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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Characterization of three neutral proteases of Spirometra mansoni plerocercoid.

In the pathogenesis of sparganosis, proteases have been considered to play important roles in tissue migration and parasite feeding. Several bands of proteolysis were observed when crude extracts of Spirometra mansoni plerocercoid (sparganum) were examined using gelatin substrate gel at neutral pH, of which two proteases of 198 and 104 kDa were purified by two chromatographic steps, and a 36 kDa protease was purified by gelatin-affinity and DEAE-anion exchange chromatography. All the purified proteases exhibited optimal activity at pH 7.5 and 0.1 M Tris-HCl. Proteolytic activities at 198 and 104 kDa were inhibited specifically by serine protease inhibitors and 4-(amidinophenyl)methanesulfonyl fluoride (APMSF, 0.5 mM) and N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK, 1 mM), which strongly suggested that these two proteases were trypsin-like proteases. The activity of the 36 kDa protease was inhibited by N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK, 1 mM) and chymostatin (0.1 mM), and was potentiated in 10 mM Ca2+ which showed that the protease had a chymotrypsin-like property. All the proteases were Schiff (PAS) positive. Proteases of 198 and 104 kDa degraded collagen completely within 24 h. The 36 kDa enzyme cleaved human recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN gamma) and bovine myelin basic protein. In addition, all the purified proteins elicited strong antibody responses in the infected patients.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Parasitic worms of the central nervous system: an Australian perspective.

The diagnosis and management of parasitic diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) is difficult, even for infectious diseases physicians and neurologists. Furthermore, few overviews of the spectrum of causative helminths and clinical syndromes have been published. In the present study, we review the seven most common parasitic diseases of the CNS: (i) cysticercosis, (ii) neuroschistosomiasis, (iii) paragonimiasis, (iv) angiostrongyliasis, (v) hydatid disease, (vi) sparganosis and (vii) gnathostomiasis. Major syndromes of parasitic disease of the CNS and their differential causes are discussed, including: (i) cystic lesions, (ii) enhancing granulomas (with and without creeping subcutaneous eruptions), (iii) eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and (iv) spinal cord disease. Specific risk factors that predispose to these infections are also discussed and particular attention is drawn to the situation in Australia.

Angiostrongylus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Granulomatous mastitis caused by sparganum. A case report.

BACKGROUND: Sparganosis is not a common disease, and its rarity makes it difficult to distinguish from others. Close examination of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) samples, however, can aid in histologic examination of the lesion. CASE: A 64-year-old female, born and raised in a rural area in the state of Goiás, Brazil, presented with a relatively mobile and hard lump in the lower inner quadrant of the right breast. It was initially diagnosed as granulomatous mastitis, but cytologic examination of the surgical specimen revealed a sparganum larva, also revealed by anterior FNAB. CONCLUSION: Sparganum should be considered in the differential diagnosis of granulomatous mastitis, especially among Asians living in other countries.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed1997

Public health risks of the flesh of farmed crocodiles.

The farming of crocodiles in the Northern Territory of Australia is a rapidly growing industry. The saltwater crocodile produces a premium quality skin which is sought world-wide for the lucrative leather trade and manufacture of finished articles. Flesh is considered to be a by-product of skin production. Several procedures are used in abattoirs to prevent the risk of cross contamination of flesh. The public health risks linked to the production of crocodile flesh are described for the two main diseases of concern, namely: sparganosis and salmonellosis. The slaughter and hygienic processing procedures and local laboratory evidence indicate that the consumption of crocodile flesh produced in the Northern Territory carries a negligible public health risk.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1990

The fate of spargana inoculated into the cat brain and sequential changes of anti-sparganum IgG antibody levels in the cerebrospinal fluid.

To establish an animal model of intracranial sparganosis, the fate and behavior of the experimentally inoculated spargana were observed. A total of 102 scolices of spargana were injected into 22 cat brains, and the cats were sacrificed at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after the inoculation. Neurosparganosis was established in 77% of the cats. Of 43 recovered worms, 19 (44%) were located in the subdural or subarachnoid space, 16 (37%) in the brain parenchyme, and 2 (5%) in the lateral ventricle. One was detected at the diploic space of the skull and 5 were outside the cranial cavity. All but one were alive, and had grown tails. They were distributed in the brain parenchyme randomly. There was no place which they could not invade. No adult was found in the intestine. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected before inoculation, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after inoculation. The level of anti-sparganum IgG antibody in CSF measured by ELISA began to increase above the criteria of positivity 1 month after inoculation. Three months after inoculation, the values markedly increased. The present findings reveal that intracranial inoculation of spargana into the brains of cats would be a good animal model of experimental neurosparganosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Purification of antigenic protein of sparganum by immunoaffinity chromatography using a monoclonal antibody.

The quality improvement of antigen (crude saline extract) of Spirometra mansoni pleroceroid (sparganum) was investigated by protein purification. The crude extract was fractionated by gel filtration through Sephacryl S-300 Superfine. Its third fraction was purified by affinity chromatography using a monoclonal antibody as ligand. When observed by SDS-PAGE, the purified protein was composed of 2 bands of 36 kDa and 29 kDa which were found already as the most sensitive components in the crude extract by immunoblots with patients sera. The quality of the purified antigen was evaluated in comparison with the crude extract by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the specific (IgG) antibody in sera of human sparganosis, other parasitic and neurologic diseases, and normal control. When the purified antigen was used, the sensitivity was not altered but remained high (96.4%) while the specificity was increased from 86.8% to 96.9%.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Differential expression of the 27 kDa cathepsin L-like cysteine protease in developmental stages of Spirometra erinacei.

The 27 kDa cathepsin L-like cysteine protease of Spirometra erinacei plerocercoid is known to play an important function in tissue penetration, nutrient uptake and immune modulation in human sparganosis. In the present study, the expression of this enzyme was examined at different developmental stages of S. erinacei including immature egg, coracidium, plerocercoid in tadpole and rat, and adult. Proteolytic activity against carboxybenzoyl-phenylalanyl-arginyl-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin was detected in the extracts of coracidia and plerocercoid while no activity was observed in those of immature egg and adult. The specific activity in coracidial extracts was lower than that in the plerocercoid. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the gene was expressed in the coracidium and plerocercoid but not in immature egg and adult. These results suggest that the 27 kDa cysteine protease is only expressed in the stages involving active migration of the parasite in the host tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Two cases of abdominal masses caused by foreign bodies which were preoperatively diagnosed as urachal abscess].

A 61-year-old man and a 59-year-old woman were referred to our hospital because of lower abdominal pain and discomfort, pollakisuria and a lower abdominal mass. In both patients, radiological studies and cystoscopy caused us to suspect a urachal abscess. We performed operations transperitoneally. In the male patient, fish bones were detected between the mass and ileum. A partial cystectomy was performed on the female patient, and the histological diagnosis was Sparganosis mansoni. In both cases, it was very difficult to make a correct diagnosis before the operations, but surgical treatment was successfully performed.

Abdominal Abscess↗
PubMed2006

[Parasitic dead-end: update].

Parasitic dead-ends occur when a parasite is unable to establish a permanent interaction in an unnatural host. Although the likelihood of successful reproduction by the pathogenic agent is nul, parasitic dead-end heralds capture of new parasites and therefore expansion of the host range. Angiostrongyliasis due to A. cantonensis or A. costaricensis, anisakiasis, Ancylostoma caninum infection, gnathostomiasis and sparganosis are undoubtedly emerging zoonoses of particular medical interest. Prevention of these diseases relies on abstinence from eating raw meat from invertebrates or cold-blooded (poikilotherm) vertebrates (e.g. used in exotic dishes). These guidelines must be included in recommendations to travelers.

Ancylostoma↗
PubMed1993

Purification and partial characterization of cysteine proteinase from Spirometra mansoni plerocercoids.

Spirometra mansoni plerocercoids were dissected from the tissues of naturally infected snakes (Natrix trigrialateralia). Fresh plerocercoids were incubated in medium, and excretory-secretory products (E-S) were collected. In addition, soluble proteins from lyophilized plerocercoids (10 mg/ml) were extracted in 0.1 M sodium acetate. Proteinase activity was assayed with a synthetic fluorescent substrate, carbobenzoxy-phenylalanyl-arginyl-7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin. Proteinase was isolated from plerocercoid extract or E-S by diethylaminoethyl trisacryl M ion-exchange chromatography and thiolpropyl-Sepharose affinity chromatography. These separations resulted in a 12.2- (extract) and 15.6-fold (E-S) purification of proteinase. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified materials revealed a 28-kDa band, consistent with the apparent native molecular weight (gel filtration chromatography) of approximately 35 kDa. Proteinases purified from whole extracts and E-S were compared for various biochemical characteristics; inhibitor profiles indicated that activities from both sources are cysteine proteinases, they exhibited identical pH curves with optima at pH 5.5 and a 50% activity range at pH 4.7-8.0, they cleaved collagen chains to 3 identical products, and they showed only minor activity toward hemoglobin. Further, the proteinase purified from plerocercoids was utilized in immunoblots with sera from sparganosis patients. Antibody (IgG) from the infected patients, but not uninfected controls, recognized the cysteine proteinase, suggesting that this antigen may be useful in the serodiagnosis of Spirometra mansoni infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2 in plerocercoids of Spirometra erinacei.

With a simplified method of extracting and purifying prostaglandins, trace prostaglandins (nanogram order) were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Arachidonic acid was metabolized to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by plerocercoids of Spirometra erinacei, the PGE2 was detected in the medium after incubation with arachidonic acid, and the role of albumin in the absorption of free arachidonic acid by plerocercoids and in the release of its metabolite was investigated. Plerocercoids absorbed arachidonic acid-binding albumin and released PGE2 efficiently. PGE2 is known to suppress the functions of mononuclear cells of the host. The selective release of PGE2 may be related to the escape mechanism of plerocercoids of S. erinacei from the host immune system to become established larva migrans, i.e., sparganosis.

Absorption↗
PubMed2004

The identification of a Clonorchis sinensis gene encoding an antigenic egg protein.

The cDNA library of Clonorchis sinensis was screened for genes encoding antigenic proteins by using sera from clonorchiasis patients. A gene of 888 bp encoding a 28-kDa protein (Cs28) was cloned and found to contain a high percentage of glycine (20%), tyrosine (11%), and lysine (11%). The amino acid sequence of Cs28 showed 60% homology with the vitelline B precursor protein of Opisthorchis viverrini and of 33% homology with the vitelline B1 and B2 proteins of Fasciola hepatica. A strong positive reaction was observed in the intrauterine eggs of adult C. sinensis by immunohistochemical analysis using specific immune sera against recombinant Cs28 protein (rCs28). By immunoblot analysis, rCs28 displayed an antigenic reaction with 73% of the serum samples from 115 cases of clonorchiasis. In addition, it cross-reacted with the sera of 77.5% of 40 opisthorchiasis cases, 90% of 20 schistosomiasis cases, and 50% of 10 paragonimiasis cases. However, no cross-reactions were observed with the sera of sparganosis or cysticercosis patients. In conclusion, the Cs28 protein was identified as an egg protein of C. sinensis and as an antigen common to the trematode species examined.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Cutaneous Larva Migrans.

International travel and increasingly exotic diets have resulted in an increase in cases of cutaneous larva migrans in industrialized countries. A broader spectrum of clinical presentation and complications of cutaneous larva migrans is recognized by clinicians. A new syndrome, eosinophilic enteritis, has been described in Australia and may be more widespread as new diagnostic tests are used more widely. Other causes of cutaneous migration, such as gnathostomiasis and sparganosis, should be considered, and a recent outbreak of gnathostomiasis in Mexico suggests that clinicians must be alert to these unusual infections arising in patients outside their traditional distribution.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

A glycoprotein from Spirometra erinaceieuropaei plerocercoids suppresses osteoclastogenesis and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression.

Various parasites modify the immune-reactions of the host. We have previously shown that crude excretory/secretory (ES) products from plerocercoids of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, the plerocercoids of which cause sparganosis in humans, suppress the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-1beta in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. As osteoclasts are cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, we hypothesised that ES products might suppress receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis. Crude ES products from plerocercoids suppressed osteoclastogenesis, judged by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cell counting, and the mature osteoclast-specific gene expression (calcitonin receptor and TRAP). Second, we purified the inhibitory factor for osteoclastogenesis from the crude ES products. The factor was a trypsin-sensitive glycoprotein and had a relative molecular mass of 90 kDa. The glycoprotein, plerocercoid-immunosuppressive factor, from crude ES products could suppress the gene expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and NO synthesis in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Waterborne zoonotic helminthiases.

This review deals with waterborne zoonotic helminths, many of which are opportunistic parasites spreading directly from animals to man or man to animals through water that is either ingested or that contains forms capable of skin penetration. Disease severity ranges from being rapidly fatal to low-grade chronic infections that may be asymptomatic for many years. The most significant zoonotic waterborne helminthic diseases are either snail-mediated, copepod-mediated or transmitted by faecal-contaminated water. Snail-mediated helminthiases described here are caused by digenetic trematodes that undergo complex life cycles involving various species of aquatic snails. These diseases include schistosomiasis, cercarial dermatitis, fascioliasis and fasciolopsiasis. The primary copepod-mediated helminthiases are sparganosis, gnathostomiasis and dracunculiasis, and the major faecal-contaminated water helminthiases are cysticercosis, hydatid disease and larva migrans. Generally, only parasites whose infective stages can be transmitted directly by water are discussed in this article. Although many do not require a water environment in which to complete their life cycle, their infective stages can certainly be distributed and acquired directly through water. Transmission via the external environment is necessary for many helminth parasites, with water and faecal contamination being important considerations. Human behaviour, particularly poor hygiene, is a major factor in the re-emergence, and spread of parasitic infections. Also important in assessing the risk of infection by water transmission are human habits and population density, the prevalence of infection in them and in alternate animal hosts, methods of treating sewage and drinking water, and climate. Disease prevention methods, including disease surveillance, education and improved drinking water treatment are described.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Identification and characterization of a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from Taenia solium metacestode.

Taenia solium metacestode, a larval pork tapeworm, is a causative agent of neurocysticercosis, one of the most common parasitic diseases in the human central nervous system. In this study, we identified a cDNA encoding for a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from the T. solium metacestode (TsCL-1) and characterized the biochemical properties of the recombinant enzyme. The cloned cDNA of 1216 bp encoded 339 amino acids with an approximate molecular weight of 37.6 kDa which containing a typical signal peptide sequence (17 amino acids), a pro-domain (106 amino acids), and a mature domain (216 amino acids). Sequence alignments of TsCL-1 showed low sequence similarity of 27.3-44.6 to cathepsin L-like cysteine proteases from other helminth parasites, but the similarity was increased to 35.9-55.0 when compared to mature domains. The bacterially expressed recombinant protein (rTsCL-1) did not show enzyme activity; however, the rTsCL-1 expressed in Pichia pastoris showed typical biochemical characteristics of cysteine proteases. It degraded human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), but not collagen. Western blot analysis of the rTsCL-1 showed antigenicity against the sera from patients with cysticercosis, sparganosis or fascioliasis, but weak or no antigenicity against the sera from patients with paragonimiasis or clonorchiasis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Phylogenetic identification of Sparganum proliferum as a pseudophyllidean cestode by the sequence analyses on mitochondrial COI and nuclear sdhB genes.

Sparganum proliferum is a larval cestode for which the adult stage is unknown. It is characterized by the continuous branching and budding when parasitized to humans, and causes fatal human sparganosis. However, the biological features of S. proliferum, including its taxonomic status, still remain obscure. Our previous investigation suggested that S. proliferum might be phylogenetically distinct from Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, by the analysis on mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 (ND3) gene. However, mitochondrial DNA sequence in Platyhelminth is known to have heteroplasmy within a species. Therefore, in the present study, we have investigated the complete nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and the partial nucleotide sequences of nuclear coded succinate dehydrogenase iron-sulfur protein subunit gene (sdhB). The results clearly demonstrated that S. proliferum is a distinct species from S. erinaceieuropaei, and that S. proliferum belongs to the order Pseudophyllidea.

Amino Acid Sequence↗