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PubMed2003

Human hippocampal and parahippocampal activity during visual associative recognition memory for spatial and nonspatial stimulus configurations.

Evidence from animal studies points to the importance of the parahippocampal region (PHR) [including entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal (PHC) cortices] for recognition of visual stimuli. Recent findings in animals suggest that PHR may also be involved in visual associative recognition memory for configurations of stimuli. Thus far, however, such involvement has not been demonstrated in humans. In fact, it has been argued that associative recognition in humans is critically dependent on the hippocampal formation (HF). To better understand the division of function between HF and PHR during recognition memory in humans, we measured the activity of both areas in healthy young adults during an associative recognition memory task using functional magnetic resonance imaging. To more precisely characterize the nature of the associations that might be coded by the HF and PHR during recognition, subjects were required to learn and were later tested for associations based on either the spatial arrangements of two stimuli or the identity of two stimuli (a face and a tool). An area in the PHC was found to be more active for recognized old configurations than new configurations in both the spatial and identity conditions. The HF, on the other hand, was more active for recognition of new configurations than old configurations and also more active in the spatial than the identity condition. These data highlight the involvement of PHR in the long-term coding of associative relationships between stimuli and help to clarify the nature of its functional distinction from the HF.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Topographical recognition memory sensitive to amnestic mild cognitive impairment but not to depression.

OBJECTIVE: Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) involves episodic memory. The person who presents aMCI has a high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, prediction of deterioration to dementia in cases of aMCI can be confounded with depression due to lack of specificity on selective memory tests. Finding a test sensitive to aMCI but not to depression would be potentially most useful to subsequent longitudinal studies researching the neuropsychological markers of preclinical AD. We hypothesized that the performance on a topographical memory task would be sensitive to the aMCI condition, while depression would not influence such a performance. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: A group of 137 community-dwelling French-speaking subjects between 55 and 70 years old was administered a topographical recognition memory task. Based on aMCI and depression criteria, 45 subjects were selected and divided into four groups: 11 patients with aMCI without depression, nine depressive patients with aMCI, ten depressive patients without cognitive impairment and 15 control subjects. The remaining non-selected participants did not belong to any of the previous interest groups. RESULTS: The 'aMCI' factor had a significant effect on the topographical recognition memory task scores, while the 'depression' factor did not. The aMCI patients performed worse than the non-aMCI. CONCLUSION: Although these results were found with relatively small groups, deficits in topographical recognition memory were observed in aMCI patients and did not seem to be sensitive to depression. Further longitudinal studies are needed to examine whether deficits in topographical recognition memory are a neuropsychological marker of preclinical AD.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Event-related potentials as indirect measures of recognition memory.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during an auditory word-recognition task to determine whether they can be used as indirect measures of recognition memory, defined as the ability to differentiate learned from unlearned material when no overt recognition response from the subject is required. A modified version of the two-choice reaction time task developed by Allen, Iacono and Danielson (Allen et al., 1992) was used. In three recognition tasks, administered on two consecutive days, subjects were instructed to indicate recognition of recently learned words. These words were presented along with unlearned words and along with previously learned words which both required a non-recognition response. Recently learned target words as well as previously learned nontarget words elicited a centro-parietal positivity around 500-1000 ms post-stimulus. The size and onset of this late positivity (P300) were affected by the requirement of an overt recognition response. The results suggest that ERPs are sensitive to differences between learned and unlearned words, to some extent independently of the behavioral response. ERPs may therefore be used as indirect measures of recognition memory. In addition, because the present results held for stimuli presented in the auditory modality and because recognition indices were still observed after a one-day interval between learning and testing, this procedure might prove useful in various applications when the integrity of memory is in question.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Long-term perceptual specificity effects in recognition memory: the transformed pictures paradigm.

The effects of a study/test mismatch in the viewing mode of natural scenes on recognition memory performance were examined. At both encoding and retrieval, scenes were presented either by being divided into quarters that were displayed in a sequential cumulative fashion or by scrolling the images through the screen, thereby gradually revealing the content of the images. Half of the participants were tested immediately after encoding and the other half after 48 hours. For both the immediate and delayed retrieval conditions, better recognition memory was demonstrated when viewing modes matched across study and test than when they mismatched. Implications for current processing and multiple systems views of memory are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Serial position effects in recognition memory for odors.

Five experiments examined recognition memory for sequentially presented odors. Participants were presented with a sequence of odors and then had to identify an odor from the list in a test probe containing 2 odors. All experiments demonstrated enhanced recognition of odors presented at the start and end of a series, compared with those presented in the middle of the series when a 3-s retention interval between list termination and test was used. In Experiments 2 and 3, when a 30-s or 60-s retention interval was used, participants performed at slightly lower levels, although the serial position function was similar to that obtained with the 3-s retention interval. These results were noted with a 5-item (Experiments 1 and 4), 7-item (Experiment 2), 6-item (Experiment 3), and 4-item (Experiment 5) list of odors. As the number of test trials increased, recognition performance decreased, indicating a strong role for olfactory fatigue or interference in these procedures. A verbal suppression task, used in Experiments 4 and 5, had little influence on serial-position-based performance.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A neural circuit analysis of visual recognition memory: role of perirhinal, medial, and lateral entorhinal cortex.

Using a continuous recognition memory procedure for visual object information, we sequentially presented rats with eight novel objects and four repeated objects (chosen from the 8). These were selected from 120 different three-dimensional objects of varying sizes, shapes, textures, and degree of brightness. Repeated objects had lags ranging from 0 to 4 (from 0 to 4 different objects between the first and repeated presentation). An object was presented on one side of a long table divided in half by an opaque Plexiglas guillotine door, and the latency between opening the door and the rat moving the object was measured. The first presentation of an object resulted in reinforcement, but repeated presentations did not result in a reinforcement. After completion of acquisition training (significantly longer latencies for repeated presentation compared with the first presentation of an object), rats received lesions of the perirhinal, medial, or lateral entorhinal cortex or served as sham operated controls. On the basis of postsurgery testing and additional tests, the results indicated that rats with perirhinal cortex lesions had a sustained impairment in performing the task. There were no sustained deficits with medial or lateral entorhinal cortex lesions. The data suggest that recognition memory for visual object information is mediated primarily by the perirhinal cortex but not by the medial or lateral entorhinal cortex.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Cross-modal utilization of information: recognition memory for environmental stimuli.

In a study of cross-modal recognition memory for vision and audition photographs were matched for meaningful content with naturalistic sounds. Fifteen subjects inspected pictures and were tested with sounds and for 15 other the procedure was reversed. The two cross-modal groups were further divided into subgroups of 5 to test at one of three delays: immediate, 2 days, or 7 days. Accuracies for recognition of vision-audition for the respective retention intervals were 88.0%, 81.8%, and 75.4% and for audition-vision 87.9%, 85.1%, and 76.7%. Delay interval significantly affected cross-modal recognition. There was no interaction. Vision-audition recognition accuracy did not differ from audition-vision. The cross-modal recognition for both was high. Neither differed from a comparable intra-modal recognition memory for naturalistic sounds (Lawrence, 1974).

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1983

Word frequency effect and recognition memory in dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Normal persons show better recognition memory for rare than for common words. In the first experiment, we examined this word frequency effect in 17 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and 20 normal controls of equivalent age and education. The DAT patients showed a normal tendency to false alarm to common words but failed to show the normal rare word advantage in their hit rate. In a second experiment, we examined normal memory immediately and after a delay of 1 week when it is approximately equivalent to that of DAT patients. There was no attenuation of the usual rare word advantage. These findings suggest that DAT patients fail to encode the featural and intrastructural elements of to-be-remembered verbal information and that this processing deficit may contribute to their impaired recognition memory performance.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Neural basis of novel and well-learned recognition memory in schizophrenia: a positron emission tomography study.

The level of familiarity of a given stimulus plays an important role in memory processing. Indeed, the novelty/familiarity of learned material has been proven to affect the pattern of activations during recognition memory tasks. We used visually presented words to investigate the neural basis of recognition memory for relatively novel and familiar stimuli in schizophrenia. Subjects were 34 healthy volunteers and 19 schizophrenia spectrum patients. Two experimental cognitive conditions were used: 1 week and again 1 day prior to the PET imaging subjects had to thoroughly learn a list of 18 words (well-learned memory). Subjects were also asked to learn another set of 18 words presented 1 min before the PET experiment (novel memory). During the PET session, subjects had to recognize the list of 18 words among 22 new (distractor) words. Subjects also performed a control task (reading words). A nonparametric randomization test and a statistical t-mapping method were used to determine between- and within-group differences. In patients the recognition of novel material produced relatively less flow in several frontal areas, superior temporal gyrus, insular cortex, and parahippocampal areas, and relatively higher activity in parietal areas, visual cortex, and cerebellum, compared to controls. No significant differences in flow were seen when comparing well-learned memory activations between groups. These results suggest that different neural pathways are engaged during novel recognition memory in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy individuals. During recognition of novel material, patients failed to activate frontal/limbic regions, recruiting a set of posterior perceptual brain regions instead.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Feature frequency effects in recognition memory.

Rare words are usually better recognized than common words, a finding in recognition memory known as the word-frequency effect. Some theories predict the word-frequency effect because they assume that rare words consist of more distinctive features than do common words (e.g., Shiffrin & Steyvers's, 1997, REM theory). In this study, recognition memory was tested for words that vary in the commonness of their orthographic features, and we found that recognition was best for words made up of primarily rare letters. In addition, a mirror effect was observed: Words with rare letters had a higher hit rate and a lower false-alarm rate than did words with common letters. We also found that normative word frequency affects recognition independently of letter frequency. Therefore, the distinctiveness of a word's orthographic features is one, but not the only, factor necessary to explain the word-frequency effect.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Verbal and figural recognition memory: task development and age associations.

The goal of the present study was to develop and validate parallel tests of verbal and figural delayed-recognition memory with similar task demands and difficulty levels. Such tasks would allow examination of age differences and longitudinal age changes in visual recognition memory for two types of stimuli, activate divergent neural systems, and allow us to use the same procedures within the confines of functional neuroimaging as those we use in standard neuropsychological administration. The tasks introduced here include a delay between target presentation and test phase, are matched in difficulty, and yield moderate levels of performance. Individual and group differences in task performance were examined in 80 cognitively normal men and women in two older age groups: 60 to 69 and 70 to 85. Accuracy averaged 74% in both tasks, with lower performance in the oldest age group. Although accuracy was equivalent between tasks, subjects had a more liberal response bias in the figural than verbal task. Performance on the new recognition-memory tests was significantly related to Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT; Benton [1963]. New York: The Psychological Corporation) and California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT; Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober [1987]. New York: The Psychological Corporation) performance measures. The absence of floor or ceiling effects, wide range of individual variability, and demonstrated concurrent validity of the present tasks suggest their potential utility in functional neuroimaging studies and in the early detection of cognitive decline.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2004

Context noise and item noise jointly determine recognition memory: a comment on Dennis and Humphreys (2001).

S. Dennis and M. S. Humphreys (see record 2001-17194-007) proposed a model with the strict assumption that recognition memory is not affected by interference from other items. Instead, confusions are due to noise generated by prior contexts in which the test item appeared. This model seems disparate from existing models of recognition memory but is similar in many ways that are not superficially obvious. One difference is the order in which item and context information are used as retrieval cues. A more critical difference is the assertion that only an item's history, and not other items, affects recognition memory. Conceptual arguments along with the results of 2 experiments make a persuasive case that both types of noise affect recognition. To illustrate the approach, the authors fit experimental data with a version of the retrieving effectively from memory model (R. M. Shiffrin & M. Steyvers, 1997) incorporating both sources of noise.

Association↗
PubMed1997

Association learning and recognition memory in alcoholic Korsakoff patients.

Association learning and recognition memory were examined in 8 male alcoholic Korsakoff patients (mean age 58), and in the following 4 groups of 10 men: non-Korsakoff alcoholics (mean age 59), nonalcoholic controls (mean age 64), younger alcoholics (mean age 36), and nonalcoholic controls (mean age 37). The tasks were modeled after those used for testing memory functioning in nonhuman primates. Association learning, defined as the ability to distinguish rewarded from equally familiar nonrewarded visual stimuli, was impaired in Korsakoff patients. Korsakoff patients also were impaired on recognition memory-the ability to discriminate familiar from novel items. Results support the view of loss of multiple memory functions in alcoholic amnesia. An effect of aging was indicated by differences in performance levels between younger and older groups of non-Korsakoff participants, although the latter were superior to the Korsakoff patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Impaired recognition memory in monkeys after damage limited to the hippocampal region.

Monkeys with lesions limited to the hippocampal region (the hippocampus proper, the dentate gyrus, and the subiculum) were impaired on two tasks of recognition memory: delayed nonmatching to sample and the visual paired-comparison task. Recognition memory was impaired in five different groups of monkeys, whether the lesions were made by an ischemic procedure, by radio frequency, or by ibotenic acid. The finding that the hippocampal region is essential for normal recognition memory performance is considered in the context of current ideas about the role of the hippocampus in declarative memory.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effect of depression on psychomotor skills, eye movements and recognition-memory.

In this study 12 depressed outpatients were compared to 12 healthy controls with respect to their performance on a number of cognitive tasks, including a recognition-memory task, and their eye movements and pupil size were recorded while watching a traffic film. The recognition-memory task consisted of words with intermediate hedonic tone (neutral words), words with high hedonic tone ('good' words) and words with low hedonic tone ('bad' words). Patients performed slower on perceptual-motor tasks which could be characterized as effort-demanding, while no difference between groups was found on effortless tasks. In addition, the range of horizontal eye movements, an indication of visual span, was found to be less in patients. Signal-detection analysis on the recognition-memory data showed an impairment of 'pure' memory in depressives. Analyses on response bias indicated that patients had more false alarms, but only with respect to good words. It is concluded that patients exhibit cognitive deficits, including memory impairment, a narrower visual span and a risky response strategy on good words, which may be an indication of the trouble patients have in processing emotionally toned words.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

fMRI activity in the medial temporal lobe during recognition memory as a function of study-test interval.

The phenomenon of temporally graded retrograde amnesia (loss of information acquired before the onset of amnesia) suggests that the hippocampus, and possibly other medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures, have a time-limited role in memory. In three experiments, we made a first attempt to use fMRI to assess activity in the hippocampal region (the CA fields of the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus, and the subiculum) and the adjacent parahippocampal gyrus (parahippocampal, entorhinal, and perirhinal cortices) during recognition memory testing as a function of study-test interval. Experiment 1 (n = 5) demonstrated activity in the hippocampal region and parahippocampal gyrus for targets relative to foils during recognition memory performance following a single study-test delay of about one-half hour. In Experiment 2, 15 participants studied line drawings at each of three different times prior to scanning: one-half hour, 1 day, and 1 week. fMRI data were then collected during recognition memory testing, using targets from all three delays and foils. While an overall effect of targets vs. foils was found in both the hippocampal region and the parahippocampal gyrus, there was no effect of study-test interval on target activity. In Experiment 3 (n = 13), behavioral performance (reaction time and accuracy) was equated across the three delays. Again, no effect of study-test interval was observed. It is possible that the time span sampled in our study (one-half hour to 1 week) was too short to observe changes in activity. Alternatively, activity in the MTL during memory testing may occur even when these structures are not necessary for retrieval.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The effect of normative context variability on recognition memory.

According to some theories of recognition memory (e.g., S. Dennis & M. S. Humphreys, 2001), the number of different contexts in which words appear determines how memorable individual occurrences of words will be: A word that occurs in a small number of different contexts should be better recognized than a word that appears in a larger number of different contexts. To empirically test this prediction, a normative measure is developed, referred to here as context variability, that estimates the number of different contexts in which words appear in everyday life. These findings confirm the prediction that words low in context variability are better recognized (on average) than words that are high in context variability.

Attention↗
PubMed1984

Aging and recognition memory: methodological and interpretive problems.

The recognition memory and aging literature has been reviewed with the purpose of evaluating the notion that the elderly encode semantic information in a more variable manner than the young. Because of methodological, as well as interpretive problems, only a handful of the investigations may be given serious consideration. It is recommended that future investigators report hits, false alarms, sensitivity and response-bias measures. It is also recommended that a concerted effort be made to equate age groups for response bias, that complete details of experimental procedures be reported and that appropriate statistical tests be made.

Adolescent↗