[The treatment of vasomotor headache with secale alkaloids].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Ergot Alkaloids↗
SEARCH · Search PubMed
Results for “Secale”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
[Observations of the development of ergot claviceps purpurea Tul. on mountain rye Secale montanum Guss].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Ascomycota↗
[The non-specific pharmacodynamic action of certain alkaloids of Secale cornutum (ergotaminum hydrotartaricum, DH-ergotoxine, ergometriunum maleicum) in chronic treatment on genital tract reactivity].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animals↗
[Chemical and nutritional evaluation of triticale (Secale sp.) cultivated in Chile].
Six varieties of triticale and two varieties of wheat flours were analyzed for their proximal composition. The protein content of triticale flours ranged from 7.2 to 11.0%, and that of wheat flours, was 10.8 and 10.9%, respectively. The biological quality of Tca 8-74, measured as PER in Wistar rats, was 1.14, while that of commercial wheat flour was 0.85 (P less than 0.05). Amino acid supplementation of triticale flour with 0.2% L-lysine or 0.4% DL-threonine did not improve the biological quality of the protein. Supplementation with both amino acids, however, significantly improved both weight gain and PER. The value for the latter was 2.59 as compared to 2.62 for the standard casein diet. A panification assay was carried out using triticale, wheat and triticale: wheat blends in the following proportions: 1:0; 3:1; 1:1; 1:3; 0:1, and all of the breads were tested for their PER in rats. The PER for wheat bread and triticale bread was 1.05 and 1.25, respectively. None of the breads made from the wheat and triticale blends improved its protein quality beyond that of the wheat or triticale breads. The results of this study indicate that triticale has a better protein quality than wheat; furthermore, it may be used either alone or mixed with wheat in panification without affecting its protein value.
Amino Acids, Essential↗
Origin and genetic structure of feral rye in the western United States.
Feral rye (Secale cereale) is a serious, introduced weed of dry land agricultural regions of the western United States. It closely resembles cultivated cereal rye (Secale cereale cereale L.) with the exception of having a shattering seed head. Feral rye may have originated from hybridization of cultivated rye with mountain rye, Secale strictum, as past studies of northern Californian populations suggest, or directly from volunteer cultivated rye. We characterized the genetic structure of feral rye populations across a broad geographical range and reexamined evidence for hybrid origin versus direct evolution from domesticated cultivars. Eighteen feral populations were examined from three climatically distinct regions in the western United States. Seven cultivars, four mountain rye accessions, and one wild annual relative (Secale cereale ancestrale) were included in our analysis as possible progenitors of feral rye. Individual plants were scored for 14 allozyme and three microsatellite loci. Estimates of genetic diversity in feral populations were relatively high compared to those of the possible progenitors, suggesting that the weed had not undergone a genetic bottleneck. Weed populations had no geographical structure at either a broad or a local scale, suggesting idiosyncratic colonization and gene-flow histories at each site. Feral rye populations were no more closely related to mountain rye than cultivars were. They were, however, weakly clustered as a distinct lineage relative to cultivars. Our results do not support an interspecific hybrid origin for feral rye, but do suggest that the sampled populations of feral rye share a common ancestry that may explain its weedy nature.
Alleles↗
The relation between pairing preference and chiasma frequency in tetrasomics of rye.
The association pattern of marked tetrasomes of Secale chromosome 1R at meiotic first metaphase was analyzed. Two of the four chromosomes were identical with terminal C-bands at both arms; the other two were also identical but lacked C-bands and were homologous or homeologous with the first two. Four different types of heterozygotes for 1R were studied: (i). autotetraploid hybrids between genetic variants within Secale cereale subsp. cereale, (ii). tetraploid hybrids between subspecies of Secale cereale, (iii). tetraploid hybrids between species of Secale, and (iv). autotetrasomes of S. cereale in a wheat background. Earlier observations that heterozygous associations (banded with unbanded) had consistently higher chiasma frequencies than homozygous associations were extended and confirmed. To analyze this phenomenon more closely, the possible relations between this correlation and several other meiotic phenomena were studied. For this analysis, three genetically different autotetraploid hybrids within S. cereale were selected that differed with respect to the relation between pairing type and chiasma frequency. Special attention was given to different patterns of interference and other meiotic phenomena in the two chromosome arms of chromosome 1R. No relations between such phenomena and the relation between pairing type and chiasma frequency could be established. A hypothesis is formulated assuming that long-distance homologue attraction is concentrated in a limited number of sites and that in different genotypes, different patterns of active sites are present. Moderately weak attraction sites can pair with strong homologous sites under favorable genetic conditions, but two weak sites cannot. Then, heterozygotes have more effective pairing initiation and consequently chiasma formation than homozygotes. Under less favorable conditions, only strong sites are effective, and then, homozygotes pair better, but the chiasma frequency is lower. A model of the forces involved in homologue attraction is presented.
Chromosome Banding↗
Phytotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the existing evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of phytotherapeutic compounds used to treat men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). DESIGN: Randomized trials were identified searching MEDLINE (1966--1997), EMBASE, Phytodok, the Cochrane Library, bibliographies of identified trials and review articles, and contact with relevant authors and drug companies. The studies were included if men had symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia, the intervention was a phytotherapeutic preparation alone or combined, a control group received placebo or other pharmacologic therapies for BPH, and the treatment duration was at least 30 days. Key data were extracted independently by two investigators. RESULTS: A total of 44 studies of six phytotherapeutic agents (Serenoa repens, Hypoxis rooperi, Secale cereale, Pygeum africanum, Urtica dioica, Curcubita pepo) met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Many studies did not report results in a method allowing meta-analysis. Serenoa repens, extracted from the saw palmetto, is the most widely used phytotherapeutic agent for BPH. A total of 18 trials involving 2939 men were reviewed. Compared with men receiving placebo, men taking Serenoa repens reported greater improvement of urinary tract symptoms and flow measures. Serenoa repens decreased nocturia (weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.76 times per evening; 95% CI = -1.22 to -0.32; n = 10 studies) and improved peak urine flow (WMD = 1.93 ml s(-1); 95% CI = 0.72 to 3.14, n = 8 studies). Men treated with Serenoa repens rated greater improvement of their urinary tract symptoms versus men taking placebo (risk ratio of improvement = 1.72; 95% CI = 1.21 to 2.44, n = 8 studies). Improvement in symptoms of BPH was comparable to men receiving the finasteride. Hypoxis rooperi (n = 4 studies, 519 men) was also demonstrated to be effective in improving symptom scores and flow measures compared with placebo. For the two studies reporting the International Prostate Symptom Score, the WMD was -4.9 IPSS points (95% CI = -6.3 to -3.5, n = 2 studies) and the WMD for peak urine flow was 3.91 ml s(-1) (95% CI = 0.91 to 6.90, n = 4 studies). Secale cereale (n = 4 studies, 444 men) was found to modestly improve overall urological symptoms. Pygeum africanum (n = 17 studies, 900 men) may be a useful treatment option for BPH. However, review of the literature has found inadequate reporting of outcomes which currently limit the ability to estimate its safety and efficacy. The studies involving Urtica dioica and Curcubita pepo are limited although these agents may be effective combined with other plant extracts such as Serenoa and Pygeum. Adverse events due to phytotherapies were reported to be generally mild and infrequent. CONCLUSIONS: Randomized studies of Serenoa repens, alone or in combination with other plant extracts, have provided the strongest evidence for efficacy and tolerability in treatment of BPH in comparison with other phytotherapies. Serenoa repens appears to be a useful option for improving lower urinary tract symptoms and flow measures. Hypoxis rooperi and Secale cereale also appear to improve BPH symptoms although the evidence is less strong for these products. Pygeum africanum has been studied extensively but inadequate reporting of outcomes limits the ability to conclusively recommend it. There is no convincing evidence supporting the use of Urtica dioica or Curcubita pepo alone for treatment of BPH. Overall, phytotherapies are less costly, well tolerated and adverse events are generally mild and infrequent. Future randomized controlled trials using standardized preparations of phytotherapeutic agents with longer study durations are needed to determine their long-term effectiveness in the treatment of BPH.
Humans↗
Distance indices in a comparison between the A, D, I and R genomes of the Triticeae tribe.
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of shoot proteins was used to study the relationships between Triticum, Secale, and Hordeum. A high level of polymorphism was found among the 1275 spots scored: only 198 spots were found common to all. But, under the hypothesis that only allelic variations were observed, the mean number of alleles per locus was only two. Phenograms were built from different distance indices. All of them showed Triticum genomes A and D close to each other, Hordeum far from the Triticum cluster, and Secale at an intermediate position. A discussion on the use of various distance indices is presented.
Chromosome Mapping↗
Molecular diversification of tandemly organized DNA sequences and heterochromatic chromosome regions in some Triticeae species.
The subtelomeric heterochromatin of rye (Secale cereale) chromosomes makes up 12-18% of the genome and consists largely of a small number of tandemly organized DNA sequence families. The genomic organization, chromosomal locations and the structural organization of monomer units of the major DNA sequences from these regions were investigated and compared in other Triticeae species from the genera Secale, Agropyron, Dasypyrum, Triticum and Hordeum. Southern hybridization and polymerase chain reaction analysis established that all studied species preserve the tandem type of sequence organization but the copy number is altered drastically between species. In the pSc200 family, a fraction of the tandem arrays is present with a head-to-head orientation of dimers in S. cereale and S. montanum. Members of the same family are more heterogeneous and present as head-to-head monomers in the Dasypyrum species and A. cristatum. In situ hybridization demonstrates different organization of the sequence families in the various species: pSc200 and pSc250 are concentrated in major blocks at the ends of most rye chromosome arms, whereas they are more dispersed and in smaller blocks in Dasypyrum and Agropyron, indicating that accumulation is not simply due to the sequence itself. In contrast to rye, D. villisum has large blocks of only pSc200 whereas D. breviaristatum shows greater amplification of pSc250. These data indicate that each repetitive family is an independent unit of evolution, and suggest that the two Dasypyrum species are not closely related. The data are discussed in terms of existing evolutionary models for repetitive DNA sequences. The contribution of random events, through molecular drive and selection, to the evolution of heterochromatic regions is considered.
Chromosomes↗
Identification of sterility-inducing cytoplasms in rye using the plasmotype-genotype interaction test and newly developed SCAR markers.
A series of 25 rye (Secale cereale L.) inbred lines was tested with respect to three mitochondrial sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) polymorphisms. The analysis revealed a close association between the marker-determined mitotypes and plasmotypes (cytoplasm types known from breeding data) represented by the inbreds. The mitochondrial markers also confirmed normal (N-) cytoplasmic character of three wild rye species: Secale montanum, S. vavilovii and S. kuprijanovii. For 186 plants from open-pollinated cultivars of Turkish and South American origin, cytoplasm identification was performed with the use of crossing with double non-restoring tester. In 77 plants the normal (N) cytoplasm was detected, and for 63 of these the PCR analysis was performed producing results which were consistent with the genetic data based on testcrossing and phenotype assessment. The mitochondrial markers also confirmed a presence of sterility-inducing cytoplasm in the remaining 109 plants. Moreover, the markers allowed for differentiation between Pampa (P-) and Vavilovii (V-) cytoplasmic individuals. For 60 plants the latter results were verified using crosses with a line maintaining P-cytoplasmic sterility and acting as a restorer of the V-cytoplasm. For two of these plants contradicting results were produced with the applied methods of cytoplasm identification and the basis of this discrepancy is discussed. Regardless of the identification method, widespread occurrence of a sterility-inducing cytoplasm was revealed, especially in South American populations.
Cytoplasm↗
A new aluminum tolerance gene located on rye chromosome arm 7RS.
Rye has one of the most efficient groups of genes for aluminum tolerance (Alt) among cultivated species of Triticeae. This tolerance is controlled by, at least, three independent and dominant loci (Alt1, Alt2, and Alt3) located on chromosome arms 6RS, 3RS, and 4RL, respectively. The segregation of Alt genes and several random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Secale cereale inter-microsatellite (SCIM), and Secale cereale microsatellite (SCM) markers in three F(2) between a tolerant cultivar (Ailés) and a non-tolerant inbred line (Riodeva) were studied. The segregation ratio obtained for aluminum tolerance in the three F(2) populations analyzed was 3:1 (tolerant:non-tolerant), indicating that tolerance is controlled by one dominant locus. SCIM811(1376) was linked to an Alt gene in the three F(2) populations studied, and three different SCIMs and one RAPD (SCIM811(1376), SCIM812(626), SCIM812(1138), and OPQ4(725)) were linked to the Alt gene in two F(2) populations. This result indicated that the same Alt gene was segregating in the three crosses. SCIM819(1434) and OPQ4(578) linked to the tolerance gene in one F(2) population were located using wheat-rye ditelosomic addition lines on the 7RS chromosome arm. The Alt locus is mapped between SCIM819(1434) and the OPQ4(578) markers. Two microsatellite loci (SCM-40 and SCM-86), previously located on chromosome 7R, were also linked to the Alt gene. Therefore, the Alt gene segregating in these F(2) populations is new and probably could be orthologous to the Alt genes located on wheat chromosome arm 4DL, on barley chromosome arm 4HL, on rye chromosome arm 4RL, and rice chromosome 3. This new Alt gene located on rye chromosome arm 7RS was named Alt4. A map of rye chromosome 7R with the Alt4 gene, 16 SCIM and RAPD, markers and two SCM markers was obtained.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Linkage mapping of powdery mildew and greenbug resistance genes on recombinant 1RS from 'Amigo' and 'Kavkaz' wheat-rye translocations of chromosome 1RS.1AL.
Cultivated rye (Secale cereale L., 2n = 2x = 14, RR) is an important source of genes for insect and disease resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n = 6x = 42). Rye chromosome arm 1RS of S. cereale 'Kavkaz' originally found as a 1BL.1RS translocation, carries genes for disease resistance (e.g., Lr26, Sr31, Yr9, and Pm8), while 1RS of the S. cereale 'Amigo' translocation (1RSA) carries a single resistance gene for greenbug (Schizaphis graminum Rondani) biotypes B and C and also carries additional disease-resistance genes. The purpose of this research was to identify individual plants that were recombinant in the homologous region of.1AL.1RSV and 1AL.1RSA using both molecular and phenotypic markers. Secale cereale 'Nekota' (1AL.1RSA) and S. cereale 'Pavon 76' (1AL.1RSV) were mated and the F1 was backcrossed to 'Nekota' (1AL.1AS) to generate eighty BC1F2:3 families (i.e., ('Nekota' 1AL.1RSA x 'Pavon 76' 1AL.1RSV) x 'Nekota' 1AL.1AS). These families were genotyped using the secalin-gliadin grain storage protein banding pattern generated with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to discriminate 1AL.1AS/1AL.1RS heterozygotes from the 1AL.1RSA+V and 1AL.1AS homozygotes. Segregation of the secalin locus and PCR markers based on the R173 family of rye specific repeated DNA sequences demonstrated the presence of recombinant 1AL.1RSA+V families. Powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) and greenbug resistance genes on the recombinant 1RSA+V arm were mapped in relation to the Sec-1 locus, 2 additional protein bands, 3 SSRs, and 13 RFLP markers. The resultant linkage map of 1RS spanned 82.4 cM with marker order and spacing showing reasonable agreement with previous maps of 1RS. Fifteen markers lie within a region of 29.7 cM next to the centromere, yet corresponded to just 36% of the overall map length. The map position of the RFLP marker probe mwg68 was 10.9 cM distal to the Sec-1 locus and 7.8 cM proximal to the powdery mildew resistance locus. The greenbug resistance gene was located 2.7 cM proximal to the Sec-1 locus.
Animals↗
Glycerate kinase from leaves of C3 plants.
D-Glycerate-3-kinase (EC 2.7.1.31) in six C3 species, including dicots (Pisum sativum, Spinacea oleracea, Antirrhinum majus) and monocots (Secale cereale, Hordeum vulgare, Avena sativa), ranged in activity from 44 to 353 mumol X mg chl-1 X h-1. Studies with protoplast extracts of these species indicate that the enzyme is localized in the chloroplasts. Glycerate kinase was partially purified from Secale (rye, 288-fold) and Pisum (pea, 252-fold) chloroplasts by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, sucrose gradient centrifugation, and chromatofocusing. The enzymes from both species showed similar physical (Mr = 41,000, pI = 4.6-4.7) and kinetic (Km ATP = 655 to 692 microM, Km D-glycerate = 180-188 microM) properties. Activity of the enzyme was essentially insensitive to variations in assay pH from 6.4 to 9.0 and to energy charge variations from 0.4 to 1.0. Rye glycerate kinase was able to utilize UTP and GTP but less effectively than ATP. Neither ADP nor pyrophosphate served as an energy source. Mn2+, Co2+, Ca2+, and Sr2+ could function as metal cofactors, although to a lesser extent than Mg2+. Millimolar levels of sulfate were found to significantly inhibit the enzyme while similar concentrations of other anions (Cl-, NO-3, NO-2, and acetate) had little or no effect.
Chloroplasts↗
Ergoline derivatives: receptor affinity and selectivity.
Ergot comprises a group of indole alkaloids which are predominantly found in various species of the ascomycete Claviceps. In pharmacopoeias, the sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tulasne parasitizing on rye, Secale cereale L., are designed as ergot or Secale cornutum. Now, the term ergot is used in a broader sense to describe the sclerotia of various Claviceps species growing on different host plants or their saprophytic mycelia. Due to their many fascinating features, there is a continuing and extensive interest in these secondary metabolites. Thus, the chemistry of ergot alkaloids and derivatives has presented many challenges to organic chemists. The ergot alkaloids and derivatives have attracted great interest for their broad spectrum of pharmacological action that includes central, neurohumoral and peripheral effects. These are mainly responses mediated by noradrenaline, serotonin, or dopamine receptors. No other group of natural products exhibits such a wide spectrum of biological action. For this reason, ergot has been termed a veritable treasure house of pharmacological constituents'. Moreover, ergot alkaloids have been an important stimulus in the development of new drugs by providing structural prototypes of molecules with pronounced pharmacological activities. This concise review, moving from the experience of our group in Pharmacia & Upjohn, will briefly mention the most representative ergoline derivatives featured in the literature. Our work in this field originated compounds with quite different pharmacological activities. In fact, by continuous modification of the same main template structure, the ergoline skeleton, it ultimately led to the development of new dopaminergic agents and to the identification of new series of serotonergic agents.
Animals↗
Separation of highly fluorescent proteins by SDS-PAGE in Acroporidae corals.
This study characterized the spectral properties of Acropora tenuis, A. nasuta, A. secale, and A. aspera, all of which showed strong colorful fluorescence under ultraviolet light-A (black light). The emission maxima of fluorescence from the intact corals were 517, 482, 484, and 514 nm in A. tenuis, A. nasuta, A. secale, and A. aspera, respectively. Using a soluble fraction of cell-free extract of the corals, we applied a method of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to separate each fluorescent protein component contained in the corals. Green fluorescent bands were detected in all Acropora examined, although their apparent molecular mass and relative content were different. A. aspera had two orange bands in addition to the green one. The major excitation and emission peaks of the orange fluorescence bands were almost identical (476 and 478 nm), however, they were discernible by their spectral profiles and molecular masses. Some biochemical properties of the highly fluorescent proteins of Acropora are described and implications of the results are discussed.
Animals↗
Phylogenetic analysis of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase loci in wheat and other grasses.
We have applied a two-gene system based on the sequences of nuclear genes encoding multi-domain plastid acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) and plastid 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) to study grass evolution. Our analysis revealed that these genes are single-copy in most of the grass species studied, allowing the establishment of orthologous relationships between them. These relationships are consistent with the known facts of their evolution: the eukaryotic origin of the plastid ACCase, created by duplication of a gene encoding the cytosolic multi-domain ACCase gene early in grass evolution, and the prokaryotic (endosymbiont) origin of the plastid PGK. The major phylogenetic relationships among grasses deduced from the nucleotide sequence comparisons of ACCase and PGK genes are consistent with each other and with the milestones of grass evolution revealed by other methods. Nucleotide substitution rates were calculated based on multiple pairwise sequence comparisons. On a relative basis, with the divergence of the Pooideae and Panicoideae subfamilies set at 60 million years ago (MYA), events leading to the Triticum/Aegilops complex occurred at the following intervals: divergence of Lolium (Lolium rigidum) at 35 MYA, divergence of Hordeum (Hordeum vulgare) at 11 MYA and divergence of Secale (Secale cereale) at 7 MYA. On the same scale, gene duplication leading to the multi-domain plastid ACCase in grasses occurred at 129 MYA, divergence of grass and dicot plastid PGK genes at 137 MYA, and divergence of grass and dicot cytosolic PGK genes at 155 MYA. The ACCase and PGK genes provide a well-understood two-locus system to study grass phylogeny, evolution and systematics.
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase↗
Repetitive DNA and chromosome evolution in plants.
Most higher plant genomes contain a high proportion of repeated sequences. Thus repetitive DNA is a major contributor to plant chromosome structure. The variation in total DNA content between species is due mostly to variation in repeated DNA content. Some repeats of the same family are arranged in tandem arrays, at the sites of heterochromatin. Examples from the Secale genus are described. Arrays of the same sequence are often present at many chromosomal sites. Heterochromatin often contains arrays of several unrelated sequences. The evolution of such arrays in populations is discussed. Other repeats are dispersed at many locations in the chromosomes. Many are likely to be or have evolved from transposable elements. The structures of some plant transposable elements, in particular the sequences of the terminal inverted repeats, are described. Some elements in soybean, antirrhinum and maize have the same inverted terminal repeat sequences. Other elements of maize and wheat share terminal homology with elements from yeast, Drosophila, man and mouse. The evolution of transposable elements in plant populations is discussed. The amplification, deletion and transposition of different repeated DNA sequences and the spread of the mutations in populations produces a turnover of repetitive DNA during evolution. This turnover process and the molecular mechanisms involved are discussed and shown to be responsible for divergence of chromosome structure between species. Turnover of repeated genes also occurs. The molecular processes affecting repeats imply that the older a repetitive DNA family the more likely it is to exist in different forms and in many locations within a species. Examples to support this hypothesis are provided from the Secale genus.
Animals↗
Variability of crossreactivity of IgE antibodies to group I and V allergens in eight grass pollen species.
Crossreactivity to Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Phleum pratense, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Secale cereale, Zea mays, and Phragmites communis of IgE antibodies against Lol p I or Lol p V was investigated by means of RAST-inhibition. Within a group of sera the degree of crossreactivity was demonstrated to be highly variable. Individual sera were not always equally crossreactive to all pollen species. A high degree of crossreactivity for Group I allergens did not necessarily implicate the same for Group V. Group I and Group V representatives were found to be present in all eight species. It was demonstrated that within this group of grass species significant quantitative and qualitative differences exist, with respect to Group I and Group V allergens. Species with a low phylogenetic affinity to Lolium perenne, like Zea mays and Phragmites communis showed a very low degree of reactivity, even when measured with the most crossreactive sera. A higher taxonomic relationship however, did not always implicate a closer antigenic resemblance. Antigenically both allergens from Zea mays are more similar to Lol p I and Lol p V, than the analogues in Secale cereale.
Allergens↗