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PubMed1989

Health care expenditure and other data.

This international compendium from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Secretariat contains available data for the 24 Member countries for 1960 through 1987. The Federal Republic of Germany is listed as Germany. Tables are presented for expenditure on health, health care pricing trends, social protection and public participation, utilization of medical services and available personnel resources, selected variations in common medical care practice, selected health status indicators, and demographic and general economic background data. There may be some inconsistencies between the data presented in the articles in this issue and those in this data compendium. The articles were based on earlier versions of the Health Data File. As a result, revisions to the data in a number of countries, including Canada, France, Germany, and Italy, are not reflected in the articles. However, the changes are relatively minor and do not affect the results presented in the articles in any substantive way.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Methodology of studying health based on population register].

Morbidity among the Moscow population receiving medical care at clinical hospital No. 85 and among workers, particularly those occupationally exposed to harmful factors, has been studied using an original system of automated processing of medical statistical information. The structure and incidence of the major groups of diseases has been studied in comparison with the mean data for Moscow. Total morbidity of adults and adolescents in 1998 was 1408/1000, which is close to the level for the whole Moscow (1396/1000). Morbidity among men was 1249/1000, which is lower than among women (1595/1000), while the incidence of diseases with temporary disability, primary invalidity, and mortality are higher among men. Population health is better in a relatively closed and socially protected population attached to a single institution in Moscow than in Russia in general; specifically, the incidence of infectious diseases and injuries is lower.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Evaluation of a new form of care: the permanently maintained health care facility at the university hospital center in Nantes].

Considering the consequences of social instability within the health care system has become a public health priority. Each public hospital center in France is obliged to create a unit for welcoming impoverished and vulnerable people (Permanently Maintained Health Care Facilities). The university hospital in Nantes opened a socio-medical out-patient consultation service in November 1999 with the main objective being to bring these patients back into the usual ambulatory care system. The evaluation of the first few months of its operation reveals that one out of every two patients is a young person with a low-income and without any social protection. The possibilities of reorientation towards the regular care system are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Law No. 92 creating a Fund for Childhood Development, 4 May 1988.

This law creates in Ecuador a Fund for Childhood Development designed to finance aid programs for children that expand the attention given to their needs and improve the quality of services. The fund is to be financed from a variety of sources including a tax on salaries, petroleum, and lotteries. The Fund is to be administered by the National Child and Family Institute.

Americas↗
PubMed1988

Decree No. 15-88, February 1988.

This Decree approves the Plan of Operations entered into by the Government of Honduras and the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) with respect to women and children for the years 1987-91. The general objective of the Plan is to monitor and improve the situation of women and children in Honduras by means of providing the following services: 1) early attention to and development of children; 2) basic services for rural women and children; and 3) intersectoral social planning and promotion of infancy. Among the specific services to be provided are literacy training and adult education for women, infant nutrition, and programs of social support for women and children. Further provisions of the Decree set forth the details of the Plan for the year 1987, as well as provisions on past agreements between the Government of Honduras and UNICEF, monitoring and evaluation, and the contributions of the Government of Honduras and UNICEF, among other things. UNICEF's contribution is US$1,465,000.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Public Law 100-505, Abandoned Infants Assistance Act of 1988, 18 October 1988.

This Act does the following, among other things, with respect to foster care and residential care of infants and young children abandoned in hospitals. It authorizes the US Secretary of Health and Human Services (the Secretary) to make grants to public and nonprofit private entities for demonstration projects to: 1) prevent the abandonment of infants and young children; 2) identify and address the needs of abandoned infants and young children, particularly those with AIDS; 3) assist them, particularly those with AIDS, to reside with their natural families or in foster families, as appropriate; 4) recruit, train, and retain foster families; 5) carry out residential care programs; 6) carry out respite care programs for families and foster families of infants and children with AIDS; and 7) recruit and train health and social services personnel to work with such families and residential programs. It also directs the Secretary to conduct a study to determine an estimate of: 1) the number of infants and young children abandoned in hospitals in the United States and the number of such infants who have AIDS and 2) the annual costs incurred by Federal, State, and local governments in providing housing and care for such infants and young children. It directs the Secretary, within 12 months after enactment of this Act, to complete such study and report the findings to the Congress. It directs the Secretary to conduct a study to determine the most effective methods for responding to the needs of abandoned infants and young children and it directs the Secretary, by April 1, 1991, to complete such study and report the findings to the Congress.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Public Law 100-360, Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988, 1 July 1988.

This Act significantly expands the US Medicare program of health care to the aged and disabled. Among the changes that it makes are the following: 1) eliminating the time limit on the number of days of inpatient hospital and hospice care covered; 2) increasing nursing home care to 150 days; 3) reducing deductibles and copayments for hospital and nursing home care; 4) establishing coverage for respite-care (up to 80 hours per year), mammography screening, and outpatient prescription drugs; and 5) lowering the income level below which persons must be covered by Medicaid. The Act also creates the US Bipartisan Commission on Comprehensive Health Care to examine issues related to comprehensive health care and comprehensive longterm health care for the aged and disabled. The changes in Medicaid are to be paid for by additional premiums on persons enrolled in Medicaid, determined in part by income level.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Law on the reception and accommodation of refugees, 12 December 1988.

This Law provides that localities have the duty of receiving and accommodating asylum applicants and that the Ministry of the Interior is to determine how many applicants for each inhabitant must be received. Under the law, the Government of Baden-Wuertemberg is to reimburse to social care agencies 90% of legally mandated support payments; the costs of social advice and care of up to 250 DM per refugee per year, including assistance in daily life, in becoming accustomed to the Federal Republic, in leaving the country, and in learning German; the necessary costs of accommodation; and the costs of other social benefits. The Government is also to reimburse the localities for administrative costs of up to 300 DM per refugee per year and the necessary costs of creating accommodations.

Demography↗
PubMed1976

[Industrial therapy 1975 (author's transl)].

The transition to industrial therapy following a preparatory period in a handicraft work therapeutic unit constitutes for the patients a decisive step from rehabilitation in a hospital to other rehabilitation facilities. Described are work principles, time of practice, payment, projects, social protection of labour, patients, working time, transitional period, assessment, theoretical instruction and work under real working conditions.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Medical-demographic and social-economic aspects in the emergence of families with few children].

A 10-year prospective study was undertaken of a category of 957 families, who emerged in 1990-1992, for the purpose of defining the factors influencing the shaping of few-children families: 276 (28.8%) of them had few children, 558 (58.4%), had an average number of children and 123 (12.8%) had many children during the mentioned time span. According to the results, a set of factors was defined accountable for few-children families with the key of them being: duration of education (34.1 and 40.2% for female and male, respectively); marriage age exceeding 25 years (47.1 and 51.1%); an unsatisfactory health state of marital partners and of their children, a high rate of divorces ((40.6%); poor material and dwelling conditions (69.6%); a low standard of social protection etc.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Population aging. Current issues].

The aging process of the population, obviously in developed countries, involves many socio-economic and political changes. This demographic trend is due to the decreasing of birth rate and fertility rate on one hand, and, on the other hand, to the decrease of crude mortality and infant mortality rate. These mean that the rising proportion of the old people is greater cause of concern, because most of these people require considerable support, frequently in institutions, and often at public expense. Taking demographic data and trends as the starting point, the society has to focus on social protection and health policies in order to improve the quality of life for the elderly.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Formation of radiation and involution cataracts in man exposed to radiation].

An ophthalmologic follow-up of subjects exposed to chronic total external gamma-irradiation (747 subjects) and to gamma-neutron irradiation (1083 subjects) in total doses of 1 to 10 Gy has revealed no cases of radiation involvement of the eyes. Besides, a group of 8 patients with a history of acute radiation sickness were followed up, who were exposed to external gamma-neutron irradiation in total doses of 4 to 9.8 Gy. All these patients developed radiation burns of the skin of the face and eyelids, eyelashes and eyebrows epilation, 6 of these radiation cataracts and 2 mixed-type cataracts (radiation involutional ones). Radiation cataracts were developing within 10-32 months (the first stage). A forty-years' follow-up of the formation of radiation and involution cataracts permitted the authors single out the pathogenetic differences between these types and use these data for the solution of expert evaluation problems and problems related to social protection of people with acute radiation injuries of the eyes. The authors' results and the literature data evidence that, with due consideration for the irradiation dose and the patient's age, one can predict the type of a would-be cataract, periods of its formation and progress, and the treatment strategy.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The Progressive Era.

The American College of Dentists was founded in 1920 for the purpose of encouraging young dentists to continue study and to apply science to their practices. This ideal emerged in the Progressive Era, which lasted roughly from 1895 to 1920. The animating spirit of this period was that the human condition could be improved and that the way to achieve this was through science and the use of experts working together. The Progressive Era saw inventions, such as automobiles and airplanes, telephone and radio, that required mass production and brought people together. It also spawned many political and legislative innovations that we now take for granted. Among these are the Food and Drug Administration, the Department of Commerce, and the Federal Trade Commission. Workers' compensation and other social protections were introduced, as were city commissions; the income tax; women's suffrage; and initiative, referendum, and recall. Medicine, for the first time, became an effective way to treat disease as it developed a scientific foundation.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1990

The role of human genetics in society: implications for legal involvement.

The tools and techniques of human genetics are very much part of medicine in the 1990s and beyond. Man's motivation for self improvement has been an integral part of his make-up since time immemorial. The human desire for preserving the fittest and weeding out the worst remains the same since stone-age man practised castration, coitus interruptus, mechanical contraception, urethral surgery, abortion, infanticide, infant cannibalism, delayed lactation and geronticide. During the intervening centuries there have been scores of attempts to develop dream states; at forced mass migration, or to protect social order by casting out the unwanted under various guises. For the first time we are catching a glimpse of the possibility of significantly altering our genetic constitution, supplying us with the tools to realize very deep seated instincts, but without adequate knowledge of all the dangers. It is foreseen that the law has an important contribution in maintaining the balance between seemingly conflicting interests of the individual, the community, the state and genetic research scientists. There is a need for pro-active involvement in the author's opinion.

Eugenics↗
PubMed1990

[Family health and responsible paternity: Chile's experience 1965-1988].

In 1965 the Chilean government incorporated fertility regulation policies to the national health programs. The aim was to promote responsible parenthood and family welfare, reducing the number of clandestine abortions and the associated maternal and infant mortality. These decreased to 1.7 per 1000 and 18.5 per 1000 respectively around 1987. Even though demographic control was not a purpose of the program, global fertility rate decreased to 2.4%, birth rate to 22.3% and the population growth and dependency rates to 1.7% and 0.58%, respectively. After 25 years, the program may be considered successful and associated to a general improvement in health conditions in Chile. Social protection programs are needed in many cases to further improve family welfare.

Chile↗
PubMed1990

[20th anniversary of the Federal Society of Rehabilitation--retrospect-outlook].

The impetus for founding the Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft für Rehabilitation BAR (Federal Rehabilitation Council) had been the will of the social partners that the coordination found to be indispensable in the rehabilitation field should be brought about and safeguarded in the long run while preserving the rights of self-government. Founded February 6, 1969 as a voluntary association of all branches of the social protection system, the Federal Rehabilitation Council already in 1970 presented principles for harmonization of services and benefits as well as for cooperation among the rehabilitation administrations involved, pointing out perspectives for benefitting from the advantages of the structured system and overcoming its disadvantages. In retrospect, it is notably the harmonization agreements (Gesamtvereinbarungen) concluded at BAR-level and the various standards presented that document its successful work. Voluntarily agreed on by the various rehabilitation administrations, these rules and regulations for harmonization are fully in line with the legislator's intentions in this respect, and are recognized to have obviated governmental action. The range of future tasks of the Federal Rehabilitation Council will in particular be moulded by the changing disease spectrum on account of the increase of chronic conditions as well as by demographic changes due to a growing number of old people. Both factors require new approaches in the field of integration of disabled persons, ranging from increased efforts to implement community-based rehabilitation, to needs-based concepts in psychosocial counselling. Like in other areas, research and teaching will have to come to an even closer dialogue with practice in rehabilitation, too.

Persons with Disabilities↗