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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in wild-type turkeys living in close contact with domestic fowl.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum was isolated from 2 wild-type turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and 1 domestic turkey living in close contact on a farm in Tehama County, California. Sinusitis was detected in 2 of 14 wild-type turkeys and in 1 of 12 feral broad-breasted bronze turkeys, but in none of several chickens on the premises. The entire mixed flock was captured, sinus aspirates were collected from affected birds, and blood samples were obtained from all birds for serologic testing. Blood samples also were obtained from 10 domestic turkeys on adjacent premises from which breeding stock had been borrowed. The M gallisepticum isolated from sinus aspirates was typed and inoculated into susceptible chickens, resulting in airsacculitis. California wild turkeys with and without histories of exposure to domestic fowl and wild turkeys shipped into California from Texas for release were tested for antibodies to M gallisepticum, using the plate agglutination test. Evidence of M gallisepticum infection was not found in wild turkeys at any location other than the original premises.

Air Sacs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of time on response to Eimeria adenoeides and Eimeria meleagrimitis infection in young turkeys.

Physiologic characteristics were measured on day 7 postinoculation (PI) in 2-week-old turkeys inoculated with 10(5) Eimeria adenoeides oocysts, in pair-fed controls, and in control turkeys fed ad libitum. Pathophysiologic responses were measured in turkeys inoculated with 7 x 10(4) E. adenoeides oocysts or 1.2 x 10(5) E. meleagrimitis oocysts and necropsied 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, and 21 days PI. At day 7 PI, weight gains and heart weights (as a percentage of body weight) of E. adenoeides-infected turkeys were significantly lower and plasma glucose levels significantly higher than those of pair-fed counterparts. Plasma carotenoid and protein levels of the infected turkeys were significantly lower than those of the controls fed ad libitum and were consistently, but not always significantly, lower that those of the pair-fed controls. Significant responses were first observed in E. meleagrimitis-infected turkeys on day 4 PI and in E. adenoeides-infected birds on day 6 PI. Birds infected with both species commonly had reduced weight gains, heart weights, and plasma carotenoid levels and increased plasma aspartate aminotransferase levels. Plasma carotenoids in E. adenoeides-infected turkeys were significantly reduced on day 6 PI only, whereas plasma carotenoids in E. meleagrimitis-infected turkeys were sometimes reduced significantly as early as day 2 PI and remained significantly lower than control values through day 21 PI.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of Pasteurella multocida and high and low environmental temperatures on adrenals and bursa of Fabricius in turkeys.

The morphologic changes in the adrenals and bursa of Fabricius were evaluated from turkeys inoculated with Pasteurella multocida either in the palatine air spaces or via drinking water and maintained at high (33.4-37.4 C), low (2.6-5.3 C), and moderate (19.8-22.4 C) temperatures in temperature-controlled chambers. There was a slight hyperplasia of the adrenal cortical cells and a hypertrophy of the nuclei in the uninoculated turkeys maintained at both high and low temperatures, but these changes were more marked in turkeys maintained at low temperatures. Regardless of the temperature to which the turkeys were exposed, there was an increase in adrenal weight, hyperplasia of the cortical cells, hypertrophy of the nuclei of the cortical cells, and depletion of lipid in the cortical cells in the turkeys that became depressed after inoculation with P. multocida. In the uninoculated turkeys exposed to high temperatures there was a reduction in the weight of the bursa of Fabricius, atrophy of the follicles, and a reduction in the number of lymphocytes within the follicle, which did not occur in the bursae from uninoculated turkeys maintained at low temperatures. In the turkeys inoculated with P. multocida, there was a marked reduction in bursal weight, atrophy of the follicles, and reduction in the number of lymphocytes within the follicles.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1995

[Changes in hematologic indicators in female turkeys during fattening].

The results are presented of hematological examinations of turkeys during fattening. A total of 60 clinically healthy turkeys of hybrid combination XK were examined, on days 1, 35, 94 of age both in female and male turkeys and on day 108 of age in male turkeys that were fattened to higher live weight. Tabs. I-IV show the results of hematological examinations including statistical data. The results document numerous variations in the values of hematological indicators with the growing age of fattened turkeys. Particularly some indicators of the red blood component showed a statistically significant increase in their average values (P < or = 0.01) with the growing age of turkey chicks: hemoglobin content increased from 84.47 milligrams to 106.34 milligrams, hematocrit value from 0.32 l/l to 0.36 l/l. No such relations were demonstrated in other indicators of the red blood component under investigation. Their average values in turkeys fluctuated within definite limits: from 1.82 to 2.54 T/l in total erythrocyte counts, from 25.22 to 30.48% in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, from 39.58 to 46.62 pg in mean corpuscular hemoglobin and from 136.82 to 184.80 fl mean corpuscular volume. There were no significant differences between the males and the females in the particular indicators of the red blood picture. Unlike the red blood picture, the indicators of the white blood picture show much higher variability. In spite of the relatively high variability no relationships between their levels and turkey age or sex were demonstrated for the total leucocyte counts nor for the different types of leucocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lesions resulting from attempted Shwartzman reaction in turkey poults inoculated with Pasteurella multocida lipopolysaccharide.

Five-week-old turkey poults were given two consecutive intravenous injections (24 hours apart) of highly purified Pasteurella multocida lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in an effort to induce a generalized Shwartzman reaction. There were no gross lesions, and microscopic lesions were limited to focal hepatic necrosis with heterophil infiltration. Hepatic lesions did not differ qualitatively from lesions in turkeys given a single dose of lipopolysaccharide. Margination of heterophils in the pulmonary vasculature was observed in turkeys 4 hours after a single injection of LPS, but it was not present in turkeys given the consecutive injections of LPS. To induce a dermal Shwartzman reaction, turkeys were given intradermal injections of LPS followed by an intravenous injection of LPS 24 hours later. Although no grossly visible hemorrhagic dermal necrosis occurred, microscopic lesions, including heterophil infiltration, vasculitis, thrombosis, and necrosis, were present. Thrombosis and vasculitis were observed only in turkeys given the intravenous and intradermal LPS, whereas the other inflammatory changes were observed in turkeys given the intradermal injection of LPS and intravenous water. Prominent lymphocytic perivascular cuffing at the site of dermal injection was present in all turkeys given intradermal LPS.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative evaluation of tissue trophism characteristics in turkeys and mallard ducks after intravenous inoculation of type A influenza viruses.

Ten avian type A influenza viruses consisting of seven waterfowl-origin, one pheasant-origin, and two turkey-origin viruses were evaluated for their pathogenicity potential after intravenous inoculation into domestic turkeys and mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). The replicative abilities and tissue trophism properties of each virus isolate were examined in both species. The overall virus-isolation rate and histopathological lesion score were greater in the turkeys than in the ducks. The waterfowl-origin viruses caused more tissue damage in turkeys than in ducks but had a narrower tissue distribution range. The pheasant isolate was extremely pathogenic in turkeys but had limited distribution and little effect in ducks. The turkey isolates were more pathogenic in turkeys than in ducks. The pancreas was the most severely affected organ in turkeys, followed by kidney and liver. The spleen and bursa were the most commonly affected organs in ducks.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Susceptibility of turkeys to Georgia strain of Marek's disease virus of chicken origin.

Two experiments were conducted to study the susceptibility of turkeys to Georgia strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV). One-day-old chickens and turkeys were experimentally inoculated with Marek's disease (MD) infective plasma (experiment 1) or tumor homogenate (experiment 2) and raised in isolation for 29 weeks. The MDV inoculums were pathogenic for chickens and turkeys and caused high mortality (chickens, 100% and turkeys, 70%). Macroscopic lesions of MD were observed in liver, spleen, lungs, proventriculus, and other viscereal organs. Microscopically, affected tissues were infiltrated with the pleomorphic population of neoplastic lymphocytes. Uninoculated turkeys did not show gross or microscopic lesion of MD. The MDV was reisolated from the experimentally inoculated, but not from the uninoculated, chickens and turkeys. Antibodies to MDV were detected in experimentally infected chickens. Uninoculated chickens and all turkeys lacked precipitating antibodies to MDV. The present study suggests that turkeys are highly susceptible to experimental infection with GA strain of MDV.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mucosal and systemic humoral immune response of turkeys after infection and reinfection with a Chlamydia psittaci serovar D strain.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Chlamydia-specific antibodies in tears and tracheal washings (IgA and IgG) and sera (IgG) on chlamydial excretion during the course of an experimental infection and reinfection of turkeys with Chlamydia psittaci. Two groups of turkeys were experimentally infected with a serovar D strain of Chlamydia psittaci, either at the age of 7 days or at the age of 35 days. A third group was infected at the age of 7 days and reinfected with the same strain at 35 days of age. A control group consisted of sham infected turkeys. All turkeys were observed daily for clinical symptoms. At the age of 49 days, the turkeys were euthanized and examined for macroscopic lesions. Following primary infection and reinfection, turkeys were equally depressed and dyspneic. Necropsy findings revealed no significant differences in the lesions of the birds which received both the prime and challenge infection and the birds, which received only a single infection. Anti-chlamydial antibodies in sera, tears, and tracheal washings were determined by IgA and IgG immunoblot assays. A clear local and systemic antibody response towards a broad range of chlamydial antigens was already seen 10 to 14 days following the experimental infections at both 7 and 35 days of age. In spite of the presence of Chlamydia-specific antibodies in tears, tracheal washings, and sera, chlamydial excretion was observed in all infected and reinfected turkeys throughout the experiment. In most turkeys, this chlamydial excretion was detected in three or four tissues sampled at set times, i.e., the conjunctiva, nostrils, trachea, and cloaca.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mechanical transmission of turkey coronavirus by domestic houseflies (Musca domestica Linnaeaus).

Domestic houseflies (Musca domestica Linnaeaus) were examined for their ability to harbor and transmit turkey coronavirus (TCV). Laboratory-reared flies were experimentally exposed to TCV by allowing flies to imbibe an inoculum comprised of turkey embryo-propagated virus (NC95 strain). TCV was detected in dissected crops from exposed flies for up to 9 hr postexposure; no virus was detected in crops of sham-exposed flies. TCV was not detected in dissected intestinal tissues collected from exposed or sham-exposed flies at any time postexposure. The potential of the housefly to directly transmit TCV to live turkey poults was examined by placing 7-day-old turkey poults in contact with TCV-exposed houseflies 3 hr after flies consumed TCV inoculum. TCV infection was detected in turkeys placed in contact with TCV-exposed flies at densities as low as one fly/bird (TCV antigens detected at 3 days post fly contact in tissues of 3/12 turkeys); however, increased rates of infection were observed with higher fly densities (TCV antigens detected in 9/12 turkeys after contact with 10 flies/bird). This study demonstrates the potential of the housefly to serve as a mechanical vector of TCV.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Co-circulation of distinct genetic lineages of astroviruses in turkeys and guinea fowl.

Viruses belonging to the genus Astrovirus have been increasingly associated with enteritis in mammalian and avian species, including turkeys. More recently, astroviruses have also been detected in diseased guinea fowl. In turkeys, two genetically distinct types of astrovirus have been reported, namely turkey astrovirus 1 and 2 (TAstV1 and TAstV2). The prevalence and the pathogenesis of astrovirus infections in this species is currently unknown, with the exception of data generated in the USA. In the present report, we have demonstrated the co-circulation of distinct genetic lineages of astroviruses infecting turkeys and guinea fowl. The predominant lineage infecting turkeys is genetically related to the American TAstV2, but genetic variability within this lineage was demonstrated. Other isolates appeared to be either TastV1-related or unrelated to any other known isolate. Astroviruses infecting guinea fowl were more closely related to TAstV2, and interspecies transmissions between turkeys and guinea fowl is suggested as a possible mechanism by which these viruses may have evolved, based on the genetic data available. This investigation provides genetic and epidemiological information contributing to a better understanding of enteric viral infections in turkeys and guinea fowl.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Hypothalamic and serum factors influence on prolactin and luteinizing hormone release by the pituitary gland of the young turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).

Intravenous administration of 1.0 or 3.0 eq hypothalamic extract (HE) to 8-week-old male and 7-week-old female turkeys, respectively, induced an increase in circulating prolactin (PRL) levels but had no effect on circulating luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. The incubation of dissociated anterior pituitary cells from 13-week-old female turkeys with HE induced a dose-related increase in PRL release; however, only the highest dose of HE induced an increase in LH release. Coincubation of a hypothalamic fragment with anterior pituitary cells from 9-week-old females induced a release of both PRL and LH. Dissociated pituitary cells from 11-week-old females initially incubated for 3 hr in medium containing charcoal-treated (stripped) turkey serum yielded a larger release of PRL and LH in the presence of HE than did cells initially incubated with turkey serum or no serum. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) induction of LH release was greatest from cells initially incubated with stripped serum for 3 or 24 hr. The LHRH-induced LH release was completely blocked in cells initially incubated for 24 hr with turkey serum. The initial incubation of cells for 24 hr with stripped serum yielded a larger release of PRL and LH in response to HE than did cells initially incubated with serum. The hypothalamus of the young turkey contains substantial PRL-releasing activity as well as LH-releasing activity. The ability of the releasing factors to stimulate pituitary hormone release is influenced by factors present in the blood of the young turkey. This is especially evident in the LHRH-induced LH release where serum factors inhibited the release.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Influence of Newcastle disease virus on the severity of Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in turkeys.

This study was designed to examine whether vaccine or virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) would potentiate the disease caused by Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in turkeys. The studies were conducted in turkeys of two age groups. There were three experiments. In two experiments four-week-old turkeys were exposed either to vaccine or virulent strains of NDV after experimental P anatipestifer infection. In the third experiment 14-week-old turkeys were first exposed to virulent NDV and superimposed with P anatipestifer infection. In experiment 1, one bird died where P anatipestifer was given in combination with the vaccine strain of NDV. However, there was no difference in the clinical signs, gross lesions and histopathology compared with turkeys given P anatipestifer alone. In experiment 3 where turkeys received a virulent strain of NDV in combination with P anatipestifer, birds became dyspnoeic and showed signs of illness. There was a difference in the course of the disease, gross lesions and histopathology when compared with turkeys that received P anatipestifer only.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Blastogenic response of whole blood cells of turkeys to a T-cell mitogen.

Cellular immune mechanisms in the turkey are not well understood because adequately standardized, reproducible in vitro assays to measure cellular immunity are not available. Our purpose was to optimize conditions for a whole blood mitogenic assay that would facilitate quantitative assessment of the ability of circulating T cells of turkeys to respond to Con A. Heparinized peripheral blood from normal turkeys was examined. Data indicated that diluting the blood 1:20 or 1:40 and incubating the test cultures at 39 degrees C or 41 degrees C gave the best mitogenic stimulation. Presence of 7.5% turkey serum but not chicken or fetal bovine serum in the culture medium substantially enhanced the blastogenic response. Ontogeny of the whole blood mitogenic response was examined by repeat observations on a group of turkeys at various age levels starting at 1 week of age. Whole blood cells from 1-week-old turkeys responded poorly to Con A, although by 2 weeks of age, the response was well developed. Tests at subsequent ages revealed variable levels of activity. There was a considerable individual variation in the level of blastogenic response of turkeys within the same age group.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Isolation and characterization of chicken and turkey beta 2-microglobulin.

Chicken and turkey beta 2-m were isolated from citrated plasma in sequential use of three chromatographic steps: affinity chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography. The purified protein was identified as beta 2-m by reaction with a beta 2-m specific monoclonal antibody and by the ability to recombine with the chicken MHC class I heavy chain. The purity was estimated by SDS-PAGE and IEF. The pI was between 5.1 and 5.3 for chicken beta 2-m and 4.7 and 4.8 for turkey beta 2-m, which fact is reflected in their different electrophoretic mobilities in agarose gel (turkey migrates in the alpha and chicken migrates in the beta region). The mol. wt of both chicken and turkey beta 2-m was 14,500 estimated by SDS-PAGE whereas calculations based on the amino acid compositions gave mol. wts of 11,000. EM280 was 15.9 for chicken beta 2-m and 16.4 for turkey beta 2-m. The amino acid compositions and sequences of the two avian beta 2-m molecules have been compared with earlier data from the literature. The sequence of the 23 N-terminal amino acids was found to be identical in our preparations from both chicken and turkey, namely DLTPKVQVYSRFPASAGTKNVLN, and is incompatible with a previously published sequence also thought to be from turkey beta 2-m. Reasons for our opinion that the molecules isolated and sequenced in this paper are the correct ones are given.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Pathogenic interactions between Chlamydophila psittaci and avian pneumovirus infections in turkeys.

Both Chlamydophila psittaci and avian pneumovirus (APV) are highly prevalent in Belgian turkeys and might contribute to the respiratory disease complex observed in turkeys. Initial outbreaks of chlamydiosis occur mostly at the age of 4-8 weeks, often accompanied by an APV infection in APV non-vaccinated farms. Regardless APV vaccination, breakthroughs of APV infection from 8 weeks on do occur, a period when also a second C. psittaci infection appears. Therefore, this study examined the pathogenicity of an APV superinfection in C. psittaci predisposed turkeys. Turkeys were infected with C. psittaci, APV or with C. psittaci followed by APV. Simulating the impact of an APV infection during the acute phase or latent phase of a C. psittaci infection, turkeys have been infected with APV at 1 and 5 weeks post C. psittaci infection, respectively. APV infection during the acute phase of a C. psittaci infection aggravates the severity of clinical signs, macroscopic lesions, pharyngeal APV excretion and histological tracheae lesions. In contrast, no clear interaction could be established after APV infection in latently C. psittaci infected specific pathogen-free (SPF) turkeys. This study clearly demonstrates the exacerbating role of APV during acute C. psittaci infection, which can play an important role in the respiratory disease complex of turkeys.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in turkey cerebral cortex: characterization by [125I]-VIP binding and effects on cyclic AMP synthesis.

Receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in turkey cerebral cortex were characterized using two approaches: (1) in vitro radioreceptor binding of [125I]-VIP, and (2) effects of peptides from the PACAP/VIP/secretin family on cyclic AMP formation. The binding of [125I]-VIP to turkey cortical membranes was rapid, stable, and reversible. Saturation analysis resulted in a linear Scatchard plot, suggesting binding to a single class of high affinity receptor binding sites with a Kd of 0.70 nM and a Bmax of 52 fmol/mg protein. Various peptides displaced the specific binding of 0.12 nM [125I]-VIP to turkey cerebral cortical membranes in a concentration-dependent manner. The relative rank order of potency of the tested peptides to inhibit [125I]-VIP binding to turkey cerebrum was: PACAP38 approximately PACAP27 approximately chicken VIP approximately mammalian VIP >>> PHI >> secretin, chicken VIP16-28 (inactive). About 65% of specific [125I]-VIP binding sites in turkey cerebral cortex was sensitive to Gpp(NH)p, a nonhydrolysable analogue of GTP. PACAP38, PACAP27, chicken VIP and, to a lesser extent, mammalian VIP potently stimulated cyclic AMP formation in turkey cerebral cortical slices in a concentration-dependent manner, displaying EC50 values of 8.7 nM (PACAP38), 21.3 nM (PACAP27), 67.4 nM (chicken VIP), and 202 nM (mammalian VIP). On the other hand, PHI and secretin very weakly affected the nucleotide production. The obtained results indicate that cerebral cortex of turkey contains VPAC type receptors that are positively linked to cyclic AMP-generating system and are labeled with [125I]-VIP.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Nucleotide sequence of the complementary DNA for turkey growth hormone.

Near-full length complementary DNA (cDNA) clones encoding turkey growth hormone (GH) have been isolated from a pituitary library. The longer of the two turkey GH cDNA clones that were sequenced is 803 base pairs (bp) in length and contains 41 nucleotides of the 5'-untranslated region (UTR), an open reading frame of 648 bp that encodes a 25 amino acid leader polypeptide segment as well as a 191 amino acid mature turkey GH protein, and a 3'-UTR that is 92 bp long followed by a 22 bp poly A tract. Comparison of the turkey GH nucleotide sequence to that of other avian GH clones shows the coding region to be greater than 93% homologous while the homology to mammalian GH sequences is between 68 and 78%. Northern blot analysis showed an approximate 800 bp turkey GH processed mRNA transcript that hybridized to the turkey GH cDNA probe. A large up-regulation of turkey GH transcription occurred when intact cultured pituitaries were treated with 1 nM human growth hormone releasing hormone but only modest changes were observed when cultures were treated with thyroid releasing hormone or somatostatin.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative development of antitrochanteric disease in male and female turkeys of a traditional line and a contemporary sire-line fed ad libitum or with restricted quantities of food.

The prevalence of musculoskeletal disease at eight, 16, 24, 34, 44 and 54 weeks of age in male and female turkeys was determined by dissecting 688 limbs from traditional lines and sire-line turkeys fed to achieve different bodyweights. Traditional turkeys were fed ad libitum and sire-line turkeys were fed ad libitum or restricted to 0.5 during rearing and subsequently to 0.8 of ad libitum-fed bodyweight of birds of the same strain and sex. A group of male sire-line turkeys was also fed ad libitum to 18 weeks and 0.8 of ad libitum thereafter. Lameness during the rearing period was usually associated with joint infection. Ruptured ligaments were an occasional finding in sire-line turkeys before sexual maturity. The major finding at 34, 44 and 54 weeks of age was degeneration of the antitrochanter in both sexes of the sire-line. The prevalence and severity of disease increased with age but was not generally associated with lameness. Antitrochanteric degeneration in the sire-line was diminished by decreasing bodyweight through food restriction. Antitrochanteric degeneration did not occur in traditional turkeys.

Animals↗