Double-aspect perception and social interest.
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “Social Perception”
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Perceptions of social desirability and frequency of occurrence of traits and the probability that the traits will be endorsed.
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Analysis of Variance↗
Job satisfaction and perception of social climate in a mental health facility.
21 members of a staff process group at a mental health treatment and research center were administered the Job Descriptive Index and the Work Environmental Scale once a month for a 3-mo. period. A two-day analysis of variance (job satisfaction x time) was computed for each of the 10 subscales. The three administrations did not significantly vary on any of the dimensions, nor were significant interaction effects found. Subjects high in satisfaction significantly differed from those who scored low on the dimensions of involvement and peer cohesion, staff support, autonomy, and innovation. However, no significant differences were found on the dimensions of task orientation, work pressure, clarity, control, or physical comfort. Results were discussed in terms of the importance of the variables, relationship and responsibility, to job satisfaction in a mental health setting.
Hospitals, Psychiatric↗
Sex, hypermasculinity, and hyperfemininity in perception of social cues in neutral interactions.
Sexual coercion is a prevalent problem on U.S. college campuses. One potential avenue by which it may occur is the misinterpretation of social cues, and such misperception may be mediated by extreme sex role adherence, i.e., hypermasculinity and hyperfemininity. 62 undergraduate students viewed a film of a neutral interaction between a college-aged man and woman. Subsequently, participants indicated which behaviors they remembered the opposite-sex actor performing, offered a prediction as to the outcome of the scenario and what they would do had they been in a similar situation, and then completed either the Hypermasculinity Inventory or the Hyperfemininity Scale. Scores on the former correlated negatively with recall accuracy, and men indicated that they were more likely to date and have sex with the actress than women reported being likely to date or have sex with the actor. Women reported a high perceived likelihood of dating the actor coupled with the expectation that he would have sex with the actress. Likewise, women expected to be sexually coerced by the actor had they been in a similar situation. Social implications of these findings and possible research are discussed.
Adult↗
Accuracy in interpersonal perception: a social relations analysis.
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Humans↗
Social functioning and delinquency: a return to basics.
Studies of social functioning among delinquent samples have traditionally looked at social performance skills and various aspects of social cognition. The social skills model proposed by Argyle and Kendon (1967) offers one way to understand the inter-relationships between these various components of social functioning. The present study is a preliminary attempt, with a delinquent sample, to examine the association between social cognition and social performance. In keeping with previous studies, the findings showed overall that the social functioning of the delinquent sample showed a degree of disadvantage. Sex offenders did not differ from non-sex offenders on any of the measures. However, while social perception scores correlated with social performance scores; scores on a social problem-solving task did not correlate with either social perception or social performance. The implications of the study for future methodology and theory are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Social cue perception in Japanese schizophrenic patients.
Although abnormal social cue perception in schizophrenia is thought to be a factor in impairing the acquisition of social skills, there have been no studies on social cue perception in Japanese schizophrenics. In order to clarify the characteristics of social cue perception in Japanese schizophrenic patients, 46 schizophrenics and 41 normal controls were presented 12 videotaped vignettes of interpersonal situations, and then they were asked true-false questions about the interaction viewed. Additionally, schizophrenics were administered the Bech version of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. The results showed that the schizophrenic group showed a poorer performance on the cue recognition task than the normal group, and in particular, schizophrenics exhibiting false alarm errors were seen more often than schizophrenics exhibiting omission errors. This suggests that false recognition of information that does not actually exist in social situation is an important characteristic of social cue perception in schizophrenic patients. The false alarm rates on the cue recognition task in schizophrenics were related to the severity of positive-thought disorder, but not to that of negative symptoms. There was no significant relationship between the omission error rates and the two symptom scores in schizophrenics. Faulty cue recognition and positive-thought disorder may be due to a common factor.
Adult↗
Cognitive correlates to social cue perception in schizophrenia.
Previous research has examined social skill learning in schizophrenic patients in relation to information-processing deficits and psychiatric symptoms. Relationships were examined in the current report between social cue perception, thought to be an early and necessary component of skill learning, and various information-processing deficits and psychiatric symptoms. Twenty-six inpatients with DSM-III-R diagnoses of schizophrenia completed measures of social cue perception, cognitive functioning, and psychiatric symptoms. Results showed that cue perception was significantly related to measures of early visual processing, recognition memory, and psychiatric symptoms of withdrawal/retardation. Implications of these findings for future research into the social-perceptual deficits of schizophrenic patients are discussed.
Adult↗
Social support, perceptions of attractiveness, weight, and the CPI in socially anxious males and females.
To see how socially anxious people function in a number of domains, Watson and Friend's (1969) Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SAD) was administered to 101 undergraduates along with the California Personality Inventory (CPI) and the Psychosocial Support Inventory (PSI), a measure of social support. Additionally, a perceived attractiveness measure and various measures related to being overweight were taken. SAD scores correlated significantly in a negative direction with 13 of the 18 CPI scales, and those with high SAD scores had poorer social support networks. High SAD scores also were related to the perception of being overweight, but not to perceived physical attractiveness or to actually being overweight. Gender differences showed that females had more intimate social interactions and that socially anxious females relied more on their family for social support than did other people. Overall, the results suggested that the socially anxious person may have deficits in a variety of personal and interpersonal domains.
Adult↗
Social categorization and perceptual judgment of size: when perception is social.
Social knowledge may affect not only people's thoughts and judgments but also their actual perceptions of physical magnitude. The physical magnitude of a stimulus is perceived in a relative way, comparing the magnitude of the target with surrounding context stimuli. Because similar objects invite comparison processes more easily than dissimilar objects ("similarity breeds comparability"), social knowledge can affect judgments of physical magnitude by determining what is perceived as (dis) similar. In Experiment 1, the authors show that social categorizations that are based on physical cues (e.g., gender) may affect the magnitude of perceptual contrast effects (the Ebbinghaus illusion). More important, in Experiment 2, the influence of social categorizations that have no physical bases is shown to affect the magnitude of perceptual contrast effects. Implications of these findings for theories of social knowledge effects are discussed.
Attention↗
Perceptions of social support in doctoral programs among minority students.
This study examined the perceptions of social support reported by 70 African-American, 44 Hispanic, 20 Native-American, and 69 Asian-American doctoral students (N = 203) concerning their experiences in graduate school. The Doctoral Student Survey was used to measure the levels and types of social support provided. One-way analysis of variance of mean scores indicated that a majority of doctoral students perceived the academic environment on campus and faculty advisers to be strong sources of social support, while perceiving the social environment on campus as unsupportive of their progress. The African-American and Native-American doctoral students perceived the social environment on campus to be less supportive than did the Hispanic and Asian-American doctoral students, and Native-American doctoral students perceived their departments to be less supportive than did the African-American, Hispanic, and Asian-American doctoral students.
Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
[Specifics of cognitive behavioral therapy in schizophrenia. Integrated program of psychological therapy].
According to the authors, information processing disorders contribute essentially to the vulnerability of the schizophrenic patient. Attentional/perceptual and cognitive disorders exert a pervasive influence on more complex levels of overt behavior in schizophrenia. Conversely, behavioral deficits influence cognitive functioning as well. Psychosocial rehabilitation of patients with schizophrenia must therefore address the impact of disordered attentional/perceptual and conceptual processes and their integrating organization on behavior as well as the effects of behavioral dysfunctions on cognition. The Integrated Psychological Treatment Program (IPT) for schizophrenic patients provides means of addressing these interactions. The designation "integrated" implies that the treatment is directed at cognitive disorders as well as behavioral/social deficits by using highly structured interventions, and is carried out with "reality-oriented" material. This treatment approach has been developed by Brenner and al., since 1976. The original IPT includes five subprograms: Cognitive Differentiation, Social Perception, Verbal Communication, Social Skills and Interpersonal Problem Solving. Patients first work on improving disordered basic cognitive functions in the Cognitive Differentiation subprogram. Exercises are directed at impairments in attentional/perceptual and conceptual processes. Mastery of this subprogram leads to the Social Perception subprogram, which aims at disturbances in processes of stimulus discrimination and interpretation on perceiving and assessing social interactions. The Verbal Communication subprogram follows successful completion of the previous subprograms and trains associative-semantic processes as well as basic skills necessary for conversation. In the Social Skills subprogram, interpersonal behaviors and self-instructions required for gaining instrumental and emotional aims are taught.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Affective Symptoms↗
Aggressive boys' hostile perceptual and response biases: the role of attention and impulsivity.
The present study addressed whether (1) aggressive boys show hostile biases or general deficits in social perception, (2) aggressive boys' social perceptual difficulties also characterize isolate and isolate-aggressive children, (3) aggressive, isolate, and isolate-aggressive boys' social perceptual difficulties are attributable to inattention and impulsivity, and (4) aggressive and nonaggressive boys differ in the links between social perception and proposed behavioral responses. Aggressive boys demonstrated hostile biases, but not general deficits, in intention-cue detection relative to average-status boys. Isolate-aggressive boys resembled aggressive boys in social perception, whereas isolate boys showed mild deficits relative to average-status boys. Although isolates' general deficits were predominantly accounted for by inattention and impulsivity, aggressives' and isolate-aggressives' hostile biases remained after these problems were statistically controlled. The aggressive groups proposed aggressive responses much more frequently than the nonaggressive groups following intentions perceived as nonhostile. Measures corresponding to several stages of Dodge's social information processing model discriminated the aggressive from nonaggressive groups, thus providing support for this model.
Aggression↗
Psychosocial factors related to the correspondence of recipient and provider perceptions of social support among patients diagnosed with or at risk for malignant melanoma.
This study examined considered perceptions of social support and factors contributing to increased support among 18 patients diagnosed with or at risk for malignant melanoma and their partners. Partner support, perceived stress, emotional approach coping and partner empathy were evaluated. Results showed lack of correspondence between patient and partner reports of support. Greater correspondence between reports was associated with increased patient emotional approach coping. Partners reported increased empathy following the patients' diagnoses and more perceived stress than patients. Patients indicated greater use of emotional approach coping than their partners. Male partners reported engaging in less emotional expression than female partners. Interventions might incorporate partner participation to resolve misperceptions of support and to foster factors that promote increased support.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Working models of attachment shape perceptions of social support: evidence from experimental and observational studies.
Two studies examined the association between attachment style and perceptions of social support. Study 1 (N = 95 couples) used an experimental paradigm to manipulate social support in the context of a stressful task. Insecure participants (anxious and avoidant) who received low-support messages appraised these messages more negatively, rated a prior behavioral interaction with their partner as having been less supportive, and performed significantly worse at their task compared with secure participants. Study 2 (N = 153 couples) used a similar paradigm except that partners were allowed to send genuine support messages. Insecure participants (especially fearful) perceived their partners' messages as less supportive, even after controlling for independent ratings of the messages and relationship-specific expectations. These studies provide evidence that individuals are predisposed to appraise their support experiences in ways that are consistent with their chronic working models of attachment, especially when the support message is ambiguous.
Adult↗
Social and language skills in adolescent boys with Asperger syndrome.
Twenty-one adolescent boys with Asperger syndrome and 21 boys matched on age and an estimate of IQ were assessed using standardized measures of social perception (Child and Adolescent Social Perception Measure, CASP), social skills (parent, teacher, and student forms of the Social Skills Rating System, SSRS), number of close friends and frequency of contact (Child Behavior Checklist) and expressive and receptive language (Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Revised). There were significant differences between groups on CASP scores, SSRS scores, number of friends, frequency of contact and social competence. There was also a significant difference on receptive language. The clinically and statistically significant differences between the groups on the measures of social skills help us understand the nature of the social deficits in Asperger syndrome and suggest the need to focus on specific deficits. These findings are discussed in relation to diagnostic criteria and intervention.
Adolescent↗
Objectivity in the eye of the beholder: divergent perceptions of bias in self versus others.
Important asymmetries between self-perception and social perception arise from the simple fact that other people's actions, judgments, and priorities sometimes differ from one's own. This leads people not only to make more dispositional inferences about others than about themselves (E. E. Jones & R. E. Nisbett, 1972) but also to see others as more susceptible to a host of cognitive and motivational biases. Although this blind spot regarding one's own biases may serve familiar self-enhancement motives, it is also a product of the phenomenological stance of naive realism. It is exacerbated, furthermore, by people's tendency to attach greater credence to their own introspections about potential influences on judgment and behavior than they attach to similar introspections by others. The authors review evidence, new and old, of this asymmetry and its underlying causes and discuss its relation to other psychological phenomena and to interpersonal and intergroup conflict.
Attitude↗
Changes in interpersonal perceptions following social interaction.
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Humans↗