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PubMed2005

Effects of inactivity on fiber size and myonuclear number in rat soleus muscle.

The effects of short-term (4 days) and long-term (60 days) neuromuscular inactivity on myonuclear number, size, and myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition of isolated rat soleus fibers were determined using confocal microscopy and gel electrophoresis. Inactivity was produced via spinal cord isolation (SI), i.e., complete spinal cord transections at a midthoracic and a high sacral level and bilateral deafferentation between the transection sites. Compared with control, there was an increase in the percentage of fibers containing the faster MHC isoforms after 60, but not 4, days of SI. The mean sizes of type I and type I+IIa fibers were 41 and 27% and 66 and 56% smaller after 4 and 60 days of SI, respectively. Thus atrophy occurred earlier than the shift in myosin heavy chain (MHC) profile. The number of myonuclei was approximately 30% higher in type I than type I+IIa fibers in control soleus, but after 60 days of SI these values were similar. The number of myonuclei per millimeter in type I fibers was significantly lower than control after 60 days of SI, whereas there was no change in type I+IIa fibers. Thus myonuclei were eliminated from fibers containing only type I MHC. Because the magnitude of the loss of myonuclei was less than the level of atrophy, the myonuclear domains of both type I and type I+IIa fibers were significantly lower than control. Thus chronic (60 days) inactivity results in smaller, faster fibers that contain a higher than normal amount of DNA per unit of cytoplasm. The absence of activation of muscle fibers that are normally the most active (pure type I fibers) resulted in most, but not all, fibers expressing some fast MHC isoforms. The results also indicate that a loss of myonuclei is not a prerequisite for sustained muscle fiber atrophy.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Primary, syncytium-inducing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates are dual-tropic and most can use either Lestr or CCR5 as coreceptors for virus entry.

A panel of primary syncytium-inducing (SI) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates that infected several CD4+ T-cell lines, including MT-2 and C8166, were tested for infection of blood-derived macrophages. Infectivity titers for C8166 cells and macrophages demonstrated that primary SI strains infected macrophages much more efficiently than T-cell line-adapted HIV-1 strains such as LAI and RF. These primary SI strains were therefore dual-tropic. Nine biological clones of two SI strains, prepared by limiting dilution, had macrophage/C8166 infectivity ratios similar to those of their parental viruses, indicating that the dual-tropic phenotype was not due to a mixture of non-SI/macrophage-tropic and SI/T-cell tropic viruses. We tested whether the primary SI strains used either Lestr (fusin) or CCR5 as coreceptors. Infection of cat CCC/CD4 cells transiently expressing Lestr supported infection by T-cell line-adapted strains including LAI, whereas CCC/CD4 cells expressing CCR5 were sensitive to primary non-SI strains as well as to the molecularly cloned strains SF-162 and JR-CSF. Several primary SI strains, as well as the molecularly cloned dual-tropic viruses 89.6 and GUN-1, infected both Lestr+ and CCR5+ CCC/CD4 cells. Thus, these viruses can choose between Lestr and CCR5 for entry into cells. Interestingly, some dual-tropic primary SI strains that infected Lestr+ cells failed to infect CCR5+ cells, suggesting that these viruses may use an alternative coreceptor for infection of macrophages. Alternatively, CCR5 may be processed or presented differently on cat cells so that entry of some primary SI strains but not others is affected.

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

DS14: standard assessment of negative affectivity, social inhibition, and Type D personality.

OBJECTIVE: Type D personality-a joint tendency toward negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition (SI)-is related to poor cardiac prognosis, but there is no standard for assessing Type D. This study reports on the Type D Scale-14 (DS14) as a standard measure of NA, SI, and Type D. METHODS: The study included 3813 participants (2508 from the general population, 573 cardiac patients, 732 hypertension patients). They all filled out the DS14, containing 7-item NA and SI subscales; 275 subjects also completed the NEO-FFI, and 121 patients filled out the DS14 twice. RESULTS: Factor analysis of the DS14 yielded 2 dominant traits; all of the NA and SI items loaded between 0.62 to 0.82 on their corresponding factor (N = 3678). The NA scale covered dysphoria, worry, and irritability; the SI scale covered discomfort in social interactions, reticence, and lack of social poise. The NA and SI scales were internally consistent (alpha = 0.88/0.86; N = 3678), stable over a 3-month period (test-retest r = 0.72/0.82) and not dependent on mood and health status (N = 121). NA correlated positively with neuroticism (r = 0.68); SI correlated negatively with extraversion (r = -0.59/-0.65). Scale-level factor analysis confirmed the construct validity of the DS14 against the NEO-FFI. Using a cutoff of 10 (NA > or =10 and SI > or =10), 1027 subjects (28%) were classified as Type D, 21% in the general population versus 28% in coronary heart disease and 53% in hypertension (p < or = .001). Age, sex, and Type D (odds ratio, 3.98; 95% confidence interval, 3.2-4.6; p <.0001) were independently associated with cardiovascular morbidity. CONCLUSION: The DS14 is a brief, psychometrically sound measure of negative affectivity and social inhibition that could readily be incorporated in epidemiologic and clinical research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Identification of a coronary-prone profile for business managers: comparison of three approaches to Type A assessment.

This study compares three approaches to Type A assessment for identifying a coronary-prone profile for business managers. The Survey of Work Styles (SWS), a profile measure of the Type A behavior pattern, was compared with the Structured Interview (SI), a categorical measure, and with the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) and Framingham Type A Scale, both continuous measures. The blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac effort of 163 middle-aged male business managers (107 of whom were classified as Type A by the SI) were assessed during the SI. Neither the classification by the SI of the subjects into Type A and non-Type A groups nor Type A1, A2, X, B3, and B4 revealed differences in physiological arousal. Similarly, no relationship was found between physiological variables and Type A behavior that was assessed on a continuum by the JAS or Framingham Type A Scale. When business managers were classified by the SWS according to their pattern of Type A components, however, the results showed that men high on Anger but low on Competitiveness and Job Dissatisfaction had significantly higher levels of systolic blood pressure during the SI. The importance of recognizing individual differences in the expression of Type A behavior when assessing coronary-prone physiological reactivity is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social support, type A behavior, and coronary artery disease.

The interaction of Type A behavior and social support in relation to the degree of coronary artery disease (CAD) severity was investigated. One hundred thirteen patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography received the Type A structured interview (SI) and completed a battery of psychometric tests, including the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS). Statistical analyses revealed a Type by social support interaction, such that the probability of significant CAD was inversely related to the level of social support for Type As but not Type Bs. Type As with low levels of social support had more severe CAD than Type As with high levels of social support. On the other hand, this relationship was not present for Type Bs. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that social support moderates the long-term health consequences of the Type A behavior pattern.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Type A behavior and angiographically documented coronary atherosclerosis in a sample of 2,289 patients.

To determine the relationship between Type A behavior pattern and angiographically documented coronary atherosclerosis (CAD), we analyzed risk factor, behavioral, and angiographic data collected on 2,289 patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography at Duke University Medical Center between 1974 and 1980. Multivariable analyses using ordinal logistic regression techniques showed that Type A behavior as assessed by the structured interview (SI) is significantly associated with CAD severity after age, sex, hyperlipidemia, smoking, hypertension, and their various significant interactions were controlled for. This relationship, however, is dependent upon age. Among patients aged 45 or younger, Type A's had more severe CAD than did Type B's; among patients aged 46-54, CAD severity was similar between Type A's and B's; and among patients 55 and older, there was a trend toward more severe CAD among Type B's than among Type A's. These Type A-CAD relationships did not appear to be the result of various factors relating to the selection of patients for angiography. Type A behavior as assessed by the Jenkins Activity Survey was unrelated to CAD severity. These findings suggest that SI-determined Type A behavior is associated with more severe CAD among younger patients referred for diagnostic coronary angiography. The reversal of the Type A-CAD relationship among older patients may be due to survival effects. Inadequate sample sizes, use of assessment tools other than the SI, and failure to consider the Type A by age interaction could account for failures to find a Type A-CAD relationship in other studies. We conclude that the present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that Type A behavior is involved in the pathogenesis of CAD, but only in younger age groups. The Type A effect in the present data is small relative to that of both smoking and hyperlipidemia, however, and future research should focus more specifically on the hostility and anger components of Type A behavior, particularly in younger samples.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Analysis of aluminium-silicate storage foci in the lungs.

A single dose of 60 mg bentonite dust of 0-2 microns particle size suspended in physiological saline was given to CFY rats intratracheally. The effect of bentonite on the lungs was investigated by electron microscope and electron beam X-ray microanalysis 3 and 6 months later. Two cell types were observed within the so-called bentonite storage foci: the majority of the cells building up the storage foci were dark (type I), while the other cells, especially on the periphery of the foci were light with vacuolized cytoplasm (type II). The type I cells contain inclusions consisting of electron dense and electron lucent layers with high Si and Al content, while type II cells contain only small amounts of Al and Si. The inclusions lying with or without a coating, limiting lamella in the cytoplasm were shown to be bentonite deposits on the basis of their structure and composition. Both cell types derive from macrophages, are poor in organelles and exhibit minimal mitotic activity. The bentonite clearance of the storing cells is supposed to be relatively long.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Eyewitness identification in actual criminal cases: an archival analysis.

This study analyzed 271 actual police cases in order to address several prevalent issues in the eyewitness literature. Suspect identification (SI) rates were obtained for 289 photographic lineups, 258 field showups, 58 live lineups, and 66 lineup identifications preceded by earlier identifications. SI rates were assessed for 3 levels of extrinsic evidence: no extrinsic evidence, evidence of minimal probative value, and evidence of substantial probative value. The SI rates for the photographic lineups were assessed as a function of delay, same vs. cross-race conditions, witness type, and weapon presence. SI rates declined significantly over time; SI rates were significantly greater for the same-race condition. SI rates were much greater for field showups than photographic lineups, 76% vs. 48%. The SI rates for the field showups did not vary as a function of eyewitness conditions. The relation between confidence and suspect/foil identifications for the live lineups was significant and moderately high. The utility of archival identification studies for eyewitness testimony research is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of charging in semiconductor device materials by electron holography.

Quantitative analysis of electrostatic potential in semiconductor device samples using off-axis electron holography in the electron microscope is complicated by the presence of charged insulating layers. Preliminary results indicate that the behavior of p-type material near the Si-insulator interface may differ from that of n-type if the insulator is charging. Coating one side of the sample surface with carbon usually eliminates charging effects. Holographic phase measurements on thin silicon oxide film at liquid nitrogen temperature indicates that the maximum electric field near the edge of an charged region is 18 MV cm(-1), on the order of the breakdown voltage.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

[The role of individual reaction s of thermal and water-electrolyte metabolism to suited immersion].

Role of individual reactions of thermal and water-electrolyte metabolism and their relation to the mechanisms of hormonal control were studied during suited immersion (SI). The investigation consisted of 177 man/exposures from 3 hrs up to 3 days of 46 male volunteers. Parameters of mass, heat and water-electrolyte metabolism, and hormonal control were determined on a background of monitoring consumption of special ratios. Based on the complex evaluation of tolerance of weight-free SI for 1 to 3 days, parameters of thermal and hydroionic homeostasis were found to be the predictor variables. Extreme types of reactions to SI were in the ratio of 1:4 (tolerant/intolerant subjects). An extreme reaction appears to be an individual constitutional characteristic of the body the dimensions of which are equal during repeated immersion. As for the water-electrolyte parameters, extreme levels of SI tolerance were significantly different in the amount and velocity of renal excretion of liquids and liquid losses due to perspiration (897 +/- 253 ml and 2010 +/- 218 ml in SI tolerant and intolerant subjects, serotonin variability in everyday life and serotonin dynamics during SI (significant increase in tolerant subjects and no dynamics in intolerant subjects after 24 hrs in SI). The complex evaluation of the reaction showed nonstationary thermal state and reduction of oral temperature by 1 degree C in SI intolerant subjects after initial 1-1.5 days of exposure. In the course of 3 days, the negative water balance showed an increase; body mass losses were in parallel with the development of motion sickness and hyperventilation, and disturbance in the rhythm of the sympathoadrenal activity. The renin-aldosterone system reacted most actively out of all the hormonal systems and did not adapt to SI within a day and a half. Thermal state of SI tolerant subjects was stationary during 1-1.5-d immersion; oral temperature dropped by 0.2-0.4 degree C, liquid losses and AP deviations were relatively small and blood osmolality remained unchanged on a background of stable adaptive reactions of various components of the neuroendocrine system. Adaptation to SI occurred in the period from one day to a day and a half.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1982

[Occurrence of HLA B27 antigen in ankylosing spondylitis in Italy].

39 individuals from Middle and South Italy were selected for being affected by ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (N = 22) or by sacroiliitis (SI) (N = 17) and typed for the HLA system antigens. 320 healthy individuals were typed as control population. The following phenotypic frequencies of HLA-B27 were found; 68% in AS patients, 71% in SI patients and 5% in controls. The frequency of B27 observed among our AS patients is lower than those observed in other caucasian patients. Our data may be explained either by a genetic hypothesis or by an environmental hypothesis; data reported by other authors let we believe that the last one is more reliable.

Gene Frequency↗
PubMed2000

Regulation of ICAM-1 expression in mouse macrophages.

In a mouse model of silica (SI) induced lung injury, SI exposure increases expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on lung (alveolar/interstitial) macrophages and alveolar type II epithelial cells. To investigate the regulation of SI induced ICAM-1 expression on mouse macrophages, freshly isolated macrophages (alveolar, peritoneal) and macrophage cell lines (MH-S, RAW 264.7) were evaluated for ICAM-1 expression elicited by the particle silica (alpha quartz; 20 microg/ml; 6 microg/cm2) or the inflammatory cytokine, TNFalpha (20 ng/ml). TNFalpha significantly increased ICAM-1 expression in all cell types whereas SI elicited an increase in peritoneal macrophages (PM) and the cell line, MH-S. This pattern of increased expression was confirmed by immunocytochemistry. To investigate the regulation of ICAM-1 expression, PM were incubated with SI, TNFalpha or media concomitantly with anti-TNFalpha antibody, the antioxidant, NAC, or the iNOS synthase inhibitor, L-NAME. Both anti-TNFalpha and NAC, but not L-NAME, inhibited elicited (TNFalpha, SI) as well as constitutive (media) ICAM-1 expression. These data demonstrate that both inflammatory cytokines and inorganic particles can increase ICAM-1 expression on mouse macrophages and that this expression is mediated, in part, by TNFalpha and reactive oxygen species.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1977

Family studies and HLA typing in ankylosing spondylitis and sacroiliitis.

The families of 21 ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and 16 sacroiliitis (SI) patients were investigated and typed for HLA markers. The association of HLA B27 with AS was confirmed, but no strong evidence for the same or other HLA markers being associated with SI was found. Inheritance patterns in families were analyzed according to the multifactorial and monofactorial models. It is proposed that a major gene associated or interacting with the B27 product controls the susceptibility to AS, and that this gene behaves as a dominant with incomplete penetrance. The problem as to whether linkage disequilibrium maintained by selective pressure, or functional epistasis between the "disease gene" and the B27 antigen may be the acting mechanism of association, remains to be elucidated.

Arthritis↗
PubMed1982

Unique and common variance in structured interview and Jenkins Activity Survey measures of the type A behavior pattern.

The aim of the present study was to identify factors that account for similarities and discrepancies in classification of Type A and B behavior by the Structured Interview (SI) and by the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS). Two diverse samples were administered the SI and the JAS. SI questions were coded for content of response and psychomotor behavior during the interview. Frequency of specific Type A speech characteristics and clinical judgments were also rated. Analyses revealed that the SI estimate of Type A could be predicted by the subjects' promptness of response, voice emphasis, hurried speech, and judgements of competitiveness, hostility, and energy level. The latter three judgments were also measured somewhat by the JAS. Interviewer ratings of subjects' overt motor behavior and appearance did not relate to SI assessments. The JAS estimate of Type A could be predicted by subjects' reports of pressured drive, which was also measured by SI. This pattern of interrelationships was similar in the two samples in spite of sample differences in age, health status, geographical location, interview and JAS forms, and raters. Overall, the correlations between the SI and JAS assessment were low and suggested a considerable degree of independence between the two measures. In light of these results, they should not be used as interchangeable measures of Type A behavior.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia with severe skeletal involvement: a subset of childhood leukemia with a good prognosis.

Skeletal radiographic abnormalities are common in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The impact of severe skeletal involvement (SI) on survival and the correlation between SI and biological markers were analyzed. Therefore, radiographs and medical charts of 106 ALL patients who received a skeletal survey at the time of diagnosis and were treated at the University Children's Hospital Würzburg between 1974 and 1995 were reviewed. On the basis of the skeletal survey, SI was quantified using a score. Fifty-nine patients (55%) showed radiographic abnormalities defined as metaphyseal banding (48%), periosteal reactions (11%), osteolysis (33%), osteosclerosis (31%), or osteopenia (22%). Children with severe SI (n = 32) presented with a higher rate of severe radiographic abnormalities such as geographic destructive osteolysis (37%; P < .001) and periosteal reactions (28%; P < .05) compared with children with moderate SI (0% and 4%, respectively). Patients with severe SI showed a lower peripheral blast count (P < .05) at diagnosis, a more frequent "prednisone good response" (P < .05), and a higher survival rate (83 +/- 7%; P < .05) than patients without SI (54 +/- 9%). Patients with moderate SI (n = 27) showed a higher hemoglobin concentration (P < .05), an enlargement of liver (P < .05) and spleen (P < .01), a higher BFM risk factor (P < .01), but still a higher survival rate (73 +/- 11%) than patients without SI (NS). Patients with severe SI had a higher (P < .001) DNA content of leukemic cells as measured by DNA index (DI) than patients without SI. Thirty-one percent of patients with severe SI, 22% of patients with moderate SI, and no patient without SI had a DI > 1.16. No patient with a DI < 1.0 presented with severe SI. The number of radiographic abnormalities in patients with SI correlated with the DI (rho: 0.46; P < .001). However, patients with euploidy (DI = I) and severe SI also had a higher (P = .05) survival rate (70 +/- 18%; n = 15) than euploid patients without SI (49 +/- 11%; n = 24). Of the patients with severe SI, 78% had common ALL and 22% had an ALL type other than common ALL (P < .05). In patients with ALL types different from common ALL, severe SI was also associated with higher survival rates. We conclude that on the basis of clinical features, two distinct subgroups could be identified in terms of SI. Patients with clinically relevant severe SI had a better prognosis, a higher DI, and more frequently a common ALL than patients without SI. However, the impact of severe SI on prognosis was independent of DI and type of leukemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Morphology and microstructure at different scales of porous silicon prepared by a nonconventional technique.

In this work we present first results concerning the detailed structure of porous silicon (PS) layers prepared by a new method using a vapour-etching (VE)-based technique. Studies of the photoluminescence properties of VE-based PS show that the visible emission occurs at high energies as compared with PS prepared by conventional techniques. To understand the VE-based PS features, we need to point out the PS microstructure throughout its general morphology. For this purpose a microscopy multiscale study was done. Scanning, conventional transmission, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopes were employed. The investigations were made on PS films prepared from moderately and heavily doped n- and p-type silicon. SEM images show that VE-based PS layers are essentially formed of clusters like interconnected structures. TEM studies show that these clusters are composed of nanocrystallites with different shapes. The effect of the doping type of the starting Si substrate on the characteristics of the PS layers was examined (thickness, porosity, behavior). Pore propagation was found to depend on doping type. The crystallinity of the PS layers was also locally studied in depth.

Crystallization↗
PubMed2005

Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha is required for expression but dispensable for histone acetylation of the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase gene in vivo.

Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha (HNF-1alpha) is a modified homeodomain-containing transcription factor that has been implicated in the regulation of intestinal genes. To define the importance and underlying mechanism of HNF-1alpha for the regulation of intestinal gene expression in vivo, we analyzed the expression of the intestinal differentiation markers and putative HNF-1alpha targets lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) and sucrase-isomaltase (SI) in hnf1alpha null mice. We found that in adult jejunum, LPH mRNA in hnf1alpha(-/-) mice was reduced 95% compared with wild-type controls (P < 0.01, n = 4), whereas SI mRNA was virtually identical to that in wild-type mice. Furthermore, SI mRNA abundance was unchanged in the absence of HNF-1alpha along the length of the adult mouse small intestine as well as in newborn jejunum. We found that HNF-1alpha occupies the promoters of both the LPH and SI genes in vivo. However, in contrast to liver and pancreas, where HNF-1alpha regulates target genes by recruitment of histone acetyl transferase activity to the promoter, the histone acetylation state of the LPH and SI promoters was not affected by the presence or absence of HNF-1alpha. Finally, we showed that a subset of hypothesized intestinal target genes is regulated by HNF-1alpha in vivo and that this regulation occurs in a defined tissue-specific and developmental context. These data indicate that HNF-1alpha is an activator of a subset of intestinal genes and induces these genes through an alternative mechanism in which it is dispensable for chromatin remodeling.

Acetylation↗
PubMed2000

[Factors determining the choice of a modality of treatment by dialysis: a study of nine dialysis centers].

BACKGROUND: The objective of this cross-sectional study in a population of 1472 dialysis patients was to identify the main factors involved in the choice of a specific option for dialysis therapy, taking into account three different types of criteria such as medical dependence (DM), nurse care requirement (SI) and independence for dialysis therapy (CA). METHODS: Each patient has been analysed, independently of present treatment modality, according to the above three criteria, namely DM, SI and CA. For each type of parameter, patients have been allocated to one of three levels, each level being established to evaluate whether dialytic treatment should be undertaken as hospital centre dialysis (HDC) or in a facility off the hospital. Level 3 of any one category corresponded to the inability of doing haemodialysis at home (HHD) or in self-care unit (AD). Level 2 included patients who could be treated in AD or by peritoneal dialysis (PD) with the assistance of a nurse. CAPD or HHD were considered as potential treatment modalities only in patients qualifying for level 1 of each criterion. RESULTS: In the patient population as a whole, the following treatment options were observed: HHD 3.6%, CAPD 6%, PD 1.8%, AD 16.3% and HDC 72.2%. For medical dependence (DM) there was a relatively even distribution for the three levels in six centres. In contrast, two centres were characterized by a predominance of DM level 3. Differences in DM levels between centres were greatly reduced when considering separately only those patients who were actually treated by CAPD, HDC and AD. SI levels were more uniformly distributed within all centres, and this was true for HCD and AD patients. When considering CA levels in HDC patients, a large predominance of CA level 3 was observed in all centres whereas CA level 1 was nearly in existent. CONCLUSION: The major finding of this study was that the inability or the refusal of dialysis patients to participate at treatment, independently of medical condition and nurse care requirement, was the main factor in the choice of hospital centre dialysis.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗