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PubMed1981

Diagnosing thrush.

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Candida albicans↗
PubMed1994

Epidemiology of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: colonization, infection, treatment, and emergence of fluconazole resistance.

PURPOSE: To study the epidemiology of oral candidiasis and the effect of treatment of thrush in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study of 92 patients over 1 year, including a nonblinded, randomized treatment trial of thrush with clotrimazole troches or oral fluconazole. Oral sites were cultured monthly and when thrush occurred. Candida albicans strains were typed by contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) electrophoresis. Changes in strains were evaluated over time and in regard to their associations with particular sites, episodes of thrush, relapse after treatment, and colonization of sexual partners. Susceptibility to fluconazole was tested and CHEF analysis was done on these strains to determine the epidemiology of fluconazole resistance. RESULTS: Yeasts colonized 84% of patients. C albicans accounted for 81% of all isolates and was separated into 34 distinct strains. Most patients had persistent carriage of 1 or 2 dominant strains of C albicans. Three couples shared strains. Nineteen different C albicans strains caused 82 episodes of thrush in 45 patients. CD4 < 200/microL was associated with development of thrush. Clinical cure rates were similar with fluconazole (96%) and clotrimazole (91%), but mycologic cure was better with fluconazole (49%) than clotrimazole (27%). Following mycologic cure, colonization recurred with the same strain 74% of the time. Colonization with Torulopsis glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased after treatment with either drug, but these organisms were never a sole cause of thrush. In a subset of 35 patients followed for over 3 months in whom fluconazole susceptibilities were performed, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to fluconazole increased only in those on fluconazole prophylaxis. Clinical failure of fluconazole was associated with an MIC > or = 64 micrograms/mL in 3 patients, and with an MIC of 8 micrograms/mL in 1 patient. In 2 of these 4 patients, the prior colonizing strain developed fluconazole resistance. In the other 2, new resistant strains were acquired. CONCLUSIONS: Many different strains of C albicans colonize and cause thrush in patients infected with HIV. Patients are usually persistently colonized with a single strain, and recurrences following treatment are usually due to the same strain. Transmission of strains may occur between couples. Fluconazole and clotrimazole are equally effective in treating thrush, but mycologic cure occurs more often with fluconazole. Fluconazole resistance in C albicans occurs most often in patients who have low CD4 counts and are taking fluconazole prophylactically for recurrent thrush. Fluconazole resistance may occur through acquisition of a new resistant strain or by development of resistance in a previously susceptible strain.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1976

Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol and oropharyngeal candidiasis.

In a survey of 400 consecutive patients with chronic asthma treated with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (up to 400 mug/day) the prevalence of oropharyngeal thrush was 4-5%. The prevalence of this complication was not significantly related to sex, age, duration of treatment with beclomethasone or concurrent treatment with prednisolone. Yeasts were isolated from throat swabs in about 60% of all patients and in 48% of normal controls. Thus, although a diagnosis of oropharyngeal thrush was recorded only when the presence of characteristic lesions in the pharynx was associated with a positive culture, there was a large number of patients and controls without thrush who harboured yeasts in the throat. One in 3 patients with thrush complained of sore throat or hoarseness, but 1 in 4 patients without thrush had similar symptoms. These findings suggest that, although treatment with beclomethasone dipoprionate aerosol undoubtedly can cause oropharyngeal thrush, this condition is not an inevitable result of colonization of the oropharynx by yeasts, nor is it necessarily associated with symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Use of intrapartum antibiotics and the incidence of postnatal maternal and neonatal yeast infections.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate 1) the risk of candidiasis (neonatal thrush or breast infections or both) in nursing mother-infant pairs and 2) whether receipt of intrapartum antibiotics increases this risk. METHODS: Demographic and obstetric data were obtained at delivery, and telephone follow-up was obtained at 1 week and 1 and 3 months and recorded in the Lactation Services database, which was reviewed retrospectively. The diagnoses of thrush and breast candidiasis were based on symptoms and patient reports, as per standard clinical practice. For statistical analysis, chi(2) analysis and Student t test were used. A value of P < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 811 nursing mother-infant pairs were seen between February 1, 2001, and August 31, 2002. Mother-infant pairs with follow-up who nursed for 1 month or longer were included (n = 435). Of these, 173 (39.8%) received intrapartum antibiotics, most (78.6%) for group B streptococci prophylaxis. Overall, 46 mother-infant pairs (10.6%) had either thrush or breast candidiasis (32 with both) within 1 month of delivery. Mothers who were exposed to intrapartum antibiotics were significantly more likely to develop breast candidiasis (odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.08-4.08). Antibiotic-exposed neonates were more likely to develop thrush, although this was not statistically significant. (odds ratio 1.87, 95% confidence interval 0.97-3.63). Antibiotic-exposed infants were younger (mean +/- standard deviation, 38.5 +/- 1.9 weeks compared with 39.0 +/- 1.3 weeks; P = .002), but there were no differences in maternal age, gravity or parity, or route of delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal thrush and maternal breast candidiasis are common early postnatal complications. The higher rates of thrush and breast candidiasis in antibiotic-exposed mother-infant pairs merits further study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-2.

Adult↗