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PubMed1996

Interest in a stepped approach model (SAM): identification of recruitment strategies for university alcohol programs.

This study evaluates interest in a stepped approach model (SAM) of service delivery and identifies variables to enhance recruitment to alcohol programs. Subjects were 2,443 college student drinkers (1,420 men and 1,023 women) at a large midwestern university (selected by stratified systematic sampling) who completed a questionnaire on drinking behavior and interest in five intervention steps. Results indicated that there was more interest in interventions that required less time, which supports predictions of SAM. Overall lack of interest peaked at 67% for men and 65% for women and did not change significantly across the last three steps of SAM, which included traditional interventions of group and individual counseling. The data suggest that the stepped approach is more viable than conventional approaches, recruitment is unquestionably an exigent research priority because of the overwhelming lack of interest in alcohol programs, and specific variables that were identified may be important for recruiting particular subgroups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM) as an animal model of senile dementia: pharmacological, neurochemical and molecular biological approach.

To elucidate the fundamental mechanism of age-related deficiencies of learning and to develop effective drugs for intervention in age-related diseases such as learning dysfunctions, pertinent animal models that have characteristics closely similar to human dysfunctions should be established. SAM (senescence-accelerated mouse) has been established as a murine model of the SAM strains, groups of related inbred strains including nine strains of accelerated senescence-prone, short-lived mice (SAMP) and three strains of accelerated senescence-resistant, long-lived mice (SAMR). SAMP-strain mice show relatively strain-specific age-associated phenotypic pathologies such as shortened life span and early manifestation of senescence. Among the SAMP-strain mice, SAMP8 mice show an age-related deterioration in learning ability. Here, the neuropathological, neurochemical and pharmacological features of SAM are reported, especially for SAMP8. Moreover, the effects of several drugs on the biochemical and behavioral alterations in SAMP8 and the etiologic manifestation of accelerated senescence are also discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

[The effects of long-term intake of a low concentration of sodium fluoride on bone loss in the growing senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM-P/6)].

The long-term effects of low concentrations of sodium fluoride (0, 1 and 5 mg/l) in drinking water on bone metabolism were examined in the growing senescence accelerated mouse (SAM-P/6) as a spontaneous experimental model of senile osteoporosis. In 4 and 8 months of age respectively, there were almost no differences in body weight, and serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels between controls and fluoride groups. Calcium contents per dry weight of femoral bone were higher in fluoride groups than in controls. The bone mass of the trabecular was not affected by the low-concentration sodium fluoride intake. However, sodium fluoride decreased the rate of bone mass loss associated with aging in the cortical bone in SAM-P/6 compared with the control. The results of this study suggest that, in growing SAM-P/6 mice, a long-term low-concentration sodium fluoride intake affects the skeletal metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

NMR structure of the p63 SAM domain and dynamical properties of G534V and T537P pathological mutants, identified in the AEC syndrome.

The p63 protein is crucial for epidermal development, and its mutations cause the extrodactyly ectodermal dysplasia and cleft lip/palate syndrome. The three-dimensional solution structure of the p63 sterile alpha-motif (SAM) domain (residues 505-579), a region crucial to explaining the human genetic disease ankyloblepharonectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome (AEC), has been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The structure indicates that the domain is a monomer with the characteristic five-helix bundle topology observed in other SAM domains. It includes five tightly packed helices with an extended hydrophobic core to form a globular and compact structure. The dynamics of the backbone and the global correlation time of the molecule have also been investigated and compared with the dynamical properties obtained through molecular dynamics simulation. Attempts to purify the pathological G534V and T537P mutants, originally identified in AEC, were not successful because of the occurrence of unspecific proteolytic degradation of the mutated SAM domains. Analysis of the structural dynamic properties of the G534V and T537P mutants through molecular dynamics simulation and comparison with the wild type permits detection of differences in the degree of freedom of individual residues and discussion of the possible causes for the pathology.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2006

[Effects of Naohuandan Recipe on learning and memory abilities of SAM-P/8 mice and its role in anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Naohuandan Recipe on learning and memory abilities of SAM-P/8 mice and its role in anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis. METHODS: Forty SAM-P/8 mice were randomly divided into four groups, which were untreated (normal saline-treated) group, Yinkeluo Tablets (extracts of gingko leaf)-treated group, low-dose Naohuandan Recipe-treated group and high-dose Naohuandan Recipe-treated group. Mice in these groups were given corresponding drugs orally for 105 days. Then the performances of learning and memory of mice were tested by a step-down passive avoidance task and a Y-maze test. The serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were detected. The expression level of bcl-xl mRNA in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: The performances of learning and memory in the Yinkeluo Tablets-treated group, low- and high-dose Naohuandan Recipe-treated groups were significantly improved as compared with those in the untreated group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and such performance was the best in the high-dose Naohuandan Recipe-treated group among these four groups (P<0.01). The serum levels of SOD and GSH-Px and the expression of bcl-xl mRNA in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice in the Yinkeluo Tablets-treated group, low- and high-dose Naohuandan Recipe-treated groups were also significantly higher than those in the untreated group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the serum level of MDA in the untreated group was higher than that in the other three groups (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Naohuandan Recipe can improve learning and memory abilities of SAM-P/8 mice, and this effect may be related to its anti-oxidation efficacy and enhancement of expression level of bcl-xl mRNA.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Localization of event-related activity by SAM(erf).

Synthetic aperture magnetometry (SAM) has been used to image source power or source signal-to-noise ratio from MEG. However, the locations of maximal event-related oscillatory activity (or changes from resting state) do not necessarily coincide with those sites that are phase-locked to external events (i.e., localized by dipole fit to the averaged evoked response). Since an estimate of the source time-series may also be obtained by applying the beamformer coefficients to the MEG signal, one can image event-related activity by mapping some function reflecting the reliability of the averaged source waveform at each location. We have devised a new analysis method, SAM(erf), for obtaining a functional image of event-related brain activity and revealing the corresponding waveforms for activated sites. The mapping function used is the ratio of RMS amplitude of the averaged source waveform to that of the +/- average waveform, for a selected time window. This function is computed at each coordinate on a three-dimensional grid in the head. In addition to the SAM(erf) functional image, the averaged source waveforms for each local maximum in the image can be computed and displayed. This procedure can reveal multiple locations and waveforms at sites in the brain engaged in event-related activities. When this method is applied to evoked response studies, phase-locked activity can sometimes be found in areas distant from primary sensory cortex. Given the sensitivity of this functional imaging method to areas outside primary sensory cortex, it has the potential for detecting subtle changes in brain activity in health and disease.

Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory↗
PubMed2006

[Systolic anterior motion (SAM): a rare cause of late failure in mitral valve repair].

Systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve is a rare complication of mitral valve repair. The treatment of the large majority of cases is purely medical. Nevertheless, an early degradation may require reoperation (revision of the repair or valve replacement). The authors report two cases of post-repair SAM with a poor outcome with medical therapy which required reoperation after several years. In both cases, an excess of bivalvular tissue with respect to the size of the mitral orifice was observed. A second repair was possible (sliding valvuloplasty associated with an oval resection of the anterior leaflet) with satisfactory long-term results. The identification of the risk factors and careful analysis of the lesions in cases of SAM after mitral valve repair may lead to a repeat repair and the avoidance of mitral valve replacement.

Female↗
PubMed1990

S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) in adults with ADHD, RS: preliminary results from an open trial.

The psychostimulants d-amphetamine and methylphenidate are thought to be the most effective treatment in children, adolescents, and adults with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) because they potentiate both dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) at the synaptic cleft. These medications are not free from side effects and controversy. Newer effective and safe treatments are needed. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), the active form of methionine, acts as a methyl donor and is involved in many metabolic pathways. It has beta adrenergic and DA receptor agonist activity. We have been using oral SAM in a sample of well-diagnosed adults with ADHD, residual state (RS) in a 4-week open trial to establish SAM effectiveness and safety and in a 9-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Preliminary data from the open trial reveal that 75 percent (6 out of 8 male) patients improve on it. The 2 who did not improve had not improved on methylphenidate trial. Improvement ranged from moderate to marked, with minimal and transient side effects that did not interfere with functioning.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1987

Immune responses in newly developed short-lived SAM mice. I. Age-associated early decline in immune activities of cultured spleen cells.

Using a cell culture system, age-associated changes in immune activities were investigated in newly developed, short-lived mouse strains. These SAM-P strains of mice (H-2k), which have a remarkably short life span (around 9 months) under conventional breeding conditions, showed an age-associated early decline in several immune functions, as compared to ordinary strains of AKR/J (H-2k) and C3H/He (H-2k) mice. Their antibody-forming capacity to T-independent antigen, DNP-Ficoll, and natural killer (NK) cell activity showed a markedly early onset of regression and a sharp decline from the level of control mice at 2 months of age. SAM-P strains of mice have a profound defect in antibody response to a T-dependent (TD) antigen, such as sheep red blood cells (SRBC), thus there was only a feeble antibody response to SRBC as early as the age of 2 months, and a negligible response at a later age. In contrast, the allo-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response of the mice was as high as that of control mouse strains at 2 months of age and declined little until at least 6 months of age. The early age-related functional decline in the immune system of SAM-P mice suggests that these new inbred strains are appropriate models for investigating the age-related appearance of immune dysfunctions.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

Preferential alternative splicing in cancer generates a K-sam messenger RNA with higher transforming activity.

K-sam, also designated fibroblast growth factor receptor 2/BEK, was originally cloned from a stomach cancer cell line KATO-III. The gene is amplified and overexpressed preferentially in poorly differentiated types of stomach cancers. The major K-sam transcript in KATO-III cells encodes a receptor protein with a truncated carboxyl terminus and with a high-affinity binding site for keratinocyte growth factor. This truncated type is produced by an alternative splicing mechanism, and in normal tissues, the truncated type is far less prevalent than the untruncated form. The variant K-sam complementary DNA lacks tyrosine 769, which is a putative phospholipase C gamma 1 association site, and showed a higher transforming activity to NIH3T3 cells than the untruncated form, which is identical with the keratinocyte growth factor receptor.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1997

SAM: speech-aware applications in medicine to support structured data entry.

In the last two years, improvement in speech recognition technology has directed the medical community's interest to porting and using such innovations in clinical systems. The acceptance of speech recognition systems in clinical domains increases with recognition speed, large medical vocabulary, high accuracy, continuous speech recognition, and speaker independence. Although some commercial speech engines approach these requirements, the greatest benefit can be achieved in adapting a speech recognizer to a specific medical application. The goals of our work are first, to develop a speech-aware core component which is able to establish connections to speech recognition engines of different vendors. This is realized in SAM. Second, with applications based on SAM we want to support the physician in his/her routine clinical care activities. Within the STAMP project (STAndardized Multimedia report generator in Pathology), we extend SAM by combining a structured data entry approach with speech recognition technology. Another speech-aware application in the field of Diabetes care is connected to a terminology server. The server delivers a controlled vocabulary which can be used for speech recognition.

Cell Biology↗
PubMed2005

Age-related expression of sigma1 receptors and antidepressant efficacy of a selective agonist in the senescence-accelerated (SAM) mouse.

The sigma1 receptor is a unique intracellular receptor whose activation results in an efficient modulation of several neurotransmitter responses. Its role as a target for the rapid nongenomic effects of neuro(active)steroids and the age-related diminutions in steroid levels suggested that targeting the sigma1 receptor might allow alleviation of age-related neuronal dysfunctions. We examined here the expression and behavioral efficacy of sigma1 receptors in the senescence-accelerated (SAM) mouse model. The sigma1 receptor mRNA expression was measured by using comparative RT-PCR in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cortex, or cerebellum of senescence-prone SAMP/8 and senescence-resistant SAMR/1 control animals. No difference was observed between substrains in 6-, 9-, and 12-month-old (m.o.) mice. The sigma1 protein expression was analyzed by using immunohistochemical techniques. Labeling was intense in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and midbrain of both SAMR/1 and SAMP/8 mice, and the distribution appeared unchanged in 6-, 9-, and 12-m.o. animals. The receptor's in vivo availability was examined by using in vivo [3H](+)-SKF-10,047 binding. No age-related difference was observed in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem of 6- or 12-m.o. SAMR/1 or SAMP/8 mice. The antidepressant efficacy of the selective agonist igmesine was examined in the forced-swimming test. The compound decreased significantly the immobility duration at 60 mg/kg in 6- and 12-m.o. SAMR/1 and in 6-m.o. SAMP/8 mice. In 12-m.o. SAMP/8 mice, the drug efficacy was facilitated; a significant effect was measured at 30 mg/kg. Decreased neurosteroid levels, particularly of progesterone, were seen in 12-m.o. SAMP/8 mice that might explain the enhanced efficacy of igmesine. Preserved sigma1 receptor expression and enhanced behavioral efficacy of sigma1 agonists were measured in SAM animals, confirming the therapeutic opportunities for selective ligands against age-related mood disorders.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

SAM-T04: what is new in protein-structure prediction for CASP6.

The SAM-T04 method for predicting protein structures uses a single protocol across the entire range of targets, from comparative modeling to new folds. This protocol is similar to the SAM-T02 protocol used in CASP5, but has improvements in the iterative search for similar sequences in finding and aligning templates, in creating fragment libraries, in generating protein conformations, and in scoring the conformations. The automatic procedure made some improvements over simply selecting an alignment to the highest-scoring template, and human intervention made substantial improvements over the automatic procedure. The main improvements made by human intervention were from adding constraints to build (or retain) beta-sheets and from splitting multidomain proteins into separate domains. The uniform protocol was moderately successful across the entire range of target difficulty, but was somewhat less successful than other approaches in CASP6 on the comparative modeling targets.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Sam Greenhouse's years at the Census Bureau and the UNRRA.

Sam Greenhouse joined the Census Bureau as a clerk at an interesting time period for the agency. The first use of sampling in the decennial census occurred in 1940. There was a major expansion of the amount of data collected. The organization of the Census Bureau underwent radical changes, including the growth of the Population Division of which Greenhouse was a part, and the Office of Statistical Assistant was established. After the 1940 census Greenhouse was also part of a new intercensal program which became the forerunner of today's Current Population Survey, and was on hand for the transition of the physical location of the agency from Washington D.C. to Suitland, Maryland. After America's entry into World War II, Sam Greenhouse left the Census Bureau and worked with the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), designed to manage the support and eventual repatriation of refugees who would come under Allied control at the war's end. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Biometry↗
PubMed2003

Sam Greenhouse: his contributions as a consultant to the Food and Drug Administration.

This paper recounts contributions made by Sam Greenhouse to the Food and Drug Administration during his tenure as an advisory committee member and as chair of the committee. The events and topics are taken from available recollections and minutes and selectively describe a range of topic areas and issues about which Sam Greenhouse played a substantial leadership role. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Advisory Committees↗
PubMed2003

The contributions of Sam Greenhouse to research on psychiatric diagnosis and psychopharmacology.

Sam Greenhouse began his involvement in mental disorders research in 1954 when appointed chief of the Theoretical Statistics and Mathematics section at the National Institute of Mental Health. He remained with the NIMH until 1966. Despite moving on to several other positions at the NIH and at the university during the ensuing years, he continued as a consultant to NIMH investigators. He also participated actively as an advisor and co-investigator on a number of important collaborative research programmes launched by the Institute in the 1970s and 1980s. His contributions to the design and methodology of the first clinical trials of drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia, to research aimed at revising the national and international classification systems for the mental disorders, and his participation in the planning of the first attempt to use the collaborative research model to test hypotheses about the genesis of a specific mental disorder (depression), are described. Finally, the signal importance of the 'profile analysis of variance' method that he and Seymour Geisser developed, to research on personality and mental disorders, is examined in detail. The authors describe applications of the method in their own research on the classification of the mental disorders, predicting response to drug treatment and the variations in the expression of mental illness across different cultures. Sam worked in mental health during an era of revolutionary changes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. The field was acutely aware of his many contributions to the progress of research and his colleagues are very grateful to have had the opportunity to work with him.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Some of Sam Greenhouse's contributions to statistical methods.

I briefly survey some areas of Sam Greenhouse's contributions to statistical methods before focusing on three examples. These examples illustrate Sam's ability to identify problems of practical importance and to make valuable contributions to their solutions. Many of his papers continue to provide important guidance and insight because he dealt with issues of enduring practical importance.

Biometry↗
PubMed1993

Persistent hyaloid vascular system in age-related cataract in a SAM strain of mouse.

The cataractogenesis of age-related cataract in a strain of Senescence-Accelerated Mouse; SAM-P/9 was investigated. In the mature cataract, funnel-shaped tissue of the persistent hyaloid vascular system extended from the retinal papilla and covered the extremely protruding posterior pole of the cataractous lens, as seen using a stereomicroscope. Longitudinal examination of the eyes with transparent lenses using an ophthalmoscope revealed that the hyaloid vascular system persisted in about 90% of the 5-week-old mice, at least unilaterally. The eyes with transparent lenses in some old mice retained this tissue and a retrospective study revealed that cataract never occurred in eyes without this tissue. Microphthalmos was not observed. Histologically, in the eyes with transparent lenses, the posterior lens capsule covered with a hyaloid vascular system became very thin but only a few lens fibre cells just inside the capsule had swelled. In the lens of the mature cataract or even with initial changes, the lens capsules ruptured. Electron microscopic examination showed that the persistent hyaloid vascular system was tissue consisting of capillary and mesenchymal cells. These observations suggest that the persistent hyaloid vascular system is a necessary but not sole factor for age-related cataract formation in SAM-P/9, and that other age-related factors probably have a role.

Aging↗