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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Case report: arachnoiditis following intracranial 'Thorotrast'.

A patient is reported with a painless, progressive cauda equina lesion due to arachnoiditis, the result of the contrast medium 'Thorotrast' (thorium dioxide) introduced into the brain over 30 years previously. Contrast medium introduced into the lumbar spine can give rise to aseptic adhesive inflammation (arachnoiditis). It rarely gives rise to clinical problems but, when it does so, is usually associated with back pain and only very rarely with progressive neurological deficit.

Abscess↗
PubMed1983

Cauda equina lesion due to thorotrast.

Thorotrast (Thorium dioxide) has been used in the past as a radiological contrast medium. Its use resulted in serious side-effects, often after a delay of many years. There was an increased incidence of tumours and blood dyscrasias. Meningeal fibrosis, hydrocephalus and progressive lesions of the cauda equina have followed its injection into the sub-arachnoid spaces. A patient with such a cauda equina lesion is reported.

Cauda Equina↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Visceral CT findings associated with Thorotrast.

Plain radiography and CT of the abdomen were reviewed in four patients who had undergone angiography with thorium dioxide (Thorotrast). In three patients CT showed irregularly scattered focal punctate collections of Thorotrast in the liver parenchyma, predominantly in the subcapsular zone, associated with areas of low or nonhomogeneous attenuation. These areas of low attenuation were identified on microscopic studies as sites of hepatic fibrosis or neoplasia. Computed tomography identified intrahepatic Thorotrast deposits more definitively than plain radiography.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Lung fibrosis induced by Thorotrast.

A 63 year old woman developed progressive shortness of breath, pulmonary hypertension, and respiratory failure and died from pulmonary fibrosis 45 years after thoracic fistulography with Thorotrast. Bouts of acute respiratory failure occurred with features of noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Lung tissue obtained by biopsy and at necropsy showed abundant radioactive particles of thorium dioxide in the lungs. The particles were congregated in the walls of blood vessels and in perivascular fibrous zones, consistent with a causal role of Thorotrast in the development of lung fibrosis. It is suggested that the fibrosis was due to the combined effects of alpha radiation on the interstitial perivascular zones and of recurrent pulmonary oedema due to endothelial damage.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed1988

Liver tumours.

Humans are remarkably resistant to many carcinogens that readily produce liver tumours in rodents, particularly the rat. The neoplastic process has been extensively studied in animal experiments, but little is known so far of how it evolves in humans. Few drugs have been shown to cause liver tumours in humans, and the risk appears to be low. The best-known examples are C17-alkylated or ethinylated gonadal sex steroids. Oral contraceptives have now been in use by millions for thirty years, but only a few hundred cases at most of liver cell adenoma have been observed. The role of these substances in liver cell carcinoma remains controversial, and the evidence is weaker still in relation to focal nodular hyperplasia and other tumour-like conditions. Anabolic-androgenic steroids stand out as the major cause of peliosis, but liver cell tumours induced by them seem to be adenomas and not carcinomas as originally suggested. The effect that both oral contraceptives and anabolic-androgenic steroids have on liver vasculature is of great clinical importance as the most important complication of liver tumours is rupture, leading to life-threatening haemorrhage. For this reason, liver tumours arising in users of these drugs should be removed whenever feasible. Thorium dioxide will remain a risk factor for the development of angiosarcoma, liver cell carcinoma and bile duct carcinoma for some time yet, and the number of patients who have been exposed is high--tens of thousands at least. The evidence of a carcinogenic role for many other drugs is anecdotal or weak. Neoplasia in the liver seems to be the least important side-effect of drugs in clinical use.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMed1991

Flow cytometric measurements of somatic cell mutations in Thorotrast patients.

Exposure to ionizing radiation has long been well-recognized as a risk factor for cancer development. Since ionizing radiation can induce mutations, an accurate way of measuring somatic mutation frequencies could be a useful tool for evaluating cancer risks. In the present study, we have examined in vivo somatic mutation frequencies at the erythrocyte glycophorin A (GPA) and T-cell receptor (TCR) loci in 18 Thorotrast patients who have been continuously irradiated with alpha-particles emitted from the internal deposition of thorium dioxide and who thus have increased risks of certain malignant tumors. When compared with controls, the results showed a significantly higher frequency of mutants at the lymphocyte TCR loci but not at the erythrocyte GPA loci in the Thorotrast patients. The discrepancy between the results of the two assays is discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Cervical Thorotrast granuloma: a review of the literature and a new treatment modality.

Extravasation of thorium dioxide after transcervical carotid angiography has resulted in persistent open draining neck wounds. These difficult problems have remained a challenge for the treating head and neck surgeon. Neck dissection has been the mainstay of treatment in the past; however, this has been fraught with complications. The application of doxycycline sclerosis is described in the successful resolution of a large thorotrast granulomatous neck wound. A review of the literature and the management options of Thorotrast granulomas are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Whole-body pathologic analysis of a patient with Thorotrast-induced myelodysplasia.

An autopsy was performed on a 72-y-old Caucasian female who had received a carotid artery injection of thorium dioxide in 1953. The body was dissected in such a manner as to provide for radiobiological evaluation as well as to determine histologically the distribution of Thorotrast in the tissues and its complications. Thorotrast was identified within the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and surrounding the right carotid artery (the injection site). The cause of death was gastric hemorrhage complicating pancytopenia secondary to refractory anemia with excess of blasts (myelodysplastic syndrome).

Aged↗
PubMed1977

The structure of mononuclear phagocytes differentiating in vivo. III. The effect of particulate foreign substances.

The response of mononuclear phagocytes to three inert particles--barium sulfate, talc, and thorium dioxide--was studied by correlated light and electron microscopy. All three particles induced maturation of the mononuclear phagocytes, which proceeded to the stage of the mature macrophage and required 7 to 9 days. Once established, maturation persisted as long as 45 days, as did the inert particles. The resultant lesions, dense aggregates of mature macrophages, were termed mature granulomas. The resultant maturation differed from that produced by digestible bacteria in tempo and extent but not in pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Thorotrastoses--viewed in retrospect (author's transl)].

Thorium dioxide (Thorotrast) was used as a contrast medium from 1930 to 1945. It gave excellent contrast and was well tolerated during the application, but due to its radioactivity and its long biological half life it caused various late complications as fibrosis and malignant tumors. The late side effects of the substance are reported on, and the most frequent complication--the induction of hepatomas--is illustrated by two cases.

Angiography↗
PubMed1983

Cellular autophagocytosis induced by X-irradiation and vinblastine. On the origin of the segregating membranes.

Autophagocytosis was induced in cultured, human glial cells by X-irradiation or exposure to vinblastine sulphate. A transmission electron microscopic investigation of the origin of the segregating membranes in the autophagic process was performed by labelling of endocytotic vacuoles and lysosomes with electron-dense marker particles (native and cationized ferritin, colloidal gold and thorium dioxide). Cytochemical demonstration of the lysosomal marker enzyme acid phosphatase and serial sectioning of the cells were also carried out. The majority of newly formed, double-membrane bounded autophagic vacuoles were devoid of markers for both lysosomes and endocytotic vacuoles. Moreover, no evidence of origin from the endoplasmic reticulum was found and the segregating membranes of this type of autophagic vacuoles were, by process of elimination, considered likely to be derived from Golgi vacuoles or, possibly, assembled de novo. Autophagy also appeared to be effected through an alternative pathway involving a lysosomal wrapping or microautophagic mechanism.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Erythroleukemia and gastric cancer following thorotrast injection.

A 63-year-old male, who had undergone angiography using thorium dioxide (Thorotrast) at the age of 15 for investigation of a giant hemangioma on his left thigh, developed anemia in September 1986 (47 yrs after the angiography). A diagnosis of erythroleukemia was made from a bone marrow study which showed 56.4% megaloblastoid erythroblasts and 12.8% myeloblasts. Autopsy revealed Thorotrast deposition in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, and monotonous proliferation of myeloblasts in the bone marrow. He also had differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma of the posterior wall of the stomach.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1977

Angiosarcoma of the liver: an epidemiologic survey.

Diagnosed from 1970 through 1975, the annual incidence rate for angiosarcoma of the liver among residents of New York State (excluding New York City) was 0.25 per million. A case-control study indicated that direct exposure to arsenic, vinyl chloride (VC), and thorium dioxide was a significantly important factor in the etiology of this disorder (P less than 0.02). Direct exposure to these chemicals could not be demonstrated for 19 (73%) of the 26 study patients. The fact that 5 of these patients lived nearer to VC fabrication or polymerization plants than did their matched controls lent some support to the hypothesis that indirect modes of exposure, not specifically related to occupation, might be important in the etiology of this disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Long-term survival with thorotrast cervical granuloma.

Thorium dioxide, a radioactive contrast material, was commonly used for cerebral angiography prior to recognition of its radiation hazard. Extravasation of the material into the extravascular tissue in the neck results in granuloma formation, thorotrastoma, long-term morbidity, and an increased incidence of benign and malignant tumors. We report our experience with the management of 2 patients who underwent cerebral angiography with thorotrast more than 25 years ago. Aggressive surgical excision of involved tissue is warranted to ameliorate symptoms and diminish the risk of malignancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Thorotrast and the liver--revisited.

BACKGROUND: Thorotrast, a radiological contrast medium that was widely used from 1928-1955 is a thorium dioxide colloid that has been neutralized and stabilized by colloid, composed of dextran. The major site of deposition is the reticuloendothelial system where it is retained for a long time. CASE REPORTS: Complications occurring late after exposure to thorotrast are described in two patients. RESULTS: One patient had angiosarcoma of liver metastatic to bone and bone marrow failure after a 43 year latency period. The other patient had a thorotrast granuloma and angiosarcoma of the liver after 22 year and 28 year latency periods respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Complications due to thorotrast appear to represent consequences of chronic alpha irradiation.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Malignant hepatic tumours associated with previous exposure to Thorotrast: four cases.

This report concerns four patients in a district general hospital who died from malignant liver tumours associated with Thorotrast (thorium dioxide) deposits in the liver. Three were known to have had diagnostic angiographic studies performed 36 to 43 years previously using Thorotrast as the contrast agent. In the fourth case no previous relevant information could be obtained. There were two men and one woman with hepatocellular carcinoma and one woman with cholangiocarcinoma. In one of the hepatoma cases there was associated hypercalcaemia of malignancy. Reported latency intervals suggest that cases of Thorotrast-related hepatic malignancy may present up to the second decade of the twenty-first century.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Endocytic pathways in the olfactory and vomeronasal epithelia of the mouse: ultrastructure and uptake of tracers.

Mammalian olfactory neurons possess a well-developed system of endocytic vesicles, endosomes, and lysosomes in their dendrites and perikarya. Vomeronasal neurons are similar and also contain much perikaryal agranular endoplasmic reticulum (AER). Olfactory supporting cells contain endocytic vesicles and endosomes associated closely with abundant fenestrated AER, and vesicles and numerous large dense vacuoles are present basally. Vomeronasal supporting cells have little AER, and few dense vacuoles occur in their bases. In olfactory neurons, ultrastructural tracers (0.08% horseradish peroxidase, thorium dioxide, ferritin) are endocytosed by olfactory receptor endings and transported to the cell body, where their movement is halted in lysosomes. Higher concentrations (1%) of horseradish peroxidase penetrate olfactory receptor plasma membranes and intercellular junctions. In olfactory supporting cells, endocytosed tracers pass through endosomes to accumulate in dense basal vacuoles. These observations indicate that olfactory sensory membranes are rapidly cycled and that endocytosed materials are trapped within the epithelium. It is proposed that in the olfactory epithelium, endocytosis presents redundant odorants to the enzymes of the supporting cell AER to prevent their accumulation, whereas in the vomeronasal epithelium the receptor cells carry out this activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Light-chain plasmacytoma with reversible renal insufficiency after intravascular application of thorotrast (author's transl)].

Thirty-three years after intravascular injection of Thorotrast, a light-chain plasmacytoma with hypercalcemia and renal insufficiency was diagnosed in a 60-year-old man. The question of causal relation between Thorotrast deposit and plasmacytoma is discussed. The accumulated radiation load to the bone-marrow as caused by thorium dioxide deposition amounts to circa 3000 rem. According to casuistic and epidemiological communications, induction of plasmacytomas by external X-irradiation may be regarded as possible. A distinct increase in myeloproliferative diseases but only small numbers of plasmacytomas are reported in extensive epidemiological Thorotrast studies. From combination of results of the three most comprehensive epidemiological Thorotrast studies is obtained a numerical ratio of 1:5 for the spontaneous rate against the number of plasmacytomas observed. Identical correlations are yielded by investigations at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Hence it is to be supposed that also plasmacytomas can be induced by thorotrastosis of the reticulohistiocytic system.

Acute Kidney Injury↗