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PubMed2004

A comparative study of gastrointestinal parasites between ranched and free ranging Burchell's zebra (Equus burchelli antiquorum) in Isiolo district, Kenya.

Parasites were collected from 20 Burchell's zebra, Equus burchelli antiquorum, from Isiolo district, Kenya. 10 were ranched animals from the Lewa Downs Ranch and 10 free ranging from the areas adjacent to the ranch to the north. The animals were culled from 4th to 18th June 1995. The gastrointestinal tract was removed from the carcass and separated as stomach, small and large intestines and searched for parasites. The abdominal cavity was scrutinized for Setaria species. The parasites were identified to genus and in some cases species level. All animals were infected with at least three genera of parasites of which at least one genus was a nematode. A total of 10 genera representing eight families were recovered from the two groups. These included six nematode families, Strongylidae, Atractidae, Oxyuridae, Spiruridae, Setariidae, and Ascaridae, one cestode family, Anoplocephalidae and one family of the larvae of Gasterophilus bot flies, Gasterophilidae. The most prevalent families were Atractidae (100%) and Gasterophilidae (100%). The principle nematode genera was Crossocephalus whose total burden, plus or minus the standard deviation, was 3,471,129 +/- 1,352,922. Setaria species were recovered from the abdominal cavity of 45% of all the animals examined. The overall total worm burden was higher in the free ranging zebra 2,743,410 +/- 849,604 than the ranched zebra, 787,669 +/- 246,006. The range of individual genera varied from 0 to 269,225 in the free ranging group, which was higher than 0 to 77,890 in the ranched animals. From statistical analysis, no significant difference could be found between males and females. However, the burdens of genera Strongylus, Triodontophorus, Crossocephalus and Parascaris were significantly higher in free ranging animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Zinc sulfide in intestinal cell granules of Ancylostoma caninum adults.

A source of confusion has existed since the turn of the century about the reddish brown, weakly birefringent "sphaerocrystals" located in the intestines of strongyle nematodes, Strongylus and Ancylostoma. X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectrometric analyses were used for accurate determination of the crystalline order and elemental composition of the granules in the canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum. The composition of the intestinal pigmented granules was identified unequivocally as zinc sulfide. It seems most probable that the granules serve to detoxify high levels of metallic ions (specifically zinc) present due to the large intake of host blood.

Ancylostoma↗
PubMed1991

Controlled test evaluation of the benzimidazole anthelmintic VET 220-S alone or with concomitant trichlorfon treatment against naturally acquired gastrointestinal parasites in ponies.

A controlled test was done in 30 naturally infected ponies to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of the dienbendazole analog VET 220-S given alone or with trichlorfon (TCF) by nasogastric intubation. Six ponies were nontreated; 6 were given VET 220-S (5.0 mg/kg); 6 were given TCF (40 mg/kg); 6 were given VET 220-S (2.5 mg/kg) and TCF (40 mg/kg); and 6 were given VET 220-S (5.0 mg/kg) and TCF (40 mg/kg). All ponies were euthanatized and necropsied 7 or 8 days after treatment. Draschia megastoma, Oxyuris equi, Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, and small strongyles were removed efficaciously by all doses of VET 220-S. Habronema muscae and microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis were not removed by VET 220-S or TCF. Gasterophilus intestinalis was 97.9% removed by TCF. Pregnant mares in all groups were not adversely affected by treatment, except for 1 mare that had diarrhea after TCF treatment. Parasite eggs per gram and larval culture data agreed with necropsy data.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Epidemiology, chemotherapy, anthelmintics-resistance and prevention of Strongylidae infections in horses].

The epidemiology, chemotherapy and control of strongylus infections in the horse are discussed. The annual cycle of various species are stated. In addition the anthelmintics available for treatment and control and the occurrence of anthelmintic resistance are referred to. Finally the options for control under various management conditions (little if any grazing; extensive grazing; intensive grazing) are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Critical and controlled tests of activity of a macrocyclic lactone (compound F28249-alpha) against natural infections in internal parasites of equids.

Thirteen critical tests (n = 11 horses and 2 ponies) and 4 controlled tests (n = 4 donkeys and 6 horses) were performed to evaluate the activity of the experimental macrocyclic lactone compound F28249-alpha against internal parasites of equids. In the critical tests, activity was determined mainly against the large parasites, but 1 critical test also included benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles. In the controlled tests, evaluation of drug activity included large parasites and stomach worms in all 4 tests, and lungworms in 2 tests. The period between treatment and euthanasia was 6 to 9 days for the critical tests and 14, 17, or 52 days for the controlled tests. The compound was administered by stomach tube at dose rates of 1, 2, 3, 3.5, or 4 mg/kg of body weight. In the critical tests, removal at all 5 dose rates was 100% for Gasterophilus nasalis (2nd and 3rd instars), Parascaris equorum (mature), Strongylus vulgaris, and Strongulus edentatus from the gastrointestinal tract. For Gasterophilus intestinalis in the stomach, mean removals of 2nd instars were 88% at the rate of 2 mg/kg and 93% to 100% at rates greater than or equal to 3 mg/kg. For 3rd instars, mean removals were 7% at 1 mg/kg, 77% at 2 mg/kg, 90% at 3 mg/kg, and 98% at 3.5 mg/kg. Discharge of G intestinalis in feces was typically a slow, prolonged process and probably higher removal values, especially at lower dose rates, would have attended a longer interval after treatment before necropsy examination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1989

Controlled test and clinical evaluation of dienbendazole against naturally acquired gastrointestinal parasites in ponies.

A controlled test was performed to titrate the anthelmintic dosage of dienbendazole in 24 mixed-breed ponies naturally infected with Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, and small strongyle species, as determined by parasitic egg and larval counts in feces. Comparison of results of treatment was made among 3 dienbendazole dosages--2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg of body weight--and a gum (excipient) mixture given by nasogastric intubation. All ponies were euthanatized and necropsied at 7 or 8 days after treatment. Trichostrongylus axei, Habronema muscae, S vulgaris, S edentatus, small strongyles, and Oxyuris equi were efficaciously eliminated in response to all doses of dienbendazole; Gasterophilus spp were not affected by any dose. There were not sufficient numbers of Draschia megastoma, Anoplocephala spp, or Parascaris equorum in the ponies to evaluate drug effect. Changes in the appearance of the intestinal lining were dose-dependent; in the ponies treated with 5 and 10 mg of dienbendazole/kg, the mucosa appeared clean and smooth, though in ponies given 2.5 mg/kg, it appeared clean, but was nodular and moderately reactive to embedded immature small strongyles. In the gum mixture-treated ponies, the large intestinal mucosa was inflamed, with edematous areas, in response to infections caused by large and small strongyles. A limited clinical titration was done in 12 ponies that were fecal culture negative for S vulgaris larvae, although other strongyles were detected. Two ponies in each of 6 groups were given the following dosages: 0 (gum mixture only), 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 mg of dienbendazole/kg. One group of 2 ponies was given 5 mg of fenbendazole/kg as a standard treatment control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Common internal parasites found in the stomach, large intestine, and cranial mesenteric artery of thoroughbreds in Kentucky at necropsy (1985 to 1986).

A total of 278 Thoroughbreds (less than 1 to 31 years old) were examined at necropsy (July 9, 1985, to Feb 2, 1986) in Kentucky for various internal parasites. Examination was not made of all the horses for each of the parasites. Specific parasites recovered from the stomach of foals (n = 30) and yearlings and older horses (n = 96) and percentage (in parentheses) of each age category infected, respectively, were as follows: Gasterophilus intestinalis 2nd instar (53% and 32%) and 3rd instar (37% and 24%); G nasalis 2nd instar (7% and 8%) and 3rd instar (7% and 10%); Habronema spp immature (7% and 13%); H muscae (3% and 8%); Draschia megastoma (3% and 5%) and lesions (0% and 2%); and Trichostrongylus axei (0% and 3%). Parasites in the large intestine included Anoplocephala perfoliata, which was found in the cecum of 30% of the foals (n = 87) and in 60% of the yearlings and older horses (n = 186). Probstmayria vivipara and immature Oxyuris equi were not found in the colon and rectum of any of the horses (n = 53 foals and n = 101 yearlings and older); mature O equi were not sought. Examination of the cranial mesenteric artery for Strongylus vulgaris revealed immature and/or mature specimens in 9% of foals (n = 87) and 14% of yearlings (n = 44); lesions of S vulgaris were present in 25% of foals (n = 87) and 34% of yearlings (n = 44).

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Oxfendazole: activity of a two-dose treatment regimen on natural infections of internal parasites of equids, with emphasis on migrating large strongyles in controlled tests in 1986 and 1987.

Oxfendazole paste formulation was administered intraorally at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight, twice (48 hours between treatments) in 5 controlled tests (experiments A, B, C, D, and E) to 18 equids (14 horses and 4 ponies) that were 5 to 24 months old in 1986 and 1987. Activity was evaluated against naturally acquired infections of various internal parasites, with emphasis on migratory stages of Strongylus vulgaris and S edentatus. The number of treated and nontreated equids in each experiment (horses in experiments A to D and ponies in experiment E) was: A, 1 and 1; B, 3 and 3; C, 3 and 1; D, 1 and 1; and E, 2 and 2, respectively. At 28 to 39 days after the first dose of the 2-dose treatment regimen, the equids were euthanatized and examined for several species of internal parasites. On the basis of the number of specimens at necropsy, excellent activity was found against migrating (retroperitoneal) S edentatus. In the aggregate for the 5 experiments, 41 live specimens of S edentatus were recovered from 10 treated equids, compared with 810 live specimens from the 8 nontreated equids, reflecting a difference of 95%. Several dead S edentatus were found in 8 treated equids. Three to 82 semihard nodules, which we believed were S edentatus-related lesions, were found in treated horses; only soft, seroedematous lesions, typical of S edentatus infection, were found in nontreated equids. In the cranial mesenteric arteries, activity for migrating S vulgaris was good overall.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Intramural hematoma in the jejunum of a mare.

An intramural hematoma involving a 40-cm segment of the distal portion of the jejunum caused intestinal obstruction and colic in a mature mare. The involved intestine was resected, and an end-to-end anastomosis was performed. The mare recovered completely, but 4 years later had colic caused by incarceration and volvulus of the distal portion of the jejunum, involving fibrous abdominal adhesions. The cause of hematoma was not identified; however, rupture of an intramural vessel after migration of Strongylus vulgaris larvae was considered a possibility because of the histologic observation of an intense eosinophilic infiltrate in the region. Vascular rupture caused by blunt abdominal trauma was considered unlikely. Previous descriptions of intramural hematoma in the horse have been confined to the small colon.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Critical test and safety evaluations of an oral paste preparation of mebendazole and trichlorfon in horses.

Critical tests were done on 24 naturally parasitized horses to compare the antiparasitic activity of an oral paste preparation of mebendazole and trichlorfon with that of the marketed powder formulation. Each formulation was administered at the recommended dosages of 8.8 mg of mebendazole and 40 mg of trichlorfon/kg of body weight. Efficacy of the paste formulation ranged from 97.7% to 100% against 2nd- and 3rd-stage Gasterophilus spp, adult Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, Parascaris equorum, small strongyles; and larval and adult forms of Oxyuris equi. Adverse effects were generally limited to slight softening of the feces. Mild and transient restlessness or sweating were also observed in 2 of 12 horses treated with the paste formulation. The toxic effects of the paste, administered at 2.2 times the therapeutic dose, were examined in 6 horses and compared with the effects of a nonmedicated paste, administered in similar volumes to 6 other horses. Drug-related changes were not detected in clinical chemical analyses, hematologic values, or liver function tests. Transient clinical signs of organophosphate toxicosis (primarily the passage of loose feces) and prolonged inhibition of erythrocyte cholinesterase activity were evident within 1 hour after drug treatment. These effects were similar to those reported for the 2.2 X dose of marketed powder formulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A survey in Louisiana of intestinal helminths of ponies with little exposure to anthelmintics.

Ponies reared with minimal or no exposure to anthelmintics were surveyed for intestinal helminths in order to estimate prevalence and intensity of parasite populations unaltered by frequent exposure to anthelmintics. Thirty-seven mixed breed ponies of varying ages were examined. Thirty-four species of nematodes and 2 species of cestodes were found. Twenty-four of the nematode species (including 1 new species) were in the subfamily Cyathostominae (small strongyles). Eighty-seven percent of the total burden of adult small strongyles in the large intestine was composed of 10 species. By comparing the results of the present survey with those of recent surveys of horses from herds which had been subjected to treatments with anthelmintics, the effect of prolonged usage of anthelmintic treatment on the prevalence of individual species possibly can be estimated. The general ranking of the 10 most common cyathostome species was similar to those described in recent surveys of horses, suggesting that anthelmintic pressure does not affect the prevalence of most cyathostome species. The lack of anthelmintic treatment appeared not to affect prevalence rates for Anoplocephala perfoliata and Anoplocephala magna when compared to other studies. Conversely, prevalence rates for Strongylus spp., Triodontophorus spp., Craterostomum acuticaudatum, Oxyuris equi, and Parascaris equorum were higher than those reported for these species in recent studies of horses.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Chronic eosinophilic pancreatitis and ulcerative colitis in a horse.

A generalized debilitating disease in a horse was believed to be related to hypersensitivity to migrating strongyle larvae. The clinical signs included weight loss, diarrhea, and ulcers on all 4 coronary bands. The mare's condition deteriorated rapidly, so the mare was euthanatized and necropsied. The major histopathologic findings were chronic multifocal eosinophilic pancreatitis, hepatic portal fibrosis, biliary hyperplasia, and chronic ulcerative eosinophilic colitis. This case was similar to previously reported cases of chronic eosinophilic gastroenteritis in horses. Although the etiologic agent was not evident, the distribution and character of the lesions were consistent with a hypersensitivity response to migrating parasitic larvae, most probably Strongylus equinus.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Critical test evaluation of butamisole against gastrointestinal parasites of horses and ponies.

A critical test was performed to evaluate the anthelmintic properties of an injectable butamisole formulation and to compare the efficiency with that of a commercially available piperazine-thiabendazole anthelmintic. The test was done in 10 horses and 15 ponies with naturally acquired parasitic infections. Butamisole was administered at the dose level of 2.5 or 3.75 mg/kg of body weight by either subcutaneous or deep intramuscular injection. Given at the dose level of 2.5 mg/kg, butamisole was highly effective (99%) against Strongylus vulgaris and moderately effective (49%) against Parascaris equorum. At the 3.75 mg/kg dose rate, butamisole was highly effective against both S vulgaris (97%) and P equorum (94%). Butamisole had limited efficacy against other parasite species. Signs of toxicosis, long-term swelling of the injection sites, or tissue damage were not seen after injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Verminous enteritis and thrombo-embolic colic in the horse. A description of 36 cases (author's transl)].

Based upon case reports from 36 cases of verminous thrombosis of arteria mesenterica cranialis--all of which were verified at necropsy--clinical symptoms, course and pathological lesions are described. Seventy five per cent of the patients were under 3 years old, and 73% of the cases showed initial signs during the period July-December. Salient clinical findings were, unthrifty appearance and emaciation, diarrhoea--observed in two thirds of the patients--and colic--observed in 50 per cent of the cases. Haematological and biochemical findings were inconclusive, yet, hypoproteinaemia was a rather frequent finding. At necropsy, enteritis and/or typhlocolitis were observed in 29 horses of which 8 horses had superficial lesions, 7 horses hyperplastic lesions and 12 horses diphteroid/necrotizing lesions. Fourteen per cent of the horses had renal infarctions. The findings are discussed in relation to recent observations on the epidemiology of Strongylus vulgaris infection and comparisons are drawn to findings in a material of horses with non-parasitic enteritis.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Anthelmintic efficiency of fenbendazole in equines.

A single oral dose of fenbendazole (FBZ) at 10 mg/kg body mass was given to 5 donkeys. A further 5 donkeys were dosed with a medicated lick (1 mg FBZ/g lick) until the oral consumption was 10 mg/kg body mass. In both trials FBZ was highly effective against adults of the following genera: Cyathostomum, Cylicocyclus, Cylicostephanus, Cylicodontophorus, Poteriostomum, Cabellonema, Craterostomum and Triodontophorus; similarly high efficiency was obtained against the following species: Habronema majus, Habronema musca, Strongylus vulgaris and Oxyuris equi and worms identified as belonging to the subfamily Cyathostominae. These results were confirmed in horses and in addition FBZ at 10 mg/kg was highly effective against Gyalocephalus capitatus, Oesophagodontos robustus and Parascaris equorum.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Etiology and epizootiology of helminthiases on commercial sheep raising farm complexes].

Studies were carried out on the etiology of the helminth infections at three industrial sheep complexes typical of this country. The mixed gastrointestinal infection, having an urgent epizootiologic and economic importance, proved that of H. contortus, O. circumcincta, O. trifurcata, M. marshalli, T. colubriformis, T. axei, N. spathiger, N. fillicollis, C. oncophora, B. Trigonochephalum, S. papillosus, T. ovis, Ch. ovina, and O. venulosum. The seasonal and age dynamics of the general Strongylus infection was followed up. Well established were the postpartum phase in ewes and the spring phase in weaned lambs so far as ova excretion was concerned. In goat mulleriosis there was a typically runnung postpartum and spring phase in larvae excretion. Currently dangerous for replacement animals at the complexes was spring moniesiosis, caused by M. expansa, and the autumn one, caused by M. benedeni. High percent of infection and heavy parasite burdens were shown with the infection of S. papillosus during the warm months of the year, the course of which ran without clinical symptoms. Potentially dangerous were infections of D. filaria, Protostrongylus species, M. capillaris, D. lanceatum and F. hepatica. A scheme is suggested for chemoprophylactic treatments against the urgently dangerous infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Controlled tests of activity of ivermectin against natural infections of migratory large strongyles and other internal parasites of equids.

Four controlled tests (experiments A, B, C, and D) were conducted in naturally infected yearling equids to evaluate activity of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg IM) against migrating Strongylus vulgaris and S edentatus in mesenteric arteries and ventral abdominal wall, respectively. Data were also obtained on activity against other internal parasites of the gastrointestinal tract and eyeworms. The type and number of equids in the experiments were as follows: experiment A-3 ponies, 2 treated and 1 non-treated; experiment B-4 mixed-bred horses, 2 treated and 2 nontreated; experiment C-5 mixed-bred horses, 3 treated and 2 nontreated; experiment D-4 mixed-bred horses, 2 treated and 2 nontreated. Intervals between treatment and necropsy were 35 days in experiment A, 52 to 53 days in experiment B, 38 to 41 days in experiment C, and 45 days in experiment D. Efficacious killing of retroperitoneal forms of S edentatus in the ventral abdominal wall was obtained in the 4 experiments. Only dead worms or fragments were recovered from treated animals, while living 4th-stage and/or 5th-stage S edentatus was present in nontreated equids in each test. A similar killing effect on S vulgaris in cranial mesenteric arteries was recorded in 2 experiments (B and D); only 1 dead 5th-stage worm was found in 1 of the treated yearlings in experiment B, whereas living 4th- and 5th-stages of S vulgaris were found in the nontreated controls in both experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Nematode parasites of rodents in Malaysia. II. Trichostrongyloidea].

Many trichostrongyloid species parasitizing rodents in Malaysia were described in 1967 in a thesis that was never published. Some of these species have since been redescribed sometimes with, sometimes without reference to the thesis. The remaining species are redescribed using information given in the thesis and certain additional morphological data (in particular, the synlophe) taken from study of the paratypes. The species are reclassified according to criteria established in the most recent classification. The following genera are proposed: Brevistriatinae: - Macrostrongylus n. gen. characterized by a caudal bursa of Calypsostrongylus type and absence of synlophe. Nippostrongylinae: - Malaistrongylus n. gen. characterized by a synlophe of Heligmonoides type but with a larger number of ridges and by the fusion of rays 4 and 5 in the caudal bursa. - Rattus strongylus n. gen. characterized by small, subequal dorsal left ridges and a total number of ridges less than 20. - Sabanema n. gen. characterized by small subequal dorsal left ridges and a total number of ridges greater than 30. The species under consideration are the following: Hepatojarakus malayae Yeh, 1955; Pithecostrongylus bicapitatus n. sp. (= P. bicapitatus Ow Yang, 1967, in litt); Macrostrongylus ratti n. gen., n. sp. (= Macrostrongylus ratti Ow Yang, 1967, in litt.); Calypsostrongylus malayensis Durette-Desset, 1976 (= Brevistriata malayensis Ow Yang, 1967, in litt); Fissicauda callosciuri (Supperer et Kutzer, 1964); Fissicauda brevispicula n. sp. (= Brevistriata brevispicula Ow Yang, 1967, in litt.); Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Travassos, 1914); Orientostrongylus tenorai Durette-Desset, 1970 (= Longistriata selangora Ow Yang, 1967, in litt.); O. krishnansamyi Durette-Desset et Lim-Boo-Liat, 1974 (= Longistriata malaccae Ow Yang, 1967, in litt.); Heligmonoides bulbosus n. sp. (= Heligmonina (Heligmonoides) bulbosa Ow Yang, 1967, in litt.); Heligmonoides lanceolatus n. sp. (= Heligmonina (Heligmonoides) lanceolata Ow Yang 1967, in litt.); Malaistrongylus odontospicularis n. gen., n. sp. (= Malaistrongylus odontospicularis Ow Yang, 1967, in litt.); Paraheligmonelloides triangulus n. sp. (= Longistriata triangulum Ow Yang, 1967, in litt.); P. annandalei n. sp. (= Longistriata annandalei Ow Yang, 1967, in litt.); P. rajah n. sp. (= Heligmonina (Heligmonoides) rajah Ow Yang, 1967, in litt.); Rattustrongylus odontoconus n. gen., n. sp. (= Longistriata odontocona Ow Yang, 1967, in litt.); R. rotundoconus n. sp. (= Longistriata rotundocona Ow Yang, 1967, in litt.); Sabanema sabana n. gen., n. sp. (= Longistriata sabana Ow Yang, 1967, in litt.); S. kepongi n. sp. (= Longistriata kepongi Ow Yang,

Animals↗