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PubMed1990

Treatment of tattoos by Q-switched ruby laser. A dose-response study.

Tattoo treatment with Q-switched ruby laser pulses (694 nm, 40 to 80 nanoseconds) was studied by clinical assessment and light and electron microscopy. Fifty-seven blue-black tattoos or portions thereof (35 amateur and 22 professional) were irradiated with 1.5 to 8.0 J/cm2 at a mean interval of 3 weeks. Substantial lightening or total clearing occurred in 18 (78%) of 23 amateur tattoos and 3 (23%) of 13 professional tattoos in which the protocol was completed. Response was related to exposure dose. Scarring occurred in one case, and persistent confettilike hypopigmentation was frequent. Optimal fluence was 4 to 8 J/cm2. Clinicohistologic correlation was poor. Q-switched ruby laser pulses can provide an effective treatment for tattoos.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Tattoos, body experience, and body image boundary among violent male offenders.

The author compared a measure of body image boundary and medically significant bodily experiences between 21 tattooed and 24 nontattooed men incarcerated for violent crimes. Although the tattooed and nontattooed subjects had no significant differences in their body boundary concepts or most other bodily experiences, the tattooed men were found to have a different distribution of scars on their bodies. Upon more detailed examination, it seemed that these different distributions could be explained by the observation that the tattooed subjects were the only ones with self-inflicted cuts. This finding further supports the notion that tattoos, despite their ostensibly decorative quality, may be a form of self-mutilation.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Tattoo removal: comparative study of six methods in the pig.

Six methods of tattoo removal were compared on tattoos of the same design made on a pig by a professional tattoo artist. Once the tattoos were healed and mature, each method was tried three times at 3-week intervals. Biopsies were taken before and after the treatment was completed to determine the depth of the pigment. Standardized color photographs were used to compare the gross appearance. The six methods of removal tried were (1) split-thickness tangential excision and dextranomer dressings, (2) superficial dermabrasion, (3) dermabrasion and dextranomer dressings, (4) salabrasion, (5) tannic acid solution overtattooing, and (6) CO2 laser. The removal of pigment with tannic acid overtattooing and laser were far more complete than the other techniques. Both techniques left acceptable scars. The overall appearance of the CO2 laser-treated tattoos was deemed the most cosmetically acceptable.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Preoperative marking of non-palpable breast lesions by the stereotaxic tattooing and "harpoon" technique. 670 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the quality of pre-operative analysis of sub-clinical lesions of the breast using a wire and stereotaxic tattooing. METHODS: Between 1983 en 1990, 670 cases were analysed. At first needle or wire localisation techniques were used and then from 1988 onwards stereotaxic tattooing, first with the wire technique combined with it and later by itself from 1989 onwards. Place study carried out: Oscar-lambret Centre in the Department of Surgery and Radiodiagnosis 1, BP 307, Lille Cedex. RESULTS: 190 carcinomas were diagnosed (30.7%) of which 20 were micro-invasive and 46 carcinoma in situ. The efficiency of the analysis was evaluated according to the number of explorations that were necessary to remove healthy tissue around the lesion. The wire technique results were significantly different (15.43% = 339 cases), tattooing with wire (9.13% = 144 cases), and tattooing by itself (6.30% = 135 cases). CONCLUSION: It seems that pre-operative assessment using stereotaxic tattooing is the most reliable of methods because it allows limited excision of the lesion and a more aesthetic approach.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed1994

Tattooing in adolescents: more common than you think--the phenomenon and risks.

Adolescents are obtaining tattoos, yet professionals in medical and sociological fields attribute it mostly to gang affiliation. Further information about this at-risk behavior is needed so school nurses can plan and implement applicable health promotion strategies. A total of 642 adolescents from five suburban high schools and one large urban school district in Texas participated in this study. Tattooed adolescents (N = 105) described their decisions, events, and experiences before, during, and after the tattoo procedure so purchase, possession, and health-risk factors could be examined. Over one-third of the non-tattooed adolescents are considering tattooing in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Endoscopic tattooing of the colon: clinical experience.

Nonpalpable lesions of the colon can be difficult to locate intraoperatively. We have demonstrated in an experimental study in dogs that the colon can be endoscopically "tattooed" by injecting dye through a flexible needle into the wall of the colon. At laparotomy, the resulting "tattoo" is then visible on the serosal surface of the bowel. This technique allows precise surgical localization of endoscopically identified lesions simply by visualizing the dye. Our initial clinical experience tattooing 15 colonic lesions in 12 patients is presented. In all patients, the endoscopically injected dye (1 per cent indocyanine green) was easily visualized on the serosal surface of the colon at surgery. The dye remained at the site of injection for at least 36 hours allowing tattooing to be performed the day before surgery. No significant complications were encountered with only one patient developing an inflammatory reaction at the site of injection. This experience demonstrates the clinical utility of endoscopic tattooing of the colon to permit accurate intraoperative localization of small or nonpalpable lesions.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Traumatic tattoo: use of the variable pulsed erbium:YAG laser.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of removing traumatic tattoos in the skin by laser. The objective was to achieve selective dermabrasion on the tattoo site without injuries to the surrounding skin, as in the classical mechanical dermabrasion. METHODS: Four patients with traumatic tattoos in the face were treated by a variable pulsed erbium:YAG laser. The fluence of the ablative pulses was 5 J/cm(2). The end-point for the treatment was the macroscopic removal of the foreign bodies. Postoperatively, silver sulphadiazine or polyvinylpyrrolidone was applied daily until wound closure occured. Use of a total sun block was mandatory for a period of 6 months. Pre- and post-operative photographs were taken of all cases. The results were evaluated by a panel of four independent observers, who were asked to judge the percentage of tattoo clearance as well as any evidence of pigmentation problems or scarring. RESULTS: All results were rated from good to excellent. In all patients, a nearly complete clearance of the traumatic tattoo was achieved in one laser session. No scarring, skin atrophy, or hypo- or hyperpigmentation was observed. Furthermore, a high patient satisfaction rate was achieved. CONCLUSION: The selective ablation of scar/foreign body tissue is a safe procedure. Compared to results reported with 1064-nm laser treatments, where several laser procedures are necessary, better clearance and scar quality was observed. Compared to mechanical dermabrasion, the procedure is more reliable and causes fewer side effects.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2004

Amalgam tattoo (amalgam pigmentation) of the oral mucosa: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment.

Amalgam tattoo is an iatrogenic lesion caused by traumatic implantation of dental amalgam into soft tissue. Amalgam tattoo is the most common localized pigmented lesion in the mouth. In a study of a mass screening oral examination in the United States, it was found in about 0.4-0.9% of the adult population and in Sweden in about 8%. Clinically, amalgam tattoo presents as a dark gray or blue, flat macule located adjacent to a restored tooth. Most are located on the gingiva and alveolar mucosa followed by the buccal mucosa and the floor of the mouth. Microscopic examination reveals that amalgam is present in the tissues in two forms: as irregular dark, solid fragments of metal or as numerous, discrete fine, brown or black granules dispersed along collagen bundles and around small blood vessels and nerves. In most lesions, it is presented in both forms. The biologic response to the amalgam is related to particle size, quantity and elemental composition of the amalgam. Large fragments often become surrounded by dense fibrous connective tissue. Smaller particles are associated with mild to moderate chronic inflammatory response with individual macrophages engulfing small amalgam particles. Occasionally, the reaction takes the form of foreign body granuloma in which macrophages and multinucleated giant cells are present. Some of the multinucleated giant cells also contain amalgam particles. Diagnosis of amalgam tattoo is usually obvious from the location and clinical appearance. A radiograph is recommended to confirm the presence of metallic particles, but absence of radiographic evidence does not rule out the possibility, since particles are often too fine or widely dispersed to be visible on radiographs. When there is no radiographic evidence or an adjacent restored tooth, biopsy is recommended to rule out an early melanoma. Once the diagnosis of amalgam tattoo has been established, no additional treatment is necessary except for cosmetic reasons. If the pigmentation is cosmetically unacceptable, surgical excision and transplantation of oral mucosal tissue has been suggested. Q-switched ruby laser and Q-switched alexandrite laser have also been used with favorable results.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Amalgam tattoo (amalgam pigmentation) of the oral mucosa: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment.

Amalgam tattoo is an iatrogenic lesion caused by traumatic implantation of dental amalgam into soft tissue. Amalgam tattoo is the most common localized pigmented lesion in the mouth. In a study of a mass screening oral examination in the United States, it was found in about 0.4-0.9% of the adult population and in Sweden in about 8%. Clinically, amalgam tattoo presents as a dark gray or blue, flat macule located adjacent to a restored tooth. Most are located on the gingiva and alveolar mucosa followed by the buccal mucosa and the floor of the mouth. Microscopic examination reveals that amalgam is present in the tissues in two forms: as irregular dark, solid fragments of metal or as numerous, discrete fine, brown or black granules dispersed along collagen bundles and around small blood vessels and nerves. In most lesions, it is presented in both forms. The biologic response to the amalgam is related to particle size, quantity and elemental composition of the amalgam. Large fragments often become surrounded by dense fibrous connective tissue. Smaller particles are associated with mild to moderate chronic inflammatory response with individual macrophages engulfing small amalgam particles. Occasionally, the reaction takes the form of foreign body granuloma in which macrophages and multinucleated giant cells are present. Some of the multinucleated giant cells also contain amalgam particles. Diagnosis of amalgam tattoo is usually obvious from the location and clinical appearance. A radiograph is recommended to confirm the presence of metallic particles, but absence of radiographic evidence does not rule out the possibility, since particles are often too fine or widely dispersed to be visible on radiographs. When there is no radiographic evidence or an adjacent restored tooth, biopsy is recommended to rule out an early melanoma. Once the diagnosis of amalgam tattoo has been established, no additional treatment is necessary except for cosmetic reasons. If the pigmentation is cosmetically unacceptable, surgical excision and transplantation of oral mucosal tissue has been suggested. Q-switched ruby laser and Q-switched alexandrite laser have also been used with favorable results.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Preoperative localization of asymptomatic breast lesions by the technique of stereotaxic tattooing and use of a wire. Apropos of 670 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the quality of pre-operative analysis of sub-clinical lesions of the breast using a wire and stereotaxic tattooing. METHODS: Between 1983 en 1990, 670 cases were analysed. At first needle or wire localisation techniques were used and then from 1988 onwards stereotaxic tattooing, first with the wire technique combined with it and later by itself from 1989 onwards. PLACE STUDY CARRIED OUT: Oscar-lambret Centre in the Department of Surgery and Radiodiagnosis I, BP 307, Lille Cedex. RESULTS: 190 carcinomas were diagnosed (30.7%) of which 20 were micro-invasive and 46 carcinoma in situ. The efficiency of the analysis was evaluated according to the number of explorations that were necessary to remove healthy tissue around the lesion. The wire technique results were significantly different (15.43% = 339 cases), tattooing with wire (9.13% = 144 cases), and tattooing by itself (6.30% = 135 cases). CONCLUSION: It seems that pre-operative assessment using stereotaxic tattooing is the most reliable of methods because it allows limited excision of the lesion and a more aesthetic approach.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed1999

Use of the Q-switched alexandrite laser (755 nm, 100 nsec) for eyebrow tattoo removal.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Permanent tattooing for cosmetic reasons has increased in recent years; as a consequence, there has been an increase of requests for pigment removal due to complications or undesired results. The Q-switched alexandrite laser has been found useful in removing black exogenous pigment, which is the most popular color in eyebrow enhancement. We report the case of a patient with black-pigment eyebrow cosmetic tattoo after treatment with the Q-switched alexandrite laser. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Treatment conditions included 755-nm wavelength, 100 +/- 10-nsec pulse width, and 3-mm spot size. Fluence threshold was determined, and a spot test was made at the first visit. Single impact technique with 10% overlapping was applied to the whole tattoo. Five treatments were performed with a mean fluence of 7 J/cm(2). RESULTS: Complete pigment removal was achieved after five sessions. Superficial bleeding and vesicle formation was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Eyebrow tattooing can be treated efficiently with the use of the Q-switched alexandrite laser when black pigment has been used for cosmetic reasons.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Traumatic tattoo removal: comparison of four treatment methods in an animal model with correlation to clinical experience.

The acute or emergency treatment of traumatic tattoos has been based on the principles of immediate and thorough removal of all particles. The delayed treatment of traumatic tattoos has classically been with overgrafting or dermabrasion. We developed an animal model for traumatic tattoos. Two levels of wounds were made (shallow and deep). Each group consisted of five guinea pigs with one consistent level of wounding. Four treatment methods were applied: carbon dioxide laser, argon laser, overgrafting, and dermabrasion. The results were evaluated by trained observers on a gross basis. Although no statistically significant differences were found within these small groups, clinical experience in a small group of patients suggests that carbon dioxide laser may prove to be useful in the delayed treatment of traumatic tattoos. Eight patients have been treated over a 4-year period. Satisfactory total or subtotal foreign body removal of various agents (road tar, cement, cooper particles) has been achieved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Diffused traumatic dirt and decorative tattooing. Removal by Q-switched lasers].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pigment fanning or spread is one complication of decorative tattooing, but is also seen after traumatic tattoos. The reason for this spreading remains unclear. While excision of the diffused pigment was previously considered the treatment of choice, today destruction of the pigment with Q-switched laser systems is the therapy with the highest efficiency and lowest rate of side effects. Therefore areas of pigment spread should be excised only in rare exceptional cases. PATIENTS/METHODS: 4 patients with pigment fanning after permanent make up and traumatic tattooing of the periorbital region were treated with the Q-switched ruby (694 nm) and Q-switched Nd:YAG (1064 nm) lasers. RESULTS: All patients showed a significant (70-80%) clearance of the spread pigment; two had complete clearing. Side effects such as hyper- or hypopigmentation, scarring or ink darkening were not seen. CONCLUSIONS: The Q-switched ruby- and Q-switched Nd:YAG-lasers are a therapeutic modality for pigment fanning with high efficiency and low rate of side effects. Attempts of explanation for pigment spread after tattoos are given, but further histological and electron microscopical investigations are needed to find the pathogenetic mechanism.

Child↗
PubMed1996

[Accidental dirt tattooing. Removal with Q-switched ruby laser].

The Q-switched ruby laser (wave length 694 nm; pulse durations 25 ns or 40 ns) cause selective damage to natural and artificial skin pigments. Treatable lesions include benign pigmented growths (benign, lentigo, ephelides, caféau-lait spots and Becker's nevi), as well as amateur and professional tattoos. The Q-switched ruby laser is also very effective in the treatment of traumatic tattoos. We report our experiences with two patients whose traumatic tattoos resolved completely without any scarring after ruby laser therapy. Our findings show that Q-switched ruby laser treatment may represent the therapy of choice for these tattoos.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Trauma due to blank cartridges and fireworks. Early and correct treatment prevents tattooing and scarring].

Traumata secondary to blank cartridges and fireworks are not harmless at all. They can cause cosmetic disfigurement due to permanent tattooing and scars. Often the face and hands are injured. Fourteen patients with blast injuries were treated between 1992 and 2002 in our clinic. The average age was 20.4 years (range: 13-41 years, median: 17.5 years). Eight patients were aged under 18 years. Most of the victims were males (11 of 14). According to the extent of the powder tattooing we removed the particles under local or general anesthesia within 24 h. We used sterile tooth and hand brushes. After the operation we treated the wounds with local antibiotics. We describe two cases to illustrate our procedure. Early correct treatment of tattooing caused by fireworks or gun powder explosions within 24 h up to a maximum of 72 h prevents the development of permanent cosmetic disfigurement. The technique is simple, effective, and saves the cost of later removal of traumatic tattoos by laser or dermabrasion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[MRT-induced burns in tattooed patients. Case report of an traumatic surgery patient].

Skin burns to patients with tattoos during MRI procedures are reported but rare complications. MRI scans are being used more often also as diagnostic procedures in trauma patients. In this article we present the case of a patient after trauma of the vertebral column who experienced burning pain at the site of a tattoo on the distal femur during the MRI examination, necessitating cessation of this procedure. Based on this example we discuss possible pathomechanisms of MRI-induced skin burns to patients with tattoos. It becomes clear that patients have to be asked about possible tattoos before MRI scans and should be informed about possible pain development.

Burns, Electric↗
PubMed2006

The use of preoperative endoscopic tattooing in laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery for endoscopically advanced tumors: a prospective comparative clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic India ink marking techniques are often used for the intraoperative location of colonic polyps and early stage neoplasms. The aim of this study was to compare how effective this technique is compared with conventional localization methods, as well as its influence on the results of colorectal laparoscopy (LSCRC) for endoscopically advanced tumors. METHODS: From January 2003 to January 2005, 47 patients with colorectal carcinomas were included in the study. In one group, lesions were localized preoperatively by endoscopic India ink tattooing (n = 21; tattooed group, TG), while conventional methods were used in the others (n = 26; non-tattooed group, NTG). Patients' perioperative clinical and pathoanatomical data were prospectively collected. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable in age, sex distribution, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, body mass index (BMI), technique performed, tumor size and proportion of patients who had previous abdominal surgery. Three patients presented ink spillage without clinical repercussions. Visualization of the correct resection site was higher in the TG (100% vs. 80.8%, P = 0.03). Operative time (147.3 +/- 46.2 vs. 187.0 +/- 52.7 minutes, P = 0.02) and blood loss (99.3 +/- 82.8 vs. 163.6 +/- 96.6 cc, P = 0.03) were lower in the TG. There were no differences between groups regarding peristalsis, introduction of oral intake, hospital stay or intra- and postoperative complication rates. No differences were observed amongst pathoanatomical data studied. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative endoscopic tattooing is a safe and effective technique for intraoperative localization of advanced colorectal neoplasms, improving the operative results of LSCRC.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Safety of preoperation endoscopic tattoo with india ink for identification of colonic lesions.

BACKGROUND: Colonic tattooing with india ink is a widely practiced technique regarded as safe, accurate, and reliable. In this series, the largest reported, the safety of this technique is studied. METHODS: A retrospective study of 8,125 consecutive patients who undersent colonoscopy over a 64-month period was conducted. India ink colonic mucosal tattooing was used for either preoperative marking or future endoscopic identification of a lesion. RESULTS: During the study, 195 patients underwent endoscopic injection of india ink. Of these, 50 patients were marked before surgery, and 145 underwent marking with the intent of facilitating future endoscopic localization. Patients were followed by either telephone interviews or physical examination. None of the patients developed fever, persistent abdominal pain, or abdominal tenderness on examination. All surgeons were interviewed. They uniformly reported the tattoo as intensely visible and of great utility in locating the lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative mucosal tattooing with india ink is recommended as a safe and necessary procedure.

Carbon↗