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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Effect of experimental synovitis on disposition of penicillin and oxytetracycline in neonatal calves.

The effect of experimental synovitis on the distribution of antibacterial drugs into the joint space was studied in 7-day-old calves. Intrasynovial sodium urate was used to induce inflammation in the tibio-tarsal joint of calves and oxytetracycline (OTC) (11 mg/kg) or sodium penicillin G (PEN) (13.2 mg/kg) was administered intravenously 3 hours after synovitis was induced. Oxytetracycline and PEN concentrations were measured in serum and synovial fluid and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The data indicate that synovitis neither enhanced nor impaired the levels of antibiotics achieved in the joint fluid. Mean peak concentrations (micrograms/ml) of the drugs in control and inflamed joints were, respectively, 8.04 and 8.79 for OTC and 9.35 and 8.92 for PEN. Rates of elimination of OTC and PEN were similar in joint fluid and serum; t1/2 beta ranged from 11.83-19.81 h for OTC and 0.980-1.125 h for PEN. The distribution and elimination of OTC and PEN from serum was described by a two-compartment model whereas elimination from joint fluid was described using a single-exponential model.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Mycoplasma hyosynoviae in joints with arthritis in abattoir baconers.

The occurrence of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae in synovial fluid of baconers with chronic arthritis was studied at an abattoir. Cultural examination of synovial fluid samples from diseased tarsal joints of 50 animals from 42 herds yielded M. hyosynoviae in 10 cases from 8 herds. Streptococci were found in 6 cases from 6 other herds. M. hyosynoviae antigen was found in 1 of 47 of the samples, and antibody to the mycoplasma was found in 14 of 40 of the samples by ELISA test. The presence of M. hyosynoviae in a joint was usually accompanied by the corresponding antibody. In joints with streptococcal infection antibody to M. hyosynoviae could not be found.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1987

Parallel effects of joint receptors on motor neurones and intersegmental interneurones in the locust.

At the distal end of a mesothoracic tibia of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, is a chordotonal organ which monitors the position and movement of the tarsus relative to the tibia. It contains approximately 35 receptors that variously encode different spatial and temporal parameters (position, velocity and direction of movement). Some excite intersegmental interneurones that respond phasically or tonically, with directional sensitivity to active or imposed movements of the tarsus. Some of these interneurones are also excited by intrinsic movements of the tarsal segments. Others, besides being excited by tarsal proprioceptive inputs, are also excited by exteroreceptors on the tarsus. When stimulated mechanically or electrically, chordotonal afferents evoke excitatory postsynaptic potentials with a central latency of between 0.9 and 1.4 ms simultaneously in the intersegmental interneurones and in tarsal motor neurones. The central arborizations of the afferents, the intersegmental interneurones and the tarsal motor neurones overlap in certain neuropilar regions of the mesothoracic ganglion. Other afferents cause an inhibition of the motor neurones, with a longer and non-consistent latency suggesting the involvement of other intercalated interneurones. These results indicate that proprioceptive inputs from the tarsal joint receptors are transmitted in parallel and monosynaptically to tarsal motor neurones and to the intersegmental interneurones.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Inflammatory cytokine production induced by an analogue of muramyl dipeptide MDP-Lys(L18) in rat macrophage cultures and dog synovial fluid.

To examine the involvement of cytokines in the mechanisms of N2-[(N-acetylmuramoyl)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl]-N6-stearoyl-L-lysine, MDP-Lys(L18)-induced arthritis, we analyzed interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), colony-stimulating factor (CSF), and neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) by bioassays in the rat macrophage-conditioned medium (Mluminal diameter-CM) stimulated by MDP-Lys(L18) in vitro and the synovial fluid from dogs treated subcutaneously with MDP-Lys(L18) for 14 days in vivo. The dog showed arthritis characterized by swelling of the knee joint, increased synovial fluid and thickened synovial membrane, and a single subcutaneous injection of MDP-Lys(L18) was previously shown to induced synovitis in rat tarsal joint. IL-1, TNF, CSF, and NCF activities in Mluminal diameter-CM were increased by MDP-Lys(L18), while only NCF activity was detected in the dog synovial fluid. Partial purification procedures revealed that NCF in Mluminal diameter-CM was not leukotriene B4 but a protein having heparin-affinity, and, in addition, immuno-reactive IL-8 was evident to be in Mluminal diameter-CM. The NCF activity in the dog synovial fluid was not inhibited by dialysis, showing that NCF is a protein substance, possibly a chemokine. These results suggest that MDP-Lys(L18) produces a chemokine, such as IL-8, which recruits neutrophils to the synovial membrane for subsequent development of synovitis in rats and dogs.

Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine↗
PubMed1991

Charcot foot osteoarthropathy in diabetes mellitus.

Charcot joint, a destructive bone and joint disorder of the foot, is becoming more common in long-term diabetic patients. The combination of diabetic neuropathy and painless trauma causes dislocation and collapse of the tarsal joints. The resulting soft tissue and osseous pathology easily mimics an infective episode. This report presents a review of the clinical identification, diagnosis, and treatment of this unusual diabetic complication, plus a review of three cases. Also, the pathogenesis of Charcot joint is explained in describing why surgery can be a viable treatment alternative in these patients, after careful evaluation. It is also necessary that physicians inspect the feet of their diabetic patients to rule out quiescent beginnings of Charcot joints. Referral to a podiatrist is recommended for long-term management of the Charcot foot.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Tarsocrural joint luxation in a horse.

A 14-year-old Quarter Horse x Thoroughbred gelding was admitted to the teaching hospital because of inability to bear weight on its right hind limb, associated with a severe deviation of the tarsus. The provisional diagnosis was tarsal joint luxation or fracture. Radiography revealed complete luxation of the tarsocrural joint. The luxation was reduced, using minimal force. The horse was confined to a box stall and was maintained in a full-length hind-limb cast for 33 days. Box stall confinement was continued for 3 months after removal of the cast. On reexamination 18 months after the injury, the horse had only mild lameness (grade 1 of 5), but had marked reduction in the range of motion of the tarsus. Radiography revealed extensive changes indicative of severe degenerative joint disease. The horse was still used occasionally as a light pleasure riding horse and maintained itself on pasture well.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Examination and management of a patient with tarsal coalition.

The purpose of this case report is to illustrate how the literature can be used to guide clinical decisions related to a relatively uncommon pathological condition of the foot. This case report describes the approach used to examine and treat a 14-year-old boy referred by a physician for physical therapy with a diagnosis of peroneal spastic flatfoot (PSFF). Peroneal spastic flatfoot is a syndrome typically characterized by limited tarsal joint motion, a clonus response of the evertors, and a pes planus deformity. The patient reported having a limp for several years, but he said he was pain-free until he had an inversion injury of his foot. Because the physical therapists had not seen a patient with a diagnosis of PSFF, they reviewed the literature related to PSFF. They describe how their review enhanced their understanding of PSFF and how PSFF is related to the diagnosis of tarsal coalition, a pathological condition eventually identified in this child. Following 5 unsuccessful physical therapy sessions, they referred the patient to another physician who diagnosed a talocalcaneal coalition, a type of tarsal coalition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Nonoperative treatment of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction.

One of the most common causes of acquired flatfoot deformity in adults is dysfunction of the posterior tibial tendon. The main function of the posterior tibial tendon is to invert the midfoot and lock the transverse tarsal joints (talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints). When the tendon fails to function properly, a progressive flatfoot deformity develops. Because the disease process is a continuum, a staging system has been devised to offer guidelines for nonoperative and operative treatment of this problem. The rationale for nonoperative treatment of this disorder is to support the longitudinal arch and to decrease the valgus angulation of the calcaneus for flexible flatfoot deformity, and to immobilize and support the hindfoot and midfoot for rigid flatfoot deformities. The success of nonoperative treatment first requires the assessment of the flexibility of the flatfoot deformity. For a flexible deformity, the custom orthosis should be fitted with the foot and ankle in a corrected position as close to the neutral position as possible. Whereas, for a rigid deformity, it is imperative for the custom orthosis to be fitted with the affected foot and ankle in an in situ position.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Ankle arthrodesis. Clinical and conceptual applications.

Ankle fusion provides an excellent salvage for an otherwise intolerable deformity or painful joint derangement. It is the only available alternative for a failed ankle prosthesis. It produces a serviceable foot when done in proper perspective for the appropriate indication. It produces a good result when consolidation occurs and the remaining tarsal joints have preserved integrity. Improvement in occupational and daily activities can be anticipated when arthrodesis and correct alignment are obtained.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed1999

A comparison between the trot of pony and horse foals to characterize equine locomotion at young age.

The trot at 3 m/s of 24 Shetland foals ('ponies') and 24 Dutch Warmblood foals ('horses') was recorded at age 4 months on a treadmill using a modified CODA-3 apparatus to characterise equine locomotion at young age. Locomotor variables of the ponies were qualitatively and, after scaling, quantitatively compared with those of horses. Ponies made shorter strides than horses, evidenced by a shorter stance and swing duration, although their relative stance durations were similar. Neither linear nor dynamic scaling procedures could completely compensate for differences in height at the withers comparing ponies and horses. The patterns of the joint angle-time curves were similar. Ponies had a larger range of pro- and retraction, with a more protracted forelimb and a more retracted hindlimb, therefore demonstrating a more extended trot. The horses trotted with more extended elbow, stifle and tarsal joints and a more flexed hip joint, which is in accordance with the conformation for the Warmblood. The ponies moved with a stiffer trot in contrast to the more supple trot of the horses, which showed a larger maximal fetlock extension during the stance phase. In conclusion, ponies and horses move qualitatively similarly at age 4 months, but characteristic breed differences in conformation and gait quality can already be detected. Scaling methods to compensate for differences in height at the withers cannot be applied when animals move at the same velocity.

Aging↗
PubMed2001

Adjuvant-induced joint inflammation causes very rapid transcription of beta-preprotachykinin and alpha-CGRP genes in innervating sensory ganglia.

Neuropeptides synthesized in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) have been implicated in neurogenic inflammation and nociception in experimental and clinical inflammatory arthritis. We examined the very early changes in response to adjuvant injection in a rat model of unilateral tibio-tarsal joint inflammation and subsequent monoarthritis. Within 30 min of adjuvant injection ipsilateral swelling and hyperalgesia were apparent, and marked increases in beta-preprotachykinin-A (beta-PPT-A) and alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-encoding mRNAs were observed in small-diameter L5 DRG neurones innervating the affected joint. This response was augmented by recruitment of additional small-diameter DRG neurones expressing beta-PPT-A and CGRP transcripts. The increased mRNA was paralleled by initial increases in L5 DRG content of the protein products, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Within 15 min of adjuvant injection there were increases in electrical activity in sensory nerves innervating a joint. Blockade of this activity prevented the rapid induction in beta-PPT-A and CGRP mRNA expression in DRG neurones. Increased expression of heteronuclear (intron E) beta-PPT-A RNA suggests that increases in beta-PPT-A mRNA levels were, at least in part, due to transcription. Pre-treatment with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide had no effect upon the early rise in neuropeptide mRNAS: This and the rapid time course of these changes suggest that increased sensory neural discharge and activation of a latent modulator of transcription are involved.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Neuropathic arthropathy in the diabetic foot.

Neuropathic arthropathy (Charcot's joint) is a relatively painless, progressive and degenerative condition due to underlying neurologic deficits. Although a variety of neurologic disorders may produce this arthropathy, diabetes mellitus has become the most common cause. In diabetes, the foot and ankle are the sites most often involved, particularly the tarsometatarsal and tarsal joints. In addition to neuropathy, trauma is an essential factor in producing the arthropathy.

Arthropathy, Neurogenic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Surgical implications of biomechanics of the foot and ankle.

Because of the nature of the alignment the joints of the lower extremity, any significant loss of alignment or function will place increased stress on the remaining joints. An ankle arthrodesis must be carefully aligned into slight valgus and neutral dorsiflexion, plantar flexion and the same degree of external rotation as the opposite leg. A subtalar arthrodesis should be aligned in 5 degrees of valgus. The forefoot should be placed in a plantigrade position when arthrodesis of the subtalar or transverse tarsal joint is contemplated. The stability of the longitudinal arch and forefoot is dependent in part upon the integrity of the metatarsophalangeal joints and as such, neither a resection of the metatarsal head or base of the phalanx should be carried out except under extreme disease states, such as rheumatoid arthritis. If an arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint is contemplated, it is important that the joint be aligned in approximately 5 degrees to 10 degrees of valgus and 15 degrees to 25 degrees of dorsiflexion, depending upon the heel height that the patient anticipates using. When considering a tendon transfer about the foot and ankle, the relationship of the tendon to the axes of the subtalar and ankle joint requires special consideration.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Unilateral joint inflammation induces bilateral and time-dependent changes in neuropeptide FF binding in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord: implication of supraspinal descending systems.

Using quantitative autoradiography, the effects of acute and chronic inflammation on specific 125I-1DMethyl-FLFQPQRFamide binding were investigated in the rat spinal cord dorsal horn superficial layers, at 6 and 24 h and 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks after induction of monoarthritis produced by injection of killed Mycobacterium butyricum suspended in Freund adjuvant in one tibio-tarsal joint. Six hours after monoarthritis induction, no modification in specific 125I-1DMethyl-FLFQPQRFamide binding was observed, whereas a significant bilateral increase occurred after 24 h and 2 weeks in L4/L5 dorsal horns, with a return to control values at 4, 6 and 12 weeks. Specific 125I-1DMethyl-FLFQPQRFamide binding was also investigated 24 h after monoarthritis induction in rats submitted 4 days before the induction to spinal cord lesions at the thoracic level (T9-T10). Hemisection of the spinal cord contralateral to the affected ankle prevented the transient bilateral increase in specific 125I-1DMethyl-FLFQPQRFamide binding, whereas total spinal cord section induced a significant bilateral decrease. All of these modifications were restricted to the spinal segments receiving afferent input from the arthritic ankle (L4/L5); no modifications were found at the levels L1 or C6-C8. These data suggest that FLFQPQRFamide is involved in spinal nociceptive processing during sustained peripheral nociceptor activation. The effects of spinal cord lesions in monoarthritic rats indicate that the modifications seen in the FLFQPQRFamide system activity, during sustained peripheral inflammation, depend on afferent fiber activation as well as on supraspinal controls.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Findings of fibular hemimelia syndrome with radiographically normal fibulae.

We have noted a number of patients with features of fibular hemimelia with radiographically normal fibulae. This study was undertaken to further define this group. A review of hospital records and radiographs over a 72-year period identified 149 limbs in 123 patients with features of fibular hemimelia syndrome. Sixteen limbs in fourteen patients had findings of fibular hemimelia with radiographically normal fibulae. Thirteen of 16 had absent lateral rays with either ball and socket ankle joint, tarsal coalition or both. Six of the 13 had limb shortening. Three limbs in three patients did not have absent lateral rays, but had at least two other features of fibular hemimelia syndrome. All of these three limbs had ball and socket ankles and tarsal coalitions and two had shortening. These patients represent a mild subset of fibular hemimelia syndrome and we propose that they be classified as type 0 fibular hemimelia.

Ankle Joint↗
PubMed1990

The results of arthrodesis of the ankle for leprotic neuroarthropathy.

Twenty-four patients who had arthrodesis of one or both ankles for leprotic neuroarthropathy were followed for an average of nine years and five months. At operation, after the removal of cartilage, joint debris, and sclerotic bone, the ankle joint was transfixed with a Küntscher intramedullary nail, and staples or Kirschner wires were used to control rotation. Fusion of bone was obtained in nineteen (73 per cent) of the twenty-six ankles. Failure to obtain fusion was due to postoperative infection in four patients, deficiency of the site of arthrodesis in one patient, and refracture through the site of fusion in two patients. When arthrodesis was successful, additional neuroarthropathic destruction of the mid-tarsal joint was halted, and the preoperative clinical symptoms of dull pain, local warmth, swelling, and instability were relieved.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Biokinetical analysis of hind limb movements of the dog.

This study of movements of the hind limb of the dog was performed with the aid of cinephotography and electromyography. The weights of the limb segments and their centers of gravity were determined. From these data the forces operating at the centers of the limb segments during a cycle of a stride have been calculated and their influence on the joints have been analysed. From this study is concluded: 1) muscular activity is present when the effect of external forces must be overcome and subsides when these external forces act "positively" in the direction of the progression; 2) gravity and ground-reaction play an important role in the propulsion of the body, especially when there is no activity in the important retractors of the limb at the end of the support phase; 3) moments about the stifle and tarsal joints are opposite at the end of support phase and swing phase; 4) activity of the flexor digitorum superficialis (and also of the gastrocnemius muscles) during the support phase and of the peroneus longus muscle during the swing phase contribute to the coordination of the movements and to the stabilization of these joints.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Clinical, radiotelemetric and x-ray research on erythematous polyarthritis in lambs].

Experimental investigations were carried out with 6 lambs each infected i/v with 2 cm3 of a 24-hour broth culture of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae rated at 10(8) microbial cells per cu. cm. The clinical state of the animals was followed up in the course of 60 days, the changes in the cardiovascular system and those in the movements of the rumen being recorded radiotelemetrically, while the changes taking place in the joints were studied roentgenographically. It was found that the causative agent of swine erysipelas was strongly pathogenic for the lambs following a hematogenic infection, causing polyarthritis with concurrent changes in the general state--rise of temperature and higher respiration and pulse rates. The electrocardiograms of the affected animals showed sinus tachycardia, participation of Q waves, and changes in the R and T waves, while the graphic records of the rumen showed a drop in the number of rumen contractions and decrease in the amplitude. Roentgenographically, there were periostitis and osteoarthritis of the carpal and tarsal joints.

Animals↗