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PubMed1990

Influences of sensation seeking, gender, risk appraisal, and situational motivation on smoking.

The study evaluated the current relationship between the trait of sensation seeking and smoking as possibly mediated by gender, cognitive risk appraisal and situational-relevant motivation. Subject were 1071 male and female undergraduates of whom 279 indicated they were past or current smokers and completed a Smoking Questionnaire (SQ). All subjects took the Sensation Seeking Scale. Sensation seeking is significantly (p less than .001) related to the proportion smoking in both men and women, although more women at the university are now smoking. Sensation seekers inhaled more of the smoke than lows, perhaps an indication of stronger nicotine need. Smoking was seen as highly risky, but the degree of estimated risk was not related to sensation seeking. Women reported smoking more in emotional and social situations; men reported smoking more in situations requiring close attention to a task. Sensation seekers reported smoking more than lows in social situations. Research is needed on specific cognitive factors mediating smoking and how they are related to personality and gender.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Association between cerebral glutamate and human behaviour: the sensation seeking personality trait.

INTRODUCTION: Brain imaging studies have linked the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) to motivation, drive, and personality traits like novelty and sensation seeking. Animal studies have shown glutamatergic neurotransmission to be important in ACC function as well as motivated behaviour. However, the role of glutamate in related personality traits like sensation seeking has not been investigated in humans. METHODS: The associations between sensation seeking personality scores and absolute glutamate concentrations in the ACC and the hippocampal region measured by 3-Tesla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) were investigated. RESULTS: ACC glutamate concentration was negatively correlated with the sensation seeking sum score and the experience seeking subscore. A weak negative correlation was also observed between the hippocampal glutamate and the sensation seeking sum score. The reexamination of the glutamate concentration after 4 weeks revealed a similar relationship with sensation seeking. DISCUSSION: Although preliminary, the results are in line with the key role of the ACC for motivation and executive control and with the impact of glutamate on novelty related behaviour observed in animal experiments. The role of the hippocampus for novelty processing is discussed. Glutamate measurement with 1H-MRS may facilitate the understanding of biological underpinnings of personality traits and psychiatric diseases associated with dysfunctions in motivation and drive.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Behavioral characteristics related to substance abuse and risk-taking, sensation-seeking, anxiety sensitivity, and self-reinforcement.

Given the multitude of negative outcomes associated with substance abuse and other risk-taking behaviors, the current study sought to investigate sensation seeking, anxiety sensitivity, and self-reinforcement as they relate to participation in high-risk behaviors with 155 undergraduate students. The measures were the Reckless Behavior Questionnaire, Sensation Seeking Scale, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, Heiby Self-Reinforcement Questionnaire, and a sample of items from the treatment factor of the Substance Abuse Attitude Survey. Significant multivariate effects were attributable to sensation seeking and anxiety sensitivity. Sensation seeking and anxiety sensitivity were significant predictors of substance abuse. The model significantly predicted risky sexual behavior with a positive relationship between sensation seeking and risky sexual behavior. High anxiety-sensitivity scores were associated with a greater reported incidence of high-risk sexual practices. Participants highest in sensation seeking were most likely to engage in reckless driving, with male incidence being greater than for females. An unexpected finding was that anxiety sensitivity negatively correlated with substance abuse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Afferent response parameters derived from postmasker probe-detection thresholds: 'the decay of sensation' revisited.

The classical model of forward masking postulates that the detection threshold for a tone probe that follows a stimulus of similar frequency content is elevated relative to the quiet threshold because the probe must evoke a just-detectable increment in a decaying postmasker sensation. That postmasker decay is charted by probe-detection thresholds if the sensation increment is small and constant. This model was examined for a 2-kHz Gaussian-shaped probe and a 2-kHz forward masker, based on the model's assumption that a just-detectable increment in sensation results from a just-detectable increment in level. Psychometric functions for detection were obtained at 2.5-30 ms postmasker. Their means and standard deviations generally decreased with delay. It was assumed that standard deviation is related to the putative just-detectable level increment by a simple monotonic transformation. Thus, if the standard deviation of the psychometric function for probe detection is neither small nor constant, then the corresponding just-detectable increment in level is neither small nor constant, and the just-detectable increment in sensation is neither small nor constant. The classical model also fails to allow for the variability of internal events. The concept of detection threshold as a sensation increment was preserved in a Signal Detection model, that does allow for internal variability. In this model the postmasker residual is the input to a probe detector. The new model produces an equation for the just-detectable level increment as a function of probe delay. Comparison data were generated by again assuming some relation between the standard deviation of the psychometric function for detection, and the just-detectable increment in level. The fit of equation to data yields robust values for the probe detector's maximum firing rate, dynamic range, and spike-counting time. All that is required to account for the decay of sensation, for a pure tone, is a single neuron operating at some higher center.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Correlation of gastric liquid emptying with various thresholds of sensation in healthy controls and patients with functional dyspepsia.

Our objective was to investigate the correlation between gastric emptying and sensation in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD). Thirty patients with FD and 15 controls were studied. Proximal gastric compliance and sensation thresholds were measured with a barostat, and gastric emptying was assessed for 70 min after the ingestion of 500 ml of water using real-time ultrasonography. Results were as follows. (1) Patients showed a significantly longer half-time of gastric emptying than controls (30.03 +/- 8.20 vs. 23.07 +/- 4.67 min; P < 0.001). The sensation thresholds were significantly lower in patients than in controls based not only on pressure but on volume. However, there was no difference in gastric compliance between patients and controls. (2) The half-time of gastric emptying was correlated with various thresholds of sensation based on the volume (perception, r = -0.52, P < 0.005; discomfort, r = -0.54, P < 0.005; pain, r = -0.58, P < 0.005; maximal tolerance, r = -0.42, P < 0.005). But there was no significant correlation between gastric emptying and sensation thresholds based on pressure. Delayed gastric emptying and/or gastric hypersensitivity are present in more than 50% of FD patients. The coexistence of these two abnormalities is more common than the single impairment. There is a correlation between gastric emptying and visceral sensation to gastric distention in patients with FD.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Sensation seeking and selective attention: focused and divided attention on a dichotic listening task.

Differences in selective attention as a function of sensation seeking, extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism were examined in 108 undergraduates using a dichotic listening task. Dependent measures included shadowing performance, reaction times to a secondary light task, target detection, and recall. The results suggested that high sensation seekers have better focused attention than low sensation seekers, and these effects were strongest on the 1st trials of the shadowing tasks. High sensation seekers did not attend differently than low sensation seekers to words related to their interests (sexual, violent, or drug related). Extraversion was associated with greater recall of these kinds of words, although there were no overall differences in selective attention as a function of Eysenck's dimensions. The role of arousal in personality and attention is discussed, particularly in regard to the response of sensation seekers to task novelty.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effects of duodenal fat, protein or mixed-nutrient infusions on epigastric sensations during sustained gastric distension in healthy humans.

Duodenal fat modulates sensory and motor responses to gastric distension and raises plasma cholecystokinin compared with glucose. The effects of protein (also releasing cholecystokinin), or mixed nutrients (with a balanced macronutrient composition), on gastrointestinal sensations in relation to gastric relaxation and plasma cholecystokinin concentrations are not known. The aim of this study was therefore to compare the effects of duodenal infusion of fat, protein or mixed nutrients during sustained gastric distension (mimicking the intragastric presence of food) on these parameters. In 10 healthy subjects, gastric distension to fullness was maintained for 90 min, while gastric volume, sensations and plasma cholecystokinin were monitored during duodenal infusion of isotonic saline or nutrients (2 kcal min-1). During saline infusion, all parameters remained unchanged for 90 min. Initially, only lipid increased plasma cholecystokinin, gastric volume and scores for sensations. Cholecystokinin and gastric volume responses to protein and mixed nutrients were delayed and not associated with significant changes in sensations. In conclusion, the intensity of gastrointestinal sensations is related to, but not entirely explained by, the magnitude in intragastric volume and plasma cholecystokinin changes. Our results offer new insights into the role of dietary nutrient composition in gastrointestinal sensations, and may have implications for the dietary management of digestive symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Argon plasma ablation of gastric inlet patches in the cervical esophagus may alleviate globus sensation: a pilot trial.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Globus sensation and/or sore throat have been associated with both gastroesophageal reflux disease and the presence of a gastric inlet patch. There have been no reports, however, on whether ablation of heterotopic mucosa in the cervical esophagus leads to improvement of chronic globus sensation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten patients with a histologically proved gastric inlet patch who complained of chronic globus sensation and/or sore throat were included in this prospective pilot study. After a thorough assessment, including videofluoroscopy, laryngoscopy, manometry, and 24-hour two-channel pH monitoring, patients underwent argon plasma coagulation (APC) to ablate the heterotopic mucosa. A questionnaire with a visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 10 was used for assessment of globus sensation, sore throat, and other typical or atypical reflux symptoms. Follow-up examinations (including symptom assessment) were performed 4 weeks and 8 weeks after APC therapy. RESULTS: Ablation of the gastric inlet patch resulted in a significant reduction of median symptom scores for globus sensation (from 2.7 to 0) and sore throat (from 2.8 to 0) 8 weeks after therapy ( P < 0.05), but there was no improvement in other reflux-related symptoms. Acid reflux in the distal and proximal esophagus, determined by two-channel pH monitoring, did not change after therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary data suggest that ablation of gastric inlet patches by APC can alleviate chronic globus sensation or sore throat. Acid reflux or its treatment is unlikely to influence these results. A randomized and blinded study is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Appetite sensations as a marker of overall intake.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of appetite sensations to characterize individual overall energy intake. A group of men (n 28) and women (n 23) was recruited to record their 'desire to eat', 'hunger', 'fullness' and 'prospective food consumption' (PFC) on visual analogue scales before a standardized meal test, immediately after and every 10 min for a period of 1 h after the meal. The 1 h post-meal area under the curve (1 h AUC) and the satiety quotient (SQ) were calculated for all appetite sensations. In a second visit, all participants were invited to eat three meals in order to measure total energy intake (TEI) and food preferences. Metabolic rate (MR) was also assessed to derive daily relative energy intake (REI) by subtracting this variable from TEI (TEI-MR=REI). The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire scores were also calculated for all participants. One h AUC for fullness was the appetite sensation most strongly associated with TEI and REI (r-0.42, P< or =0.003 and r-0.32, P< or =0.05, respectively). SQ for fullness was the only predictor of TEI and REI (r-0.42, P< or =0.0003 and r-0.30, P< or =0.05, respectively). Restraint, disinhibition and hunger scores were not associated with appetite sensation variables. These results suggest that the fullness dimension seems to be a useful appetite sensation to predict long-term TEI and REI. Thus, assessment of appetite sensation such as fullness in response to a fixed load may be useful to evaluate individual overall energy intake.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Nystagmus-sensation dissociation in spinocerebellar degeneration.

OBJECTIVE: To study nystagmus-sensation dissociation (NSD), i.e. caloric nystagmus without the sensation of vertigo, in patients with spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The neuro-otological and neuro-radiological records of 179 patients clinically diagnosed as having SCD (91 males, 88 females; age range 20-89 years) and 48 patients diagnosed as having peripheral vestibular disorders (15 males, 33 females; age range 21-80 years) were reviewed. Subjects underwent caloric tests using cold water (20 degrees C) in a totally dark room. Immediately after each test session, subjects were asked if they had experienced spinning or moving sensations during the test. Maximum slow phase eye velocities (SPEVs) were measured using electronystagmography. RESULTS: Among patients with peripheral vestibular disorders, all patients with SPEVs > 15 degrees/s experienced spinning or moving sensations during testing. Among the 179 patients with SCD, 21 (39 sides) showed maximum SPEVs > 15 degrees/s without spinning or moving sensations. In particular, 8 patients (10 sides) had maximum SPEVs > 25 degrees/s without spinning or moving sensations. Common lesions in the cerebral cortex could not be detected using either MRI or single-photon emission CT. CONCLUSION: Patients with SCD may also have NSD, which may be attributable to subcortical lesions in the ascending pathways to the vestibular cortex.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Sensations from initial exposure to nicotine predicting adolescent smoking in China: a potential measure of vulnerability to nicotine.

Sensations derived from initial exposure to nicotine are a potential indicator of an individual's vulnerability to nicotine. This study assessed whether sensations experienced during the first lifetime exposure to nicotine could predict current and established cigarette smoking. Data from 210 respondents who reported having ever tried cigarette smoking in Wuhan, China, were obtained for this study from 610 students in 10th grade at two schools. Subjects were participants in a multipurpose pilot survey for an adolescent smoking prevention trial. The survey was administered in a classroom setting using a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. Sensations reported were cigarette smell (59.2%), coughing (54.1%), dizziness (52.1%), nausea (42.5%), relaxation (19.1%), and pleasurable buzz/rush (9.0%). After controlling for confounders, multiple logistic regression analyses identified three sensations significantly associated with smoking: (a) Cigarette smell (OR for days smoked in the past 30 days=2.93, p<.05, OR for number of cigarettes smoked per day=2.69, p<.05, and OR for 100-cigarette smoking=5.40, p<.01), (b) pleasurable buzz/rush (OR for 100-cigarette smoking=11.09, p<.05), and (c) relaxation (OR for past 30-day smoking measures ranged from 3.69 to 4.48, p<.01, and OR for 100-cigarette smoking=4.12, p<.05). A dose-response relationship was observed between the sensations and cigarette smoking. Self-reported sensations from initial exposure to nicotine may be a useful indicator of an individual's vulnerability to nicotine. This information can be used for adolescent smoking prevention and cessation interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A study of the cortical processing of ano-rectal sensation using functional MRI.

Investigation of human ano-rectal physiology has concentrated largely on understanding the motor control of defecation and continence mechanisms. However, little is known of the physiology of ano-rectal sensation. There are important differences in the afferent innervation and sensory perception between the rectum and anal canal. This suggests that there could also be differences in the brain's processing of sensation from these two areas; however, this possibility remains unexplored. The aim of our study was to identify the cerebral areas processing anal (somatic) and rectal (visceral) sensation in healthy adults, using functional MRI. Eight male subjects with an age range of 21-39 years were studied on two separate occasions, one for rectal and the other for anal stimulation studies. Single shot gradient echo planar imaging was performed using a 1.5 tesla Phillips MRI scanner. For each subject, a series of 40 image sets containing 24 slices of the brain was obtained during periods of rapid phasic non-painful distension of the rectum or anal canal, alternating with rest periods, without stimulation. After motion correction, the images were analysed using cross correlation to identify the cerebral areas activated by the stimulus. Rectal stimulation resulted in bilateral activation of the inferior primary somatosensory, secondary somatosensory, sensory association, insular, peri-orbital, anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices. Anal canal stimulation resulted in activation of areas similar to rectal stimulation, but the primary somatosensory cortex was activated at a more superior level, and there was no anterior cingulate activation. In conclusion, anal and rectal sensation resulted in a similar pattern of cortical activation, including areas involved with spatial discrimination, attention and affect. The differences in sensory perception from these two regions can be explained by their different representation in the primary somatosensory cortex. The anterior cingulate cortex was only activated by rectal stimulation, suggesting that the viscera have a greater representation on the limbic cortex than somatic structures, and this explains the greater autonomic responses evoked by visceral sensation in comparison with somatic sensation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The oral sensation of carbonated water: cross-desensitization by capsaicin and potentiation by amiloride.

The oral sensation elicited by carbonated water is reduced by capsaicin and by blockers of carbonic anhydrase. We have investigated the temporal profile of this sensation and its cross-desensitization by capsaicin. We additionally tested if the sensation is influenced by amiloride. Following pretreatment of half of the dorsal tongue with 33 p.p.m. capsaicin, carbonated water was flowed over the tongue bilaterally for 5, 15 or 60 s. Subjects then performed a two-alternative forced choice test by indicating which side of the tongue had a stronger sensation and separately rated the sensory intensity on each side. Capsaicin significantly reduced the intensity of sensation elicited by carbonated water, consistent with cross-desensitization. This effect was weaker at 60 s because of a significant decline (desensitization) in ratings of the intensity of carbonated water on both sides of the tongue. Pretreatment with amiloride resulted in a small but significant increase in the intensity of the sensation elicited by the 15 s carbonated water stimulus, suggesting an amiloride-sensitive transduction mechanism.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Depressive symptoms as an underlying factor of the sensation of dry mouth.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this survey was to study the sensation of oral dryness and its underlying factors in the 55-year-old population of Oulu (a medium-sized Finnish town), 780 of whom (77%) participated. METHOD: In addition to the examination of oral health status and salivary flow rate measurements, depressive symptoms were determined on the basis of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (ZSDS). The participants were also interviewed about their health, medication, physical health, physical activity, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, and factors related to their work. RESULTS: The prevalence of subjective sensations of dry mouth was 25.8% among men and 33.3% among women (p = 0.025). A statistically significant association was found between a subjective sensation of dry mouth and a low unstimulated flow rate, regular smoking, xerogenic medication, and the presence of at least one illness connected with dry mouth. Those who had a sensation of dry mouth also thought their physical condition and their health to be poorer and more often had a high rate of depressive symptoms. After the confounding factors had been added stepwise into the logistic regression model, depressive symptoms were still significantly associated with the sensation of oral dryness. CONCLUSIONS: When evaluating the causes of the sensation of dry mouth, the possibility of depression as an underlying factor should be considered.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed2000

Inhaled furosemide greatly alleviates the sensation of experimentally induced dyspnea.

Furosemide is known to influence the activity of vagally mediated mechanoreceptors in the airways. Because vagal afferent fibers may play an important role in modulation of the sensation of dyspnea, it is possible that inhaled furosemide may modify the sensation of dyspnea. In a double-blind, randomized, crossover study, we compared the effect of inhaled furosemide on dyspneic sensation with that of placebo. Severe dyspneic sensation was induced in 12 healthy subjects in two ways: (1) breathholding and (2) loaded breathing with a combination of inspiratory resistive load (240 cm H(2)O/L/s) and hypercapnia induced by extra mechanical dead space (0.26 L). Subjects were asked to rate their sensation of respiratory discomfort using a visual analogue scale (dyspneic VAS). Breathholding times and changes in dyspneic VAS score during a 5-min period of loaded breathing were measured after inhalation of placebo and furosemide (40 mg). Total breathholding time after inhalation of furosemide (median, 93 [interquartile range, 78 to 112]s) was prolonged compared with the total breathholding time after placebo inhalation (67 [47-74]s). We also found that respiratory discomfort during loaded breathing after inhalation of furosemide develops more slowly and is less than that observed after inhalation of placebo. Our findings indicate that inhaled furosemide greatly alleviates the sensation of dyspnea induced experimentally by breathholding and by a combination of resistive loading and hypercapnia.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2002

Eighteen sensations after breast cancer surgery: a comparison of sentinel lymph node biopsy and axillary lymph node dissection.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate prevalence, severity, and level of distress of 18 sensations at 3-15 days (baseline), 3 months, and 6 months after breast cancer surgery; to compare sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) to SLNB with immediate or delayed axillary lymph node dissection; to evaluate the Breast Sensation Assessment Scale(c) (BSAS(c)) for reliability and validity. DESIGN: Prospective, descriptive. SETTING: Evelyn H. Lauder Ambulatory Breast Center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. SAMPLE: 283 women with breast cancer; 187 had SLNB, and 96 had SLNB and axillary lymph node dissection. METHODS: Patients completed the BSAS(c) at baseline, three months, and six months after surgery. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Prevalence, severity, and level of distress of sensations in patients who had breast cancer surgery. FINDINGS: Sensations were less prevalent, severe, and distressing following SLNB compared with axillary lymph node dissection at all three time points. Tenderness and soreness remained highly prevalent following SLNB at the three time points. Tenderness, soreness, tightness, and numbness were among the most severe and distressing symptoms in both groups. The BSAS(c) demonstrated good reliability and validity. CONCLUSIONS: Overall prevalence, severity, and level of distress were lower following SLNB compared with axillary lymph node dissection at baseline, three months, and six months after surgery. Certain sensations remained prevalent, severe, and distressing in both groups. The BSAS(c) is a reliable and valid instrument. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Nurses should be familiar with prevalent sensations patients experience after SLNB and axillary lymph node dissection so they can provide education and support.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2003

Sensation seeking, alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors among men receiving services at a clinic for sexually transmitted infections.

OBJECTIVE: Risk-prone personality dispositions are associated with alcohol use and high-risk sexual behaviors; however, the nature of these associations and their implications for sexual risk reduction interventions are not clear. This study examined a conceptual model of sensation seeking personality and alcohol expectancies as correlates of sex-related alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors. METHOD: Men (N = 350) seeking services from an innercity clinic that treats sexually transmitted infections (STI) completed measures of demographic characteristics, sensation seeking, alcohol outcome expectancies, alcohol use in sexual contexts and sexual behaviors, administered onsite at the clinic using audio-computer-assisted interviewing. RESULTS: Path analyses showed that sensation seeking was related to engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse with casual or one-time sex partners (i.e.,high-risk sex). Sensation seeking was also associated with stronger expectancies that alcohol use enhances sex. This association was related to alcohol use in sexual contexts which, in turn, was related to high-risk sex. Analyses also showed that alcohol outcome expectancies mediated the association between sensation seeking and alcohol use in sexual contexts. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol use plays important roles in risks for sexually transmitted infections, particularly among high sensation seekers. Cognitive restructuring of alcohol outcome expectancies may offer an in-road for developing HIV-STI risk reduction interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A new system for the analysis of thermal judgments: multipoint measurements of skin temperatures and temperature-related sensations and their joint visualization.

We report a new system for monitoring sensations of many body parts as well as comprehensively showing the distribution of overall skin temperature (T(sk)) and temperature-related sensations. The system consists of a console with 52 levers to report temperature-related sensations and software that facilitates the visualization of the distribution of T(sk) and temperature-related sensations by displaying them on a model of the human body. The system's utility was demonstrated with a physiological experiment involving three males and three females. They were exposed to step changes of ambient temperature from 23 degrees C to 33 degrees C. We measured T(sk) at 50 points, and the subjects concurrently provided estimates of local temperature sensation and thermal comfort/discomfort at 25 loci. This system greatly facilitates the perception and analysis of spatial relationships and differences in temperature and sensation in various areas of the body.

Adult↗