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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

The pea gene LH encodes ent-kaurene oxidase.

The pea (Pisum sativum) homolog, PsKO1, of the Arabidopsis GA3 gene was isolated. It codes for a cytochrome P450 from the CYP701A subfamily and has ent-kaurene oxidase (KO) activity, catalyzing the three step oxidation of ent-kaurene to ent-kaurenoic acid in the gibberellin (GA) biosynthetic pathway when expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). PsKO1 is encoded by the LH gene because in three independent mutant alleles, lh-1, lh-2, and lh-3, PsKO1 has altered sequence, and the lh-1 allele, when expressed in yeast, failed to metabolize ent-kaurene. The lh mutants of pea are GA deficient and have reduced internode elongation and root growth. One mutant (lh-2) also causes a large increase in seed abortion. PsKO1 (LH) is expressed in all tissues examined, including stems, roots, and seeds, and appears to be a single-copy gene. Differences in sensitivity to the GA synthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol, between the mutants appear to result from the distinct nature of the genetic lesions. These differences may also explain the tissue-specific differences between the mutants.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed2006

The WAG1 and WAG2 protein kinases negatively regulate root waving in Arabidopsis.

The WAG1 and WAG2 genes of Arabidopsis thaliana encode protein-serine/threonine kinases that are closely related to PINOID. In order to determine what roles WAG1 and WAG2 play in seedling development, we used a reverse genetics approach to study the wag1, wag2 and wag1/wag2 mutant phenotypes for clues. Although the wag mutants do not contain detectable amounts of the corresponding mRNA, they are wild type in most respects. However, wag1/wag2 double mutants exhibit a pronounced wavy root phenotype when grown vertically on agar plates, a phenotype observed in wild-type plants only on plates inclined to angles less than 90 degrees. The wag1 and wag2 mutants also demonstrate enhanced root waving, but to a lesser extent. Moreover, the double mutant roots are more resistant to the effects of N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid on the inhibition of root curling, raising the possibility that transport of auxin is affected in the wag mutants. Promoter fusions to the gusA reporter gene demonstrate that the WAG promoters are most active in root tips, consistent with the observed phenotypes in the wag mutants.

Agar↗
PubMed2005

Loss-of-function mutations of ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE3 suppress root waving, skewing, and epidermal cell file rotation in Arabidopsis.

Wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L. Heynh.) roots growing on a tilted surface of impenetrable hard-agar media adopt a wave-like pattern and tend to skew to the right of the gravity vector (when viewed from the back of the plate through the medium). Reversible root-tip rotation often accompanies the clockwise and counterclockwise curves that form each wave. These rotations are manifested by epidermal cell file rotation (CFR) along the root. Loss-of-function alleles of ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE3 (RHD3), a gene previously implicated in the control of vesicle trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi compartments, resulted in an almost complete suppression of epidermal CFR, root skewing, and waving on hard-agar surfaces. Several other root hair defective mutants (rhd2-1, rhd4-1, and rhd6-1) did not exhibit dramatic alterations in these root growth behaviors, suggesting that a generalized defect in root hair formation is not responsible for the surface-dependent phenotypes of rhd3. However, similar alterations in root growth behavior were observed in a variety of mutants characterized by defects in cell expansion (cob-1, cob-2, eto1-1, eto2-1, erh2-1, and erh3-1). The erh2-1 and rhd3-1 mutants differed from other anisotropic cell expansion mutants, though, by an inability to respond to low doses of the microtubule-binding drug propyzamide, which normally causes enhanced left-handed CFR and right skewing. We hypothesize that RHD3 may control epidermal CFR, root skewing, and waving on hard-agar surfaces by regulating the traffic of wall- or plasma membrane-associated determinants of anisotropic cell expansion.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1999

Effect of Wild-Type and Mutant Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on the Rooting of Mung Bean Cuttings.

Mung bean cuttings were dipped in solutions of wild type and mutant forms of the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida GR12-2 and then incubated for several days until roots formed. The bacteria P. putida GR12-2 and P. putida GR12-2/aux1 mutant do not produce detectable levels of the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, whereas P. putida GR12-2/acd36 is an ACC deaminase minus mutant. All bacteria produce the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and P. putida GR12-2/aux1 overproduces it. Treatment of cuttings with the above-mentioned bacteria affected the rates of ethylene production in the cuttings in a way that can be explained by the combined effects of the activity of ACC deaminase localized in the bacteria and bacterial produced IAA. P. putida GR12-2 and P. putida GR12-2/acd36-treated cuttings had a significantly higher number of roots compared with cuttings rooted in water. In addition, the wild type influenced the development of longer roots. P. putida GR12-2/aux1 stimulated the highest rates of ethylene production but did not influence the number of roots. These results are consistent with the notion that ethylene is involved in the initiation and elongation of adventitious roots in mung bean cuttings.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Root Isoflavonoid Response to Grafting between Wild-Type and Nodulation-Mutant Soybean Plants.

It was previously reported that the hypernodulating soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) mutants, derived from the cultivar Williams, had higher root concentration of isoflavonoid compounds (daidzein, genistein, and coumestrol) than did Williams at 9 to 12 days after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. These compounds are known inducers of nod genes in B. japonicum and may be involved in subsequent nodule development. The current study involving reciprocal grafts between NOD1-3 (hypernodulating mutant) and Williams showed that root isoflavonoid concentration and content was more than twofold greater when the shoot genotype was NOD1-3. When grafted, NOD1-3 shoots also induced hypernodulation on roots of both Williams and NOD1-3, while Williams shoots induced normal nodulation on both root genotypes. This shoot control of hypernodulation may be causally related to differential root isoflavonoid levels, which are also controlled by the shoot. In contrast, the nonnodulating characteristic of the NN5 mutant was strictly root controlled, based on reciprocal grafts. Delayed inoculation (7 days after planting) resulted in greater nodule numbers on both NOD1-3 and Williams, compared with a seed inoculation treatment. The nodulation pattern of grafted plants was independent of whether the shoot portion was derived from inoculated seed or uninoculated seed, when grafted at day 7 onto seedling roots derived from inoculated seed. This observation, coupled with the fact that no difference existed in nodule number of NOD1-3 and Williams until after 9 days from seed inoculation, indicated that if isoflavonoids play a role in differential nodulation of the hypernodulating mutant and the wild type, the effect is on advanced stages of nodule ontogeny, possibly related to autoregulation, rather than on initial infection stages.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

ALTERED RESPONSE TO GRAVITY is a peripheral membrane protein that modulates gravity-induced cytoplasmic alkalinization and lateral auxin transport in plant statocytes.

ARG1 (ALTERED RESPONSE TO GRAVITY) is required for normal root and hypocotyl gravitropism. Here, we show that targeting ARG1 to the gravity-perceiving cells of roots or hypocotyls is sufficient to rescue the gravitropic defects in the corresponding organs of arg1-2 null mutants. The cytosolic alkalinization of root cap columella cells that normally occurs very rapidly upon gravistimulation is lacking in arg1-2 mutants. Additionally, vertically grown arg1-2 roots appear to accumulate a greater amount of auxin in an expanded domain of the root cap compared with the wild type, and no detectable lateral auxin gradient develops across mutant root caps in response to gravistimulation. We also demonstrate that ARG1 is a peripheral membrane protein that may share some subcellular compartments in the vesicular trafficking pathway with PIN auxin efflux carriers. These data support our hypothesis that ARG1 is involved early in gravitropic signal transduction within the gravity-perceiving cells, where it influences pH changes and auxin distribution. We propose that ARG1 affects the localization and/or activity of PIN or other proteins involved in lateral auxin transport.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2006

Characterization of low phosphorus insensitive mutants reveals a crosstalk between low phosphorus-induced determinate root development and the activation of genes involved in the adaptation of Arabidopsis to phosphorus deficiency.

Low phosphorus (P) availability is one of the most limiting factors for plant productivity in many natural and agricultural ecosystems. Plants display a wide range of adaptive responses to cope with low P stress, which generally serve to enhance P availability in the soil and to increase its uptake by roots. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), primary root growth inhibition and increased lateral root formation have been reported to occur in response to P limitation. To gain knowledge of the genetic mechanisms that regulate root architectural responses to P availability, we designed a screen for identifying Arabidopsis mutants that fail to arrest primary root growth when grown under low P conditions. Eleven low phosphorus insensitive (lpi) mutants that define at least four different complementation groups involved in primary root growth responses to P availability were identified. The lpi mutants do not show the typical determinate developmental program induced by P stress in the primary root. Other root developmental aspects of the low P rescue system, including increased root hair elongation and anthocyanin accumulation, remained unaltered in lpi mutants. In addition to the insensitivity of primary root growth inhibition, when subjected to P deprivation, lpi mutants show a reduced induction in the expression of several genes involved in the P starvation rescue system (PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER 1 and 2, PURPLE ACID PHOSPHATASE 1, ACID PHOSPHATASE 5, and INDUCED BY PHOSPHATE STARVATION 1). Our results provide genetic support for the role of P as an important signal for postembryonic root development and root meristem maintenance and show a crosstalk in developmental and biochemical responses to P deprivation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1982

Quaking mouse: vacuolar degeneration of spinal roots.

Quaking is a neurologic mutant mouse with hypomyelination of CNS and PNS. In this mutant mouse of over 6 months of age, extensive vacuolation was found in the nerve fibers of the spinal roots, mostly in the ventral root. Normal axoplasmic constituents, such as mitochondria, neurotubules, and neurofilaments were, in general, well preserved. Many of these vacuoles appeared to be intra-axonal and only a few showed direct continuity with dilated periaxonal space. However, moderately electron-dense fluffy materials were often found in both the vacuoles and in the dilated periaxonal space, and rare mononuclear cells were found within the vacuoles, suggesting that these vacuoles were likely to be dilated periaxonal spaces. The vacuoles tended to be found more often in the myelinated nerve fibers than non-myelinated fibers. The changes in the periaxonal spaces observed in the old quaking mice were closely similar to those found in the myelinated cultures maintained on low calcium medium (Blank et al. 1974). Since calcium is highly concentrated in the node-paranodal regions and may be involved in the adhesion of Schwann cell loops to the axolemma (Ellisman et al. 1979), disturbed calcium and possibly other ionic concentrations due to structural abnormalities of node and paranodal regions in quaking mouse (Suzuki and Zagoren 1977) are speculated to be responsible for such morphological changes of spinal root in this mutant mouse.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Characterization of a Phosphate-Accumulator Mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana.

We have characterized a novel mutation of Arabidopsis thaliana at a locus designated pho2. pho2 mutants accumulated up to 3-fold more total P in leaves, mostly as inorganic phosphate (Pi), than wild-type seedlings. In addition, we isolated a mutant (locus designated pho1-2, an allelle of pho1-1 described by Y. Poirier, S. Thoma, C. Somerville, J. Schiefelbein [1991] Plant Physiol 97: 1087-1093) with low Pi concentrations in leaves. When grown under high transpiration conditions, leaves of pho2 seedlings became severely P intoxicated, whereas shoots of pho1-2 mutants were P deficient and wild-type seedlings were normal. A pho1/pho2 double mutant resulting from a cross between the single mutants was identified in the F2 generation and shown to have a pho1 phenotype. Prior to the development of P toxicity symptoms, P was the only mineral nutrient whose concentration was greater in pho2 mutants than wild-type seedlings. Compared to wild-type, pho2 mutants had greater Pi concentrations in stems, siliques, and seeds, but roots of pho2 mutants had similar or lower Pi concentrations than either pho1 mutants or wild-type seedlings. We suggest that the pho2 mutation affects a function normally involved in regulating the concentration of Pi in shoots of Arabidopsis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Effect of localized nitrate application on isoflavonoid concentration and nodulation in split-root systems of wild-type and nodulation-mutant soybean plants.

Although isoflavonoids are known to be inducers of nod genes in Bradyrhizobium japonicum, it was recently proposed that internal root levels of isoflavonoids may be important in nodule development on soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). The hypernodulating soybean mutants were shown to accumulate higher root concentrations of isoflavonoid compounds (daidzein, genistein, and coumestrol) and to be more extensively nodulated than was the Williams parent when inoculated with B. japonicum. The hypernodulating mutants and the parent line, Williams, also showed decreased isoflavonoid concentrations and decreased nodule development if N was applied. The current study evaluated the effect of localized NO(3) (-) application on root isoflavonoid concentration and on nodulation in split-root systems of the Williams wild type and a hypernodulating mutant (NOD1-3). Nitrate application markedly decreased isoflavonoid concentrations in non-inoculated soybean roots. When roots were inoculated, nodule number, weight, and nitrogenase activity were markedly suppressed on the root-half receiving 5 millimolar NO(3) (-) compared with the other root-half receiving 0 millimolar NO(3) (-). High performance liquid chromatographic analyses of root extracts showed that the root-half receiving 5 millimolar NO(3) (-) was markedly lower in isoflavonoid concentrations in both soybean lines. This was partially due to the localized stimulatory effect of NO(3) (-) on root growth. The inoculated NOD1-3 mutant had higher isoflavonoid concentrations than did the Williams control in both the presence and absence of NO(3) (-). These results provide evidence that the site of N application primarily controls the site of nodulation inhibition, possibly through decreasing isoflavonoid levels. Although the effect of NO(3) (-) on nodule development and root isoflavonoid concentration was strongly localized, there was evidence that NO(3) (-) also resulted in a systemic effect on root isoflavonoids. The results are consistent with previous speculation that internal levels of root isoflavonoids may affect nodule development.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Plastid sedimentation kinetics in roots of wild-type and starch-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis.

Sedimentation and movement of plastids in columella cells of the root cap were measured in seedlings of wild-type, a reduced starch mutant, and a starchless mutant of Arabidopsis. To assay for sedimentation, we used both linear measurements and the change of angle from the cell center as indices in vertical and reoriented plants with the aid of computer-assisted image analysis. Seedlings were fixed at short periods after reorientation, and plastid sedimentation correlated with starch content in the three strains of Arabidopsis. Amyloplasts of wild-type seedlings showed the greatest sedimentation, whereas plastids of the starchless mutant showed no significant sedimentation in the vertically grown and reoriented seedlings. Because previous research has shown that a full complement of starch is needed for full gravitropic sensitivity, this study correlates increased sensitivity with plastid sedimentation. However, although plastid sedimentation contributed to gravisensitivity, it was not required, because the gravitropic starchless mutant had plastids that did not sediment. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to measure plastid sedimentation in Arabidopsis roots after reorientation of seedlings. Taken together, the results of this study are consistent with the classic plastid-based and protoplast-based models of graviperception and suggest that multiple systems of perception exist in plant cells.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1998

Role of the O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide, and possible roles of growth rate and of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (nuo) in competitive tomato root-tip colonization by Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365.

Colonization-defective, transposon-induced mutants of the efficient root colonizer Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365 were identified with a gnotobiotic system. Most mutants were impaired in known colonization traits, i.e., prototrophy for amino acids, motility, and synthesis of the O-antigen of LPS (lipopolysaccharide). Mutants lacking the O-antigen of LPS were impaired in both colonization and competitive growth whereas one mutant (PCL1205) with a shorter O-antigen chain was defective only in colonization ability, suggesting a role for the intact O-antigen of LPS in colonization. Eight competitive colonization mutants that were not defective in the above-mentioned traits colonized the tomato root tip well when inoculated alone, but were defective in competitive root colonization of tomato, radish, and wheat, indicating they contained mutations affecting host range. One of these eight mutants (PCL1201) was further characterized and contains a mutation in a gene that shows homology to the Escherichia coli nuo4 gene, which encodes a subunit of one of two known NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductases. Competition experiments in an oxygen-poor medium between mutant PCL1201 and its parental strain showed a decreased growth rate of mutant PCL1201. The requirement of the nuo4 gene homolog for optimal growth under conditions of oxygen limitation suggests that the root-tip environment is micro-aerobic. A mutant characterized by a slow growth rate (PCL1216) was analyzed further and contained a mutation in a gene with similarity to the E. coli HtrB protein, a lauroyl transferase that functions in lipid A biosynthesis.

Electron Transport Complex I↗
PubMed1995

RML1 and RML2, Arabidopsis genes required for cell proliferation at the root tip.

New cells are produced from the meristematic tissues located at the shoot and root tip throughout the life of higher plants. To investigate the genetic mechanism regulating meristematic activity, we isolated and characterized four single-gene, recessive mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana called root meristemless (rml). Complementation tests identified two RML loci; RML1 maps to chromosome IV and RML2 maps to chromosome III. These mutants produce normal embryonic roots that either did not undergo or experienced limited cell division following germination, resulting in primary roots of less than 2.0 mm in length. Mutants can produce lateral and adventitious roots, which can grow to a length comparable to the embryonic root and arrest, indicating that the growth arrest is unrelated to the embryonic dormancy process. Neither the addition of growth regulators to the media nor the removal of shoots can rescue mutant roots from growth arrest, indicating that the mutant phenotype is not caused by a shortage of known growth regulators or by a transmissible shoot inhibitor. Normal cell division ability in mutant embryo, shoot, and callus cells indicates that the RML gene functions are not part of the general cell division processes; rather, they are involved specifically in activating the cell division cycle in the root apical cells.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2004

ydk1-D, an auxin-responsive GH3 mutant that is involved in hypocotyl and root elongation.

To study the GH3 gene family of Arabidopsis, we investigated a flanking sequence database of Arabidopsis activation-tagged lines. We found a dwarf mutant, named yadokari 1-D (ydk1-D), that had a T-DNA insertion proximal to a GH3 gene. ydk1-D is dominant and has a short hypocotyl not only in light but also in darkness. Moreover, ydk1-D has a short primary root, a reduced lateral root number, and reduced apical dominance. A GH3 gene, named YDK1, was upregulated in ydk1-D, and YDK1 transgenic plants showed the ydk1-D phenotype. YDK1 gene expression was induced by exogenously applied auxin and regulated by auxin-response factor (ARF)7. In addition, YDK1 gene expression was downregulated by blue and far-red (FR) lights. Strong promoter activity of YDK1 was observed in roots and flowers. These results suggest that YDK1 may function as a negative component in auxin signaling by regulating auxin activity.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2001

AtCSLD3, a cellulose synthase-like gene important for root hair growth in arabidopsis.

A member of the cellulose synthase-like (subfamily D) gene family of Arabidopsis, AtCSLD3, has been identified by T-DNA tagging. The analysis of the corresponding mutant, csld3-1, showed that the AtCSLD3 gene plays a role in root hair growth in plants. Root hairs grow in phases: First a bulge is formed and then the root hair elongates by polarized growth, the so-called "tip growth." In the mutant, root hairs were initiated at the correct position and grew into a bulge, but their elongation was severely reduced. The tips of the csld3-1 root hairs easily leaked cytoplasm, indicating that the tensile strength of the cell wall had changed at the site of the tip. Based on the mutant phenotype and the functional conservation between CSLD3 and the genuine cellulose synthase proteins, we hypothesized that the CSLD3 protein is essential for the synthesis of polymers for the fast-growing primary cell wall at the root hair tip. The distinct mutant phenotype and the ubiquitous expression pattern indicate that the CSLD3 gene product is only limiting at the zone of the root hair tip, suggesting particular physical properties of the cell wall at this specific site of the root hair cell.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Superoxide dismutase activity in Pseudomonas putida affects utilization of sugars and growth on root surfaces.

To investigate the role of superoxide dismutases (SOD) in root colonization and oxidative stress, mutants of Pseudomonas putida lacking manganese-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) (sodA), iron-superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) (sodB), or both were generated. The sodA sodB mutant did not grow on components washed from bean root surfaces or glucose in minimal medium. The sodB and sodA sodB mutants were more sensitive than wild type to oxidative stress generated within the cell by paraquat treatment. In single inoculation of SOD mutants on bean, only the sodA sodB double mutant was impaired in growth on root surfaces. In mixed inoculations with wild type, populations of the sodA mutant were equal to those of the wild type, but levels of the sodB mutant and, to a great extent, the sodA sodB mutant, were reduced. Confocal microscopy of young bean roots inoculated with green fluorescent protein-tagged cells showed that wild type and SOD single mutants colonized well predominantly at the root tip but that the sodA sodB double mutant grew poorly at the tip. Our results indicate that FeSOD in P. putida is more important than MnSOD in aerobic metabolism and oxidative stress. Inhibition of key metabolic enzymes by increased levels of superoxide anion may cause the impaired growth of SOD mutants in vitro and in planta.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An ultrastructural analysis of the cells of the outer root sheath of the hair follicles in mice of the wellhaarig mutant strain].

Ultrastructure of cells of the outer root sheath (ORS) of the guard hair follicles from the dorsal part of the body of 12-day old we/we and +/+ mice was studied. Changes observed in the ultrastructure of ORS cells in mutant mice included greater vacuolization of the cytoplasm and damaged structure of mitochondria accompanied by the absence of crisis. Many cells of the ORS outer layer in hair follicles of we/we and +/+ mice showed electron-dense outgrowths oriented axo-proximally which suggests their possible involvement in transportation of the hair, by contraction of these outgrowths, to the skin surface. Possible mechanisms of hair growth in view of these data are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Plant endoplasmin supports the protein secretory pathway and has a role in proliferating tissues.

Endoplasmin is a molecular chaperone of the heat-shock protein 90 class located in the endoplasmic reticulum and its activity is poorly characterized in plants. We assessed the ability of endoplasmin to alleviate stress via its transient overexpression in tobacco protoplasts treated with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycosylation and inducer of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Endoplasmin supported the secretion of a model secretory protein but was less effective than BiP, the endoplasmic reticulum member of the heat-shock protein 70 family. Consistently, immunoprecipitation experiments with in vivo radioactively labelled proteins using an antiserum prepared against Arabidopsis endoplasmin showed that a much smaller number of newly synthesized polypeptides associated with endoplasmin than with BiP. Synthesis of endoplasmin was enhanced by UPR inducers in tobacco seedlings but not protoplasts. As BiP synthesis was induced in both systems, we conclude that the UPR acts differently, at least in part, on the expression of the two chaperones. Endoplasmin was not detectable in extracts of leaves and stems of the Arabidopsis endoplasmin T-DNA insertion mutant shepherd. However, the chaperone is present, albeit at low levels, in shepherd mutant callus, mature roots and tunicamycin-treated seedlings, demonstrating that the mutation is leaky. Reduced endoplasmin in the shepherd mutant has no effect on BiP protein levels in callus or mature roots, leaves and stems, but is compensated by increased BiP in seedlings. This increase occurs in proliferating rather than expanding leaf cells, indicating an important role for endoplasmin in proliferating plant tissues.

Amino Acid Sequence↗