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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Population-based trends and correlates of maternal overweight and obesity, Utah 1991-2001.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to identify recent population-based trends in maternal overweight and obesity and adverse outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Statewide retrospective cohort study of birth certificate data for live singleton births to women in Utah between 1991 and 2001. RESULTS: Prepregnancy overweight and obesity increased from 25.1% in 1991 to 35.2% in 2001, a 40.2% increase (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.40 [1.37-1.43]), whereas maternal obesity at delivery rose 36.2% from 28.7% to 39.1% (PR 1.36 [1.33-1.39]). The attributable fraction of cesarean delivery in overweight and obese women was 0.388 (0.369-0.407). Statewide, among all women having a cesarean delivery in 2001, 1 in 7 is attributable to overweight and obesity. CONCLUSION: This is the first state-wide analysis of maternal obesity trends demonstrating a significant increase in maternal overweight and obesity. Overweight and obese women are at increased risk of cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, eclampsia, dystocia, and macrosomia, risks that increase as the body mass index rises.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Preeclampsia and subsequent risk of cancer in Utah.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine if preeclampsia is associated with a reduced risk of cancer later in life. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a cohort study where women with preeclampsia over the interval 1947 to 1999 were identified from the Utah Population Database. Preeclamptics (n = 17,432) were matched 1:3 with nonpreeclamptics (n = 52,296) on maternal age and birth year. Pregnancy, demographic, and cancer information was extracted from subjects and their offspring in linked datasets. Relative risk and hazard ratios were calculated. RESULTS: In a matched analysis using univariable random-effects Poisson regression, preeclampsia was protective against the development of cancer later in life (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.84-0.99 with P = .027). In a multivariable clustered Cox regression model with the end point of cancer later in life, preeclampsia was associated with a lower risk of cancer (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.85-0.99 with P = .039). These findings were supported by stratified and competing risk analyses. CONCLUSION: Women whose pregnancies were affected by preeclampsia have a decreased risk of developing cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Linkage of serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate to chromosome 2 in Utah pedigrees.

BACKGROUND: Serum creatinine and creatinine clearance are used as indicators of renal function and may indicate a propensity for development of end-stage renal disease. Identifying genes related to future decreases in renal function could be important in assessing risk and defining abnormal mechanisms amenable to preventive measures. Although creatinine clearance is a better measure of renal function than serum creatinine, proper and complete urine collections in large population studies are sometimes problematic. This can lead to a loss in power to detect linkage. Therefore, in this study we also investigated serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rates (GFR), both of which are more reliably measured. METHODS: Linkage was tested in a genome scan using 49 large Utah pedigrees examined three times over 10 years to detect regions harboring genes related to reduced renal function. RESULTS: Heritability of serum creatinine ranged from 25% to 31% across three examinations, and heritability of GFR ranged from 37% to 42%. The highest log of the odds (LOD) score for serum creatinine was found on chromosome 2 at 145 cM on the Marshfield map (D2S1334). Consistent nonparametric linkage for serum creatinine was found for all three examinations (LOD = 3.15, 2.75, and 2.00, respectively). Estimates of GFR also showed linkage to this region. CONCLUSIONS: The consistency of linkage to chromosome 2 over longitudinally repeated measurements increases the likelihood that this region harbors a gene influencing phenotypic variation in serum creatinine and GFR. Identification of this gene could help to predict which individuals are most likely to progress to renal disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Graduated driver licensing in Utah: is it effective?

STUDY OBJECTIVE: We seek to examine the effectiveness of the graduated driver licensing system in Utah by determining whether crash rates of 16-year-old drivers decreased after graduated driver licensing implementation. METHODS: We studied 16-year-old-driver crashes using statewide motor vehicle crash data probabilistically linked to emergency department (ED), hospital inpatient, and driver licensure data for 1996 to 2001. Outcomes examined included overall crash rates, nighttime crashes, crash severity indicators (eg, noninjury crash, injury crash, ED crash, inpatient crash, fatal crash), seat belt usage, licensure status, and citations. Rate ratios (RR), chi 2 tests, and interventional time series analyses were used to assess changes before and after graduated driver licensing implementation. RESULTS: There were 27,304 16-year-old-driver crashes during the study period. The overall crash rate per 1,000 licensed 16-year-old drivers decreased by 5% (RR 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92 to 0.97), and a time-series analysis showed a reduction of 0.8 (SD 0.39) crashes per month per 1,000 licensed drivers after graduated driver licensing implementation (1996 to 1999 versus 1999 to 2001). The nighttime crash rate did not change (RR 0.91; 95% CI 0.78 to 1.04), and there was no association between crash severity and graduated driver licensing implementation ( P =.096). Reported seat belt usage increased by 6.3%, and few graduated driver licensing citations were issued by law enforcement. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that graduated driver licensing may have contributed to a reduction in young driver crashes, but the effects were minimal compared with those shown in many other graduated driver licensing evaluations.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physician preparedness for bioterrorism recognition and response: a Utah-based needs assessment.

The medical community accepts that they have a need to be prepared to recognize and respond to bioterrorism events. A needs assessment conducted among physicians throughout the state of Utah provided insights into their perceived training needs and preferred methods of learning. Physicians have many competing demands on their time and tailored educational offering can increase the intended audience's acceptance and learning.

Bioterrorism↗
PubMed2006

Effectiveness of traffic management in Salt Lake City, Utah.

PROBLEM: The effectiveness of speed humps, 14 ft (4.3 m) wide by 3.5 in (8.9 cm) high, and tables, 22 ft (6.7 m) wide, on 12 streets in Salt Lake City, Utah was investigated. Mean and 85th percentile spot speeds, speed limit compliance, motor-vehicle crashes, and resident opinions were considered. METHOD: Spot speeds were collected at 18 "between-hump" locations. Motor-vehicle crash data were obtained for "before" and "after" periods of equal duration. A total of 436 residents were surveyed; 184 responded. RESULTS: The mean and 85th percentile speeds decreased at 14 and 15 locations, respectively. The average reduction in the 85th percentile speed (3.4 mph or 5.4 km/h) was significant in flat and rolling terrain, but not on uphill or downhill segments. The number of sites with 50% speed limit compliance increased from 4 to 12. The number of motor-vehicle crashes decreased from 10 to 9; the change was not significant, but injury crashes decreased from five to one. Regarding the residents, 30% were positive, 25% were negative, and 45% offered suggestions, some of which were conflicting. DISCUSSION: Further study is needed on speed hump spacing and speed tables in hilly terrain. Example results should be shared with residents to inform their decision-making. SUMMARY: At least 78% of the sites experienced a decrease in the mean or 85th percentile speed, or an increase in speed limit compliance. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: These findings should be useful to agencies that are planning or implementing traffic calming projects, and to analysts.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1992

Elementary school absences and PM10 pollution in Utah Valley.

This study assessed the association between school absenteeism and respirable particulate pollution (PM10) in Utah Valley for the six school years of 1985 to 1990. Weekly absenteeism data from the Provo School District and daily data from a single elementary school in the Alpine School District were analyzed for kindergarten through sixth grade. PM10 concentrations during the study period averaged approximately 50 micrograms/m3 with the 24-hr maximum equal to 365 micrograms/m3. Absenteeism was regressed on PM10 pollution levels, temperature, snowfall, and variables indicating day of week, month of school year, and days preceding and following holidays and extended weekends. Estimated associations between absenteeism and PM10 pollution in both data sets were positive, statistically significant (P less than 0.01), and robust to different model specifications. PM10 effects persisted for up to 3 or 4 weeks. Regression results from both data sets indicated that an increase in 28-day moving average PM10 equal to 100 micrograms/m3 was associated with an increase in the absence rate equal to approximately two percentage points, or an increase in overall absences equal to approximately 40%. Similar relationships were observed for all grade levels, although the response of absences to air pollution was generally greater for grades 1-3 compared with grades 4-6. Associations between absenteeism and PM10 pollution were observed even for levels below 150 micrograms/m3.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Changing prevalence of prenatal substance abuse in Utah.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the current prevalence of prenatal exposure to methamphetamines and other drugs of abuse among infants born in Utah and compare the results with those of a maternal substance abuse prevalence study performed in 1991 in the same geographic area. METHODS: Thirteen well baby nurseries in calendar year 2000 and six neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in 2001-2002 collected anonymous meconium samples and associated, but nonidentifiable, demographic data on consecutively born infants. Samples were screened by enzyme immunoassay and confirmed by gas chromotography/mass spectroscopy for methamphetamines, cannabinoids, and benzoylecognine. RESULTS: Meconium samples were collected from 1202 well baby nursery infants and 317 NICU infants. There were no significant differences in the rates of positivity for methamphetamines (0.6% versus 0.4%) or marijuana (2.9% versus 1.8%) between the 1991 and 2000/2001 studies. Cocaine prevalence declined from 1.1% in 1991 to 0.3% in 2000/2001 (P =.04). The prevalence of positivity for any of these three drugs declined over the 10-year period from 4.4% to 2.4% (P =.02). The prevalence for positivity for any of these three drugs was higher in the NICUs (4.7%) than in the well baby nurseries (1.9%, P =.008). CONCLUSION: The rate of drug-positive infants declined during the decade of the 1990s in a geographic area that is experiencing a sharp rise in the use of methamphetamine among women of childbearing age. Further studies that focus on women of childbearing age who use methamphetamine may help determine factors that impact their drug use during pregnancy and after the infant is born.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of risperidone therapy on the use of mental health care resources in Salt Lake County, Utah.

The authors analyze the use of mental health care resources before and after the initiation of risperidone therapy in patients of Valley Mental Health, an agency providing aggressive community-based treatment in Salt Lake County, Utah. Sixty-three patients were treated with risperidone during the period from February 1994 through June 1995. Data for at least 6 months before (pre-period) and after (post-period) risperidone therapy were available for 61 patients; the mean period for which data were obtained was 31.8 months (pre- plus post-period). Risperidone use was associated with a reduction, albeit nonsignificant, in the numbers of patients requiring acute inpatient hospital care (-29%), days hospitalized (-1 day per year), residential treatment days (-0.7 days per year), and day-treatment visits (-1.7 visits per year), together with small increases, also nonsignificant, in the need for emergency/crisis intervention (0.1 visit per year), outpatient treatment (0.1 visit per year), and case management (2.3 visits per year). The costs of institutional plus ambulatory care declined from $7949 to $6910 per patient per year (-13%); the greatest reduction was in the cost of acute inpatient care (-18%). With the addition of risperidone, the cost of psychotropic medications doubled, resulting in a statistically nonsignificant mean increase in total costs of $305 per patient per year. Among the 36 patients who received risperidone during > or = 70% of the post-period and the 17 patients who had been hospitalized during the pre-period, total costs declined -3% and -13%, respectively. The results confirm those of previous studies and demonstrate that risperidone can reduce the use of mental health services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Chronic recording capability of the Utah Intracortical Electrode Array in cat sensory cortex.

The Utah Intracortical Electrode Array (UIEA) is an array of 100 penetrating silicon microelectrodes designed to focally electrically stimulate or record neurons residing in a single layer up to 1.5 mm beneath the surface of the cerebral cortex. Apart from its use as a unique tool to study parallel processing in the central nervous system, this array could form the platform for a cortical neuroprosthetic system. Although the UIEA has been used extensively in acute neural recording and stimulation experiments, its long-term performance in a chronic application has yet to be demonstrated. As an initial investigation into the feasibility of long-term cortical recording with an array of microelectrodes, we have hard-wired a subset of 11 electrodes of the UIEA to a percutaneous connector. This chronic UIEA assembly was then implanted into the cerebral cortices of ten cats for durations ranging from 2 to 13 months; over which time, both random and stimulus-evoked single and multiple unit action potentials were periodically recorded. On average, after a 6-month implant period, 60% of implanted arrays could still record some type of activity. Post-sacrifice dissections revealed a fibrous encapsulation of the UIEA. Although most implanted cortex was histologically normal, evidence of a chronic astroglial response was seen in a few cases. The results of the reported experiments indicate that the UIEA can be successfully used for limited times in a chronic recording application.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1986

Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B virus surface antigen in emergency medical personnel in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Because of the potential geographic variation in prevalence and exposure to hepatitis B virus and the high cost of hepatitis B immunization, we performed serologic screening on prehospital care personnel in Salt Lake City, Utah. All individuals screened had been in a line (street) position for at least five years. Their average age was 38.5 years. One of the 50 paramedics and none of 110 emergency medical technicians had serum antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (0.6%; 95% confidence limits, 0.03 to 3.53%). Because the estimated annual incidence based on the observed prevalence is less than 1%, we conclude that exposure to hepatitis B virus is not a major occupational hazard for these employees in our area.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Susceptibility of beta-hemolytic streptococci to nine antimicrobial agents among four medical centers in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.

A multicenter study was performed to evaluate the susceptibility of beta-hemolytic streptococci to nine antimicrobial agents. MICs were performed in cation-supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth with 3.5% lysed sheep red blood cells according to NCCLS guidelines. A total of 646 isolates were tested: 300 (46%) group A; 170 (26%) group B; 38 (6%) group C, 35 (5%) group F; 83 (17%) group G; and 20 (3%) nongroupable. Six percent of the total isolates were resistant to one or more of the antibiotics tested. Approximately 7% of 387 strains from the University of Utah Hospital and Clinics were resistant to erythromycin. Four isolates were resistant to clindamycin. Six strains (3%) from Primary Children's Medical Center (207 tested) were resistant to one or more of the macrolides. Resistance was rare at the LDS Hospital and the Salt Lake Veteran's Affairs Hospital. Overall, resistance among beta-hemolytic streptococci in this geographic location does not seem to be a significant problem, except at the tertiary care university hospital.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

Studies of collagen in bone and dentin matrix of a Columbian mammoth (late Pleistocene) of central Utah.

A Columbian mammoth, Mammuthus columbi, was excavated at an elevation of 9000 feet in Huntington Canyon, Emery County, Utah. Radiocarbon dates on the skeleton indicated death approximately 11,200 years ago. The skeleton was removed from postglacial, Late Quaternary, lake sediments deposited as glacial runoff approximately 9500 years ago. The bones and teeth were especially well preserved in a saturated lake bed. After excavation the bones and teeth were preserved by controlled desiccation, without hardeners, over a period of 9 months. Microradiography, light and electron microscopy, medium and high angle X-ray diffraction, amino acid analysis and cyanogen bromide peptide mapping were undertaken to evaluate the packing, organization, and preservation of collagen in bone and dentin of this mammoth. Microradiography and light microscopy showed that the bone consisted of especially well preserved compact and trabecular bone, and electron microscopy of demineralized bone and tusk showed that the matrix consisted of lamellae of densely packed cylindrical collagen fibrils. Cell remnants with intact nuclei, with or without a nucleolus, as well as variable lengths of plasma membrane were occasionally present on the surface of bony trabecula. Remnants of odontoblast processes were present in some dentin tubules. High and low angle X-ray diffraction demonstrated that the demineralized matrix contained native collagen molecules and amino acid analysis showed that the composition was comparable to that of type I collagen. Cyanogen bromide peptide mapping indicated that the major peptides of type I collagen were present and had the same electrophoretic mobility as that of type I collagen of demineralized Asian elephant bone and rat tail tendon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2001

Genetic characterization of a large, historically significant Utah kindred with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy.

In 1950, Tyler and Stephens reported a remarkable kindred affected with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD), consisting of 1249 descendants of a man who emigrated to Utah in 1840. Members of this kindred are still seen in our clinic and, to our knowledge, no member had been tested for deletions at the FSHD1A locus on chromosome 4q35, the common chromosomal rearrangement associated with FSHD. We have identified 971 additional members of this kindred who either were not included in or unborn at the time of the report by Tyler and Stephens, and have identified 120 living members as affected by history or by examination. Members of this kindred contribute to a disease prevalence of nearly 1:15 000 in the Utah/southern Idaho region. We have demonstrated that affected members carry a disease-associated 20 kb deletion allele at the FSHD1A locus. This allele is the same size in multiple, distantly-related branches of the kindred, confirming the meiotic stability of the FSHD1A deletion. This large, genetically homogeneous population of patients represents a unique resource with which to study current questions about FSHD, including the possibilities of anticipation and parental transmission effects.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence corrected hysterectomy rates and probabilities in Utah.

PURPOSE: A life table method is used for correcting hysterectomy rates and probabilities for prevalent cases of hysterectomies in the population. Both corrected and conventional hysterectomy rates and probabilities are reported. METHODS: Hysterectomy prevalence estimates are derived from cross-sectional hysterectomy and mortality using a life table method. Analysis is based on the Utah Hospital Discharge Data Base and State death certificates. RESULTS: Hysterectomy rates are strongly influenced by age, reaching 150 per 10,000 for ages 45-49 years. The corresponding corrected hysterectomy rate is 196. Differences between the corrected and uncorrected cause-specific hysterectomy rates tend to be most pronounced at their peaks, particularly later in life where the prevalence of hysterectomy is greatest. Probability of hysterectomy approaches slightly above 35% over the life span, whereas the corrected hysterectomy probability approaches 43%. Probability of hysterectomy in the next 10 years is 12.9% for women aged 35 years and 11.7% for women aged 45 years. Corresponding corrected hysterectomy probabilities are 14.3 and 15.1. Higher prevalence of hysterectomy in later ages explains the reverse in magnitude of the rates when the correction is applied to the hysterectomy rates. CONCLUSIONS: Conventional hysterectomy rates are underestimated, particularly in older age groups. A prevalence correction of the rates and probabilities is necessary to fully understand the potential health related consequences and impact of this medical procedure in the population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Domestic violence: efficacy of health provider training in Utah.

The purpose of this project was to improve the identification, treatment, and referral of domestic violence victims by prehospital care providers (Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) and paramedics) and emergency department personnel. The training focused on the definition of domestic violence, procedures to use when questioning patients about abuse, Utah's mandatory reporting law, and the referral of victims to community resources. While the training did improve the participant's knowledge concerning referral options and the law, health care providers still did not believe that domestic violence was a problem in their community. Although providers felt confident asking questions about abuse, the providers did not question patients unless they suspected domestic violence was the cause of the injury. Further training needs to be offered to staff to encourage regular screening for all adult patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Identification of a common variant in the lipoprotein lipase gene in a large Utah kindred ascertained for coronary heart disease: the -93G/D9N variant predisposes to low HDL-C/high triglycerides.

Defects in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene are associated with dyslipidemia in the general population. Several rare mutations in the gene, as well as two common coding region polymorphisms, D9N and N291S, exhibit deleterious effects on circulating lipid levels. Using a linkage-based approach, we have identified a large Utah kindred segregating the D9N variant in the LPL gene. The kindred was ascertained for premature coronary heart disease and was expanded based on familial dyslipidemia. A genomic scan identified a region of linkage including LPL, and mutation screening identified the segregating variant. In the kindred, the variant shows high penetrance for a hypoalphalipoproteinemia phenotype, but is also associated with hypertriglyceridemia and elevated insulin levels. The strength of linkage was dependent on the combination of phenotype definition and model parameters, favoring the use of a MOD score approach. Most other studies of LPL have proceeded by mutation screening of randomly chosen individuals or selected affected probands; this is the first example identifying a segregating LPL mutation using direct linkage.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

A primitive therizinosauroid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Utah.

Therizinosauroids are an enigmatic group of dinosaurs known mostly from the Cretaceous period of Asia, whose derived members are characterized by elongate necks, laterally expanded pelves, small, leaf-shaped teeth, edentulous rostra and mandibular symphyses that probably bore keratinized beaks. Although more than a dozen therizinosauroid taxa are known, their relationships within Dinosauria have remained controversial because of fragmentary remains and an unusual suite of characters. The recently discovered 'feathered' therizinosauroid Beipiaosaurus from the Early Cretaceous of China helped to clarify the theropod affinities of the group. However, Beipiaosaurus is also poorly represented. Here we describe a new, primitive therizinosauroid from an extensive paucispecific bonebed at the base of the Cedar Mountain Formation (Early Cretaceous) of east-central Utah. This new taxon represents the most complete and most basal therizinosauroid yet discovered. Phylogenetic analysis of coelurosaurian theropods incorporating this taxon places it at the base of the clade Therizinosauroiden, indicating that this species documents the earliest known stage in the poorly understood transition from carnivory to herbivory within Therizinosauroidea. The taxon provides the first documentation, to our knowledge, of therizinosauroids in North America during the Early Cretaceous.

Animals↗