly. Prior to entering therapy, 8 of the 12 patients had attempted suicide at least once. During treatment according to DBT-A there were no suicide attempts. CONCLUSIONS: These results are so promising that we are now planning a randomized, multi-centre study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Effects of neonatal intracerebral implantation of sex steroids on sexual behaviour, social play behaviour and gonadotrophin secretion.

Female rats were intracerebrally implanted with testosterone propionate (TP) or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on the 3rd day of life. After both treatments, prepuberal social play behaviour was significantly enhanced as compared to control females and did not differ from that recorded in males. In contrast, intracerebral implantation of oestradiol benzoate (OB) at the same day of age had no effect on the frequency with which females engaged in social play. DHT, which is not aromatizable to oestrogen, showed a significant male-type organizational effect also on sexual orientation but not on the organization of gonadotrophin secretion pattern and hence on ovarian weight. On the other hand, OB displayed in a dose-dependent manner a significant male-type organizational effect on gonadotrophin secretion resulting in an anovulatory syndrome with significantly decreased ovarian weights due to failure of corpus luteum formation as well as on male-type sexual orientation. The results suggest that different sex hormones (oestrogens and/or androgens) are responsible for the sex-specific brain differentiation of gonadotrophin secretion, sexual orientation and gender role behaviour.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Effects of vision-restricting "polypeepers" on the behaviour of laying hens during adaptation, feeding, on general activity, agonistic behaviour and pecking damage.

Vision-restricting "polypeepers" have been reported to result in higher egg production with improved food utilisation in hens. In the present experiments behavioural explanations of these effects were sought. For detailed observations 128 White Leghorn X Black Australorp hens were used and for pecking damage comparisons a further 192 hens. Half were fitted with polypeepers. Birds were studied in individual cages, three-bird cages or deep litter pens by direct observation and cine-camera. Adjustment problems in feeding, stereotypic head shaking and protracted displacement neck preening occurred initially after fitting of polypeepers. Disappearance of these phenomena after about one month, however, indicated adaptation. The initial reduction of egg production associated with polypeepers, observed by others, coincided with the period of adaptation. Polypeepers resulted in less activity; birds in multiple cages and litter pens resting more, while in single cages body movement was reduced. Polypeepers caused faster eating and less wastage of both pellets and mash. In general, agonistic acts were greatly reduced in multiple cages, resulting in reduced feeding competition. Polypeepers reduced significantly the incidence of feather pecking, resulting in considerably less feather loss after three months, and more so after 14 months in lay. Over the study as a whole the reductions in activity, food spillage, agonistic behaviour and feather damage probably contribute to the lower food consumption and improved laying efficiency previously reported.

Adaptation, Ocular↗

PubMed2004

Modulation of feeding behaviour by blocking purinergic receptors in the rat nucleus accumbens: a combined microdialysis, electroencephalographic and behavioural study.

The nonspecific P2 receptor antagonist pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS), the nonspecific P1 receptor antagonist 8-(p-sulphophenyl)-theophylline (8-SPT) and the combination of both were applied by retrograde microdialysis into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) before and during feeding of 18-h food-deprived rats. In addition to the registration of behavioural parameters, such as the amount and duration of food intake, the feeding-induced changes in dopamine (DA) concentration and the concomitant changes of neuronal activity in the NAc and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) were simultaneously determined. The perfusion with PPADS (20 microm) diminished the amount of food intake and the duration of feeding. Furthermore, the P2 receptor antagonist blocked the feeding-induced DA release and prevented the feeding-elicited changes of the electroencephalography (EEG) power distribution which was characterised by an increase in the power of the 8.0-13.0-Hz frequency band in the NAc and the VTA. The effects of PPADS could be completely prevented by the concomitantly perfused adenosine receptor antagonist 8-SPT (100 microm). When given alone, 8-SPT increased the amount of food ingested, the duration of feeding and the EEG power of the higher frequency range, particularly between 19.0 and 30.0 Hz, in both the NAc and the VTA. The feeding-elicited DA release was supplemented to the enhanced DA level caused by the perfusion with 8-SPT in an additive manner. The P2 and P1 receptor antagonists interact antagonistically in the modulation of feeding behaviour and the feeding-induced changes of EEG activity suggesting that both endogenous extracellular ATP and adenosine are involved in the regulation of the feeding-associated mesolimbic neuronal activity in a functionally antagonistic manner.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Evaluation of a special behaviour unit for people with mental handicaps and challenging behaviour.

A descriptive evaluation is provided of a hospital-based unit for people with mental handicaps and challenging behaviours. The characteristics of clients admitted to the unit over a 15-month period are described, together with admission and discharge patterns, and treatment interventions undertaken. The progress of four clients is studied in detail via single-case studies. While reductions in levels of challenging behaviour occurred during admission, these changes were not generally maintained at follow-up. Implications for future service design are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

The behaviour of 3-year-old children: prevalence and parental perception of problem behaviour: a research note.

A rating of parental concern was added to the Behaviour Checklist (BCL), which was then used as part of a Health Visitor administered routine developmental assessment of 1170, 3-year-old children. The overall prevalence of behaviour problems using a cut-off score of 10 was 10%, with 66% of parents having one or more concerns about their child. There were no sex differences. Parents of only children had more concerns on 6 of the 19 items even though their children behaved no differently from those with siblings. The usefulness of the BCL as a routine screening measure and the need to identify and address parental concerns at an early stage is discussed.

Child Behavior Disorders↗