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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

The effectiveness of an aerosol reduction device for ultrasonic scalers.

Intraoral use of ultrasonic scalers may generate aerosols that contain infectious microorganisms and therefore pose a hazard to the health of the dental professional. The purpose of this in vivo study was to determine if an aerosol reduction device for an ultrasonic scaler would be effective in reducing the amount of contaminated aerosols produced during ultrasonic instrumentation. Twelve adult subjects participated in the study. A split-mouth design was utilized, and two treatments (in separate rooms) were performed on each subject: 1) ultrasonic scaling for 5 minutes with the aerosol reduction device; and 2) ultrasonic scaling for 5 minutes without the aerosol reduction device. The right or left side of the subject's mouth was randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups. After instrumentation, the subject and operator remained motionless for 25 minutes during collection of aerosol particles. Air samples were collected on blood agar plates 6 inches from the subject's mouth. Replicate organism detection and counting plates were used to sample microorganisms present on the investigator's face shield. All plates were incubated for 3 days at 37 degrees C. The results, using the paired t-test (P < 0.001), indicate that the ultrasonic scaler without the aerosol reduction device had a significantly greater quantity of mean colony forming units (CFUs) 6 inches from the subject's mouth (45.1 +/- 28.9) than the ultrasonic scaler with the aerosol reduction device (2.6 +/- 3.6). No significant difference was evident in the number of CFUs found on the investigator's face shield. These data suggest that an aerosol reduction device is effective in reducing the number of microorganisms generated during ultrasonic scaling, therefore decreasing the risk of disease transmission.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Treatment of carbonization effluent by the ultrasonic radiation and activated sludge process].

The paper deals with the degradation of organic pollutants by the ultrasonic irradiation-activated sludge process. The treatment of the real coking wastewater of Kunming coke making-gas plant was studied with the water quality model. Using the ultrasonic irradiation-activated sludge process the organic pollutants in the real coking wastewater can be degraded effectively. The influence factors of the ultrasonic degradation effect such as initial concentration, aerated gas and ultrasonic density were investigated and mechanism was explored. The result shows that the ultrasonic degradation effect was high with the decrease of initial concentration of the CODCr, the presence of aerated gas and the increase of ultrasonic density. At the initial CODCr concentration of 807 mg/L, when air acted as aerated gas and only air itself (no ultrasound) was exerted on the wastewater, the degradation rate of the CODCr will be 4.5%. However, when the ultrasound of the intensity of 119.4 kW/m2 was exerted on the wastewater, the degradation rate of the CODCr will be 65%. Compared with the activated sludge process alone, the combination of the ultrasonic irradiation and activated sludge process can increase the degradation rate of the CODCr from 45% to 81%. The oxygen consumption rate of the carbonization effluent obviously decreased in the presence of the activated sludge. This shows the carbonization effluent is not biotoxic behind the ultrasonic irradiation.

Industrial Waste↗
PubMed2005

[Automatic pulse system for conducting ultrasonic cataract operation].

PURPOSE: For use in phacoemulsification and aspiration (PEA) with a high frequency pulse sytem, we invented an Automated Pulse System(APS) in which the ultrasonic energy level and the percentage of ultrasonic pulses per second are regulated by a foot-pedal and suotion mechanism. METHOD: We compared the APS and the conventional continuous ultrasonic system experimentally by inserting a cataract model in an extracted aphakic pig eye. RESULT: Ultrasonic use time was not significantly different between the two methods. Gross ultrasonic energy and operation time were significantly decreased in the APS method (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Automatically, APS increases ultrasonic frequency and the percentage of ultrasonic pulses in nuclear emulsification. APS is an effective way to reduce the utilization of ultrasonic energy in the pulse mode without complicated foot-pedal control.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effect of ultrasonic cleaning and air polishing on porcelain labial margin restorations.

This study examined porcelain labial margins after ultrasonic scaling and air polishing. Thirty metal coupons were covered with 1.5 mm thick shoulder porcelain and cemented to acrylic resin blocks. A reference mark divided each specimen into a "treated" and an "untreated" side. The specimens were treated as three groups with: (1) an air polisher; (2) an ultrasonic scaler, and (3) the ultrasonic scaler and the air polisher. Surface roughness was determined and selected specimens were observed under scanning electron microscope. Surface roughness ranged from 0.37 microns to 1.06 microns for the untreated sides and from 0.86 microns to 2.80 microns for the treated sides. Increases in roughness were 69% for the ultrasonic scaler/air-polisher; 127% for the air polisher, and 162% for the ultrasonic scaler. ANOVA indicated a significant difference between the treatments. Specimens treated with the air polisher or the ultrasonic scaler and air polisher combination were less distorted than those treated with the ultrasonic scaler alone. The data suggested that careless use of an ultrasonic scaler or air polisher could substantially alter porcelain facial margins.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Using ultrasonic attenuation to monitor slurry mixing in real time.

Staff at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have developed and applied a simple ultrasonic attenuation measurement to measure slurry concentration in real time during suspension of solids settled in a large tank. This paper presents a simple single frequency ultrasonic measurement technique that demonstrates the ability of ultrasonic sensors to measure slurry concentration. Sensor calibration data show that in this attenuation regime ultrasonic signal attenuation is proportional to the applied frequency and to the slurry volume fraction. Real-time measurements of ultrasonic signal attenuation were used to track the process of slurry mixing using single sensors and sensor arrays. Results from two experiments show the use of real-time measurements of ultrasonic signal attenuation to track the process of slurry mixing in situ and to track the ability to maintain a well-mixed steady state condition. Comparison of concentration means of the ultrasonic measurements with concentration means obtained from discrete extractive measurements show that the distributions overlap and cannot be statistically distinguished. The real-time ultrasonic sensor can be used as a primary measurement method or to reduce reliance upon extractive methods to measure slurry density and solids concentration.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Ultrasonic studies on polystyrene/styrene butadiene rubber polymer blends filled with glass fiber and talc.

The compatibility of solid blends: PS/SBR, PS/SBR filled with glass fiber and PS/SBR filled with talc were studied using ultrasonic pulse echo technique. Measurements were carried out at room temperature (298 K) and a frequency of 3 MHz. The ultrasonic velocity for the compressional wave and that for shear wave have been measured to obtain the elastic moduli data by knowing of density. The variation of ultrasonic wave velocities and elastic moduli with weight percent of the blend was found to be linear in PS/SBR blend, indicating some degree of compatibility but the drawback of elastic moduli indicate incompatibility of the system blend, while it deviates from linearity in blends of PS/SBR filled with glass fiber and talc but the increase in elastic moduli indicates that there is an increase in degree of compatibility between PS and SBR due to adding of glass fiber or talc. The ultrasonic absorptions for longitudinal wave in the temperature range from 298 to 423 K in the studied system were measured using ultrasonic pulse echo technique. Typical results showing the temperature dependence of the ultrasonic absorption at frequencies of 1, 2, 3 and 5 MHz are illustrated for all samples of the different compositions. The study of compositional and temperature dependence of the ultrasonic absorption in the present studied blends reveals the same behavior of the compatibility degree of the blends. Density data of the blends confirmed the ultrasonic results. Also the correlation between hardness and elastic moduli for the present blend systems has been studied.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Toward virtual biopsy through an all fiber optic ultrasonic miniaturized transducer: a proposal.

The present generation of devices based on opto-acoustic and acousto-optic conversion lets us foresee the possibility of realizing complete miniaturized transmitting-receiving transducers, able to generate and detect wideband ultrasounds by laser light. In the present paper, a miniaturized ultrasonic transducer entirely based on fiber optic technology is proposed. Such a device springs from the conjunction between our research, which has produced a highly efficient fiber optic opto-acoustic source, with the results obtained by other researchers concerning the realization of an ultrasonic receiver based on optical interferometry. Making use of the thermo-elastic effect for ultrasound generation, a source of ultrasound can be obtained by coupling a fiber optic to pulsed laser, if a film capable of absorbing laser light is placed onto fiber end. Starting from these remarks, we propose an efficient opto-acoustic source, able to generate pressure pulses with amplitude of the order of 10(4) Pa and bandwidth extending up to 40 MHz and beyond by using graphite materials as absorbing film. This solution makes use of a low-power pulsed laser as optical source possible. An ultrasonic receiving element was realized placing a Fabry-Perot cavity over the tip of a fiber optic. The cavity thickness modulation induced by ultrasonic beam is detected by an interferometer optical technique. We have realized a prototype of a receiving device that exhibits a sensitivity comparable with that of piezoelectric devices (10-100 nV/Pa) and an almost flat bandwidth extending up to 20 MHz or more. The extreme miniaturization of the resulting ultrasonic transducer, together with its wide ultrasonic frequency bandwidth, is the first step toward ultrasonic tissue biopsy. In this paper, before discussing the problem of constructing a complete ultrasonic transducer composed by a transmitter and receiver, the results carried out in these fields during the last decade are reviewed.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2006

Repeatability and agreement of two A-scan ultrasonic biometers and IOLMaster in non-orthokeratology subjects and post-orthokeratology children.

PURPOSE: Our aim was to determine the repeatability of measurements of axial length (AL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) made with two ultrasonic biometers and the IOLMaster in a group of non-orthokeratology (ortho-k) adult subjects and to investigate the agreement among instruments in children undergoing ortho-k therapy and in children wearing spectacles. METHODS: To determine repeatability, AL and ACD were measured twice in 22 non-ortho-k young adults using two A-scan ultrasonic biometers (A-5500 and A-2500) and the IOLMaster. To determine agreement, AL and ACD were measured with the same instruments in 30 children undergoing ortho-k therapy and 30 spectacle-wearing children. RESULTS: In the adult subjects, there were no significant differences in ACD and AL measurements obtained from the three instruments (repeated measures ANOVAs, p > 0.05). There was also no significant between-measurement difference for each instrument. The between-measurement agreement was better for the IOLMaster (95% limits of agreement (LA): -0.04 and +0.05 mm for both AL and ACD) than for the two A-scan ultrasonic biometers (95% LA: -0.12 and +0.11 mm for AL; -0.22 and +0.27 mm for ACD). Among the children, AL measurements with all three instruments were not significantly different from each other for both the children undergoing ortho-k therapy and those wearing spectacles (repeated measures ANOVAs, p > 0.05). The 95% LA of differences obtained from any two instruments were also comparable for both groups of subjects (within -0.20 mm and +0.20 mm). ACD measurements of the children were significantly different among the three instruments (repeated measures ANOVAs, p < 0.05). No significant differences in ACD measurements were found between A-5500 and A-2500 for both groups of children (paired t tests, p > 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: The repeatability of AL and ACD measurements with the IOLMaster was very good, and was better than with the A-scan ultrasonic biometers. The agreements in AL measurements between A-scan ultrasonic biometers and IOLMaster were comparable in both the ortho-k and the spectacle-wearing subjects, and were comparable to the repeatability of the A-scan ultrasonic biometers. ACD measurements between A-scan ultrasonic biometry and the IOLMaster were not comparable. AL measurements with the IOLMaster can replace the measurements from the two A-scan ultrasonic biometers used, however, the reverse is not true. AL and ACD measurements with all three instruments were unaffected by the flattened cornea following ortho-k lens wear.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Theoretical examination of ultrasonic pole figures via comparison with the results analyzed by finite element polycrystal model.

The ultrasonic wave velocities in a polycrystalline aggregate are sensitively influenced by texture development due to plastic deformation. According to Sayer's model, it is possible to construct ultrasonic pole figures via the crystallite orientation distribution function (CODF), which can be calculated by using ultrasonic wave velocities. In the previous papers, the theoretical modeling to simulate ultrasonic wave velocities propagating in solid materials under plastic deformation has been proposed by the authors and proved to be a good agreement with experimental results. Generally, wave velocities are dependent upon the propagating wave frequency; hence to evaluate texture development via ultrasonic pole figures it is necessary to examine an influence of frequency dependence on the ultrasonic wave velocities. In the present paper, the proposed theoretical modeling is applied to the texture characterization in polycrystalline aggregates of FCC metals under various plastic strain histories via ultrasonic pole figures, and also the frequency dependence is examined by using Granato-Lücke's dislocation strings model. Then the simulated ultrasonic pole figures are compared with the pole figures analyzed by the finite element polycrystal model (FEPM). The good qualitative agreement between both results suggests the sufficient accuracy of our proposed theoretical modeling.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Ultrasonic backscatter and collagen in normal ventricular myocardium.

Integrated ultrasonic backscatter has been related to collagen deposition in fibrotic myocardium. The purpose of our study was to measure the integrated ultrasonic backscatter in the right and left ventricles of 10 normal freshly excised canine hearts and five normal formalin-fixed human hearts. A 2.25 MHz, 50% fractional bandwidth transducer was positioned at the transducer focal distance from the epicardium. The radio frequency backscatter signal, excluding specular reflections, was digitized, squared, and integrated to yield the integrated ultrasonic backscatter (in decibels down from a 100% reflector). The segment of myocardium corresponding to the integrated ultrasonic backscatter sample volume was excised and assayed for hydroxyproline, a marker for collagen. A second purpose of our study was to evaluate the influence of fixation with formalin on the backscatter. Regional integrated ultrasonic backscatter was therefore measured in 10 freshly excised canine left ventricles, which were fixed in 10% formalin for 2 weeks. Integrated ultrasonic backscatter measurements were then repeated. In freshly excised canine hearts, the integrated ultrasonic backscatter from right ventricle was higher than that from left ventricle (-60.4 +/- 1.6 [SEM] vs -66.9 +/- 1.0 dB; p less than .001). The collagen content of right ventricle was also higher than that of left ventricle (4.40 +/- 0.26 [SEM] vs 3.58 +/- 0.13 micrograms/mg dry weight; p less than .005). Similar results were obtained in human hearts. There were no correlations between integrated ultrasonic backscatter and collagen content (r = .28 and .32 for dogs and humans, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Ultrasonic versus jet nebulization of iloprost in severe pulmonary hypertension.

Inhalation of iloprost, a stable prostacyclin analogue, is a promising perspective in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. In initial clinical studies, a conventional jet nebulizer system was successfully used to decrease pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure, requiring however, up to twelve inhalations of 12-15 min per day. The aim of this study was to investigate if the application of an equal dose of iloprost at a drastically reduced duration of inhalation with the use of a more efficient ultrasonic nebulizer, leads to comparable haemodynamic effects, without escalation of side effects. The physical features of the jet nebulizer system (Ilo-Neb) and the ultrasonic nebulizer (Multisonic Compact) were characterized by laser diffractometry and a Tc99m-tracer technique. Mass median aerodynamic diameters were 3.2 microm for the jet and 3.9 microm for the ultrasonic nebulizer. Total output (mean+/-SD) was 60+/-7 microL.min(-1) (jet) and 163+/-15 microL.min(-1)(ultrasonic), and efficiency of the devices was 39+/-3% (jet) and 86+/-5% (ultrasonic). Based on these data, a total inhalative dose of 2.8 microg iloprost was delivered by jet nebulization within 12 min and by ultrasonic nebulization within 4 min, in 18 patients with severe primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension (New York Heart Association class III and IV), in a randomized crossover design. Haemodynamics were assessed by right heart catheterization. Inhalation with the ultrasonic device and jet nebulizer, reduced mean+/-SEM pulmonary artery pressure from 54.3+/-2.1 to 47.1+/-2.0 and from 53.5+/-2.2 to 47.0+/-2.2 mmHg, respectively, and mean+/-SEM pulmonary vascular resistance from 1,073+/-109 to 804+/-87 and from 1,069+/-125 to 810+/-83 dyn.s.cm(-5), respectively. Both modes of aerosolization were well tolerated. In conclusion, due to the markedly higher efficiency and output of the ultrasonic device, wastage of drug is largely avoided and the duration of inhalation can be shortened to one-third, with comparable haemodynamic effects and without enforcing side effects.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2005

Fiber optic liquid leak detection technique with an ultrasonic actuator and a fiber Bragg grating.

We present a technique for liquid leak detection in which ultrasonic and optical waves are introduced into a fiber simultaneously. The system is based on an ultrasonic technique using an ultrasonic actuator and a fiber Bragg grating receiver. A fiber-guided ultrasonic wave is utilized to stress the fiber Bragg grating, which is remote from the ultrasonic transmitter. When the traveling ultrasonic wave encounters a liquid, part of the wave will leak out from the fiber, which results in an ultrasonic strain decrease in the fiber Bragg grating. The ultrasonic wave and its attenuation are detected by the light variation of a narrowband laser source reflected and transmitted from the fiber Bragg grating, and the amplitude variation of the ultrasound can eventually be correlated with the fiber area coupled with the liquid.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Unenhanced computerized axial tomography to detect retained calculi after percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy.

PURPOSE: We report our experience with unenhanced computerized axial tomography (CT) after percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy in patients thought to be at high risk for retained calculi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT was obtained in 121 patients (124 kidneys) within 12 to 36 hours of percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy for staghorn or large nonstaghorn renal calculi. Cases were grouped according to the CT findings as no retained calculi, insignificant retained calculi (fragments 1 to 3 mm.), retained calculi amenable to shock wave lithotripsy and retained fragments requiring second look percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy or flexible nephroscopy. RESULTS: No calculi were seen in 73 kidneys (59%) and retained calculi were identified in 51 (41%). Shock wave lithotripsy was used to treat 8 patients and another percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy or flexible nephroscopy was performed in 23 to remove retained stones. Insignificant calculi were noted in the remaining 21 patients. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that postoperative unenhanced CT is superior to plain renal tomography and is the best method to determine if a patient is stone-free after percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy. It helps to locate precisely those stones requiring a second percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy or nephroscopic extraction. An unenhanced renal CT devoid of calculi obviates routine postoperative second look flexible nephroscopy. We encourage others to consider this technique to define more accurately kidney stone status after percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy for large staghorn calculi or in any patient at high risk for retained calculi after percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Equivalent ultrasonic velocity for intraocular lens implanted eyes in A-mode biometry].

With the standard ultrasonic velocity in commercially available instruments, there is a large difference of the ultrasonic velocity between the ocular medium and the implanted intraocular lens (IOL). If the PMMA or silicon IOL-implanted eye is assessed by using the ultrasonic velocity of the phakic or aphakic eye (1,550 m/s or 1,532 m/s), the error induced by the mismatch of the velocity is considerable. Therefore, we estimated the axial length error of pseudophakic eyes in ultrasonic biometry, and also derived theoretically the overall average sound speed (equivalent ultrasonic velocity, EUV) in IOL-implanted eyes. We found that the EUV (VE) can be estimated from the equation, VE = LV1V2/ T(V1-V2)+LV2], where L is the axial length of the eye, V1 the ultrasonic velocity of aqueous and vitreous body, V2 the ultrasonic velocity of the IOL, and T the central thickness of the IOL. The EUV for a PMMA IOL-implanted eye is approximately 1,560 m/s, and the EUV for a silicon IOL-implanted eye is approximately 1,500 m/s in an eye of standard length (24 mm) and an IOL of standard central thickness (1 mm). However, the EUV is a function of the axial length of the eye (L), the central thickness of the IOL (T), and the sound velocity in the implanted IOL (V2), and thus the EUV can not be applied for all cases. To perform more accurate ultrasonic biometry in pseudophakic eyes, we should rectify the apparent axial length assessed by the aphakic sound speed (1,532 m/s) with the central thickness of the implanted IOL.

Biometry↗
PubMed1992

The ultrasonic dissector facilitates laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

The ultrasonic dissector disrupts tissues in proportion to their fluid content by ultrasonically induced cavitational forces. Since sturdy tissues are spared, the instrument tends to follow tissue planes and to dissect fat and other soft tissues selectively. We performed a prospective, randomized, controlled trial in 73 patients comparing the safety and efficacy of a prototype ultrasonic dissector with that of electrosurgery and laser during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Randomization was as follows: ultrasonic dissector, 37 patients; electrosurgery, 21 patients; and laser, 15 patients. The results were not different with respect to patient characteristics, amount of blood loss, technical difficulties, length of hospital stay, or return to work. Subjectively, the ultrasonic dissector was thought to be of special value in isolating the hilar structures, particularly when they were edematous or embedded in fat. The ultrasonic dissector disintegrated the fat, which was rapidly cleared up the suction channel, allowing the cystic duct and artery to be bared with less risk of injury. We concluded that the ultrasonic dissector has unique attributes that contribute to the ease and safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ultrasonic attenuation and absorption in liver tissue.

A large range of values for ultrasonic attenuation and absorption coefficients of tissues are reported in the literature. An important distinction both practically and theoretically is the magnitude of the true absorption, which characterizes the rate of conversion of ultrasonic to thermal energy, as compared with the total attenuation of the ultrasonic signal as it propagates through tissue. The magnitudes of these quantities were studied in bovine liver. Total attenuation was measured, in the range of 1-6 MHz, by both phase sensitive and phase insensitive insertion loss techniques. Ultrasonic absorption was determined by two thermal techniques. The standard "transient thermoelectric" or rate-of-heating method, and a new measurement technique based on the temperature decay following a short ultrasonic pulse were employed for the determination of the ultrasonic absorption coefficient. The results demonstrate that the ultrasonic amplitude attenuation and absorption coefficients at low megahertz frequencies are not significantly different in liver. The mean values cluster around 0.05 nepers/cm/MHz (0.4dB/cm/MHz). The sample-to-sample variation is indicated by the standard deviation in the measurements of 0.01 nepers/cm/MHz (0.09dB/cm/MHz) or less. The results show that in liver tissue, absorption is the dominant feature of attenuation over this frequency range.

Absorption↗
PubMed2005

Influence of ultrasonic field on microcystins produced by bloom-forming algae.

Under the background of algae removal and growth inhibition by ultrasonic irradiation, the effects of ultrasonic irradiation on removal of Microcystis, the concentration variation of microcystins (MC) produced by Microcystis in Microcystis suspension, and sonochemical degradation of microcystins in water, were studied in the paper. The results showed that ultrasonic irradiation could efficiently inhibit the growth of Microcystis, and ultrasonic irradiation shorter than 5 min would not introduce the increase of microcystins dissolved in Microcystis suspension simultaneity. Also, microcystins dissolved in Microcystis suspension would not increase as ultrasonic power increasing. Further research showed that microcystins were effectively degraded in ultrasonic fields. After 20 min ultrasonic irradiation at 150 kHz and 30 W, the removal rate of microcystins reached 70%.

Bacterial Toxins↗
PubMed2005

Ultrasonic analysis of rennet-induced pre-gelation and gelation processes in milk.

Dynamics of micro-structural changes in milk during the renneting process were analysed using high-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy in combination with dynamic rheology and NIR transmission measurements. Two independent ultrasonic parameters, velocity and attenuation were measured in the frequency range 2 to 15 MHz, as a function of time after addition of rennet to milk. The results show an initial decrease of 20 nm for the average diameter of micelles caused by hydrolysis of the kappa-casein 'hairy' layer followed by an aggregation of the micelles into small clusters (effective aggregation number of 3) and then formation of the gel structure. It was found that evolution of ultrasonic attenuation in the renneting process could well be described by the scattering of the ultrasonic waves on aggregates. The evolution of ultrasonic velocity is well described by the scattering theory but deviates from the predicted curve at the gelation stage of the process, which shows the difference in propagation of ultrasonic waves in a gel structure compared with dispersions. Overall, we found high-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy to be a powerful tool for analysis of microscopic processes in the formation of milk gel. It allows the characterisation of the pre-gelation processes, such as hydrolysis and aggregation, and the initial stages in the formation of the gel network as well as monitoring of the microscopic evolution in the gel at the post-gelation stage.

Animals↗