Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Reality Testing”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Inference processes in obsessive-compulsive disorder: some clinical observations.

In this paper we outline a cognitive model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) which proposes that the core belief of OCD evolves through a series of illogical inferences. These faulty inference processes involve inferring the plausibility of events on the basis of irrelevant associations, dismissing actual evidence on the grounds of going beyond surface reality to a deeper reality, and finally inferring that a completely fictional narrative is a remote probability. A therapy aimed specifically at changing these inference processes is illustrated with case examples of OCD clients who had not benefited from conventional behavior therapy. The inference based approach (IBA) complements existing cognitive-behavioral therapy but suggests that in certain cases, the conventional cognitive therapy view of OCD beliefs as exaggerated fears of remote possibilities may actually reinforce the obsessional belief since even remote events are real. The IBA on the contrary suggests that an important goal in therapy is to highlight this confusion found in OCD between imagination and reality and illuminate for the OCD client how their compulsions, far from reassuring them about a remote possibility, actually take them further away from reality and reinforce their imaginary doubt.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Melting chocolate and melting snowmen: analogical reasoning and causal relations.

Children's performance in the classical a:b::c:d analogy task is traditionally very poor prior to the Piagetian stage of formal operations. The interpretation has been that the ability to reason about higher-order relations (the relations between the a:b and c:d parts of the analogy) is late-developing. However, an alternative possibility is that the relations used to date in the analogies are too difficult for younger children. Two experiments presented children aged 3, 4 and 6 years with a:b::c:d analogies which were based on relations of physical causality such as melting and cutting, for example chocolate bar:melted chocolate::snowman:melted snowman. Understanding of these particular causal relations is known to develop between the ages of 3 and 4 years. It was found that even 3-year-olds could solve the classical analogies if they understood the causal relations on which they were based.

Cacao↗
PubMedDate not supplied

On defining delusions.

The DSM-III-R definition of delusions bears inconsistencies and does not account for the way delusions are detected clinically. It can be traced back to Karl Jaspers who was the first to mention the three criteria of delusions, which are to be found in the textbooks ever since: (1) certainty, (2) incorrigibility, and (3) impossibility or falsity of content. Psychiatrists always felt uncomfortable with the third criterion, and Kurt Schneider pursued the most thorough attempt to dispose of this criterion by his definition of delusional perception. It can be shown that while his definition is wrong, the phenomena he had in mind do, in fact, have some distinctive features. Proceeding from the first two criteria of Jaspers, a new definition is proposed that emphasizes the way certain contents are stated and disregards the issue of right or wrong. Advantages of this definition are discussed and a distinction between delusions (about external reality) and certain actual experiences (happening in the patient's mind) is proposed.

Delusions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Autism in schizophrenia revisited.

The concept of autism is reviewed in its historical evolution. It is suggested that the Bleulerian insistence on the withdrawal component in autism contributed to the decline of its use in adult psychiatry. Phenomenology offers another approach to grasping the nature of autism as a relational (subject-outer world) phenomenon. European phenomenological psychiatry in the field of schizophrenia is introduced and its attempts to reveal the essence of autism are presented. Autism is here considered as a "loss of vital contact with reality" (Minkowski), "inconsistency of natural experience" (Binswanger), or "the global crisis of common sense" (Blankenburg). It is proposed that autism represents dysfunctional perceptual/expressive attunement to the outer world. The usefulness of this concept is briefly examined in relation to the diagnosis and etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1986

Self-recognition: a study of a population without mirrors.

The study of the influence of familiarity with mirrors on children's capacity to identify their reflected images permitted differentiation between two problems that confront the child in the mirror situation: (a) the identity of the image and (b) the capacity to relate mirror space to real space. Sixty children, 6 to 26 months old, without previous experience with mirrors, were observed systematically while discovering their mirror image and a reflected object. Their behavior was compared to a control group with habitual mirror familiarity. The results suggest that (a) self-recognition in the mirror is independent of the child's familiarity with reflecting surfaces and (b) the capacity to relate mirror to real space seems to be strongly influenced by previous experience with mirrors.

Affect↗
PubMed1991

Adaptive regression and ego identity.

An inventory of adaptively regressive experiences (Taft Ego Permissiveness Inventory) and the Identity Status Interview were administered to 71 college students (35 female, 36 male). As hypothesized, Moratorium status individuals (actively engaged in identity formation) showed a greater disposition to adaptive regression than did individuals in other statuses. This supports the view that adaptive regression may serve an important function in the identity formation process. Contrary to hypothesis, Achievement status individuals did not show greater disposition to adaptive regression than those in Foresclosure status. Females showed substantially greater disposition to adaptive regression than did males.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The Iowa therapeutic community model of chemical dependency treatment.

A model of inpatient chemical dependency treatment used in several facilities in Iowa is described. Through combining 12 Step, Therapeutic Community and Reality Therapy concepts, the issues of denial, control, and self centeredness are addressed in developmental phases. Individualizing the program through multidisciplinary input is explained in terms of identifying hindrances in perceiving reality and assisting the patients reduce resistance in a downhill process of increasing wholeness and growth.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Cognitive components of naming in children: effects of referential uncertainty and stimulus realism.

The ease of picture naming in children was assessed as a function of two stimulus characteristics: (a) the number of available correct names for a picture (referential uncertainty) and (b) the degree to which a picture realistically represents the depicted object (stimulus realism). Two experiments employing different methods demonstrated that: (a) children named low uncertainty objects (those with a single dominant name, e.g., key, elephant) faster than high uncertainty objects (those with multiple possible correct names, e.g., lamp/light, stove/oven) and (b) this uncertainty effect arose at a stage of naming subsequent to object identification. Possible underlying mechanisms for the uncertainty effect include passive diffusion of activation over multiple object-name pathways or active inhibition among competing candidate names. Stimulus realism (colored photographs vs uncolored line drawings) did not consistently influence naming performance. Implications for understanding children's naming behavior are discussed.

Attention↗
PubMed1990

Lycanthropy and demonomania: some psychopathological issues.

Modern reports on lycanthropy mainly concentrate on the content of patients' beliefs in being transformed into an animal. By contrast, an interest in the form of the symptomatology is usually minimal. This paper draws on Karl Jaspers' phenomenological views and focuses on some important albeit neglected psychopathological issues related to form which are relevant to any comprehensive consideration of lycanthropic phenomena.

Awareness↗