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PubMed1981

[Effect of the copper status on the reproduction performance and the milk yield of cows in 2 copper-deficient locations. 2. Effect of copper deficiency on the reproduction performance and the milk yield of cows].

The influence of copper deficiency on the reproduction performance of cows has not often been investigated. In two habitats feeding cows with mineral mixtures rich in copper resulted in a significant reduction of the aperiodically extended sexual cycles. The beginning of the first visible symptoms of heat, the period between gravidities, the duration of gravidity, the birth weight of the calves and the Cu-content of the colostrum remained uninfluenced by Cu-supply. The liver weight increase of the calves from cows without Cu-supplement during gravidity was by 5% lower during the first 90 days of life than that of the offspring of cows with additional intrauterine Cu-supply (p greater than 0.05). The mineral mixture increased the milk yield by 0.4 resp. 0.5 kg and the milk fat content by 0.10 resp. 0.13%. This resulted in an excess production of 32 resp. 62 g milk fat per cow and day of the experiment (p greater than 0,05).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Immunological testing and treatment in reproduction: frequency assessment of practice patterns at assisted reproduction clinics in the USA and Australia.

BACKGROUND: The roles that alloimmunity and autoimmunity may play in reproductive failure, including recurrent pregnancy loss and failed IVF, have not been clearly established. To help define practice patterns, we investigated what tests clinicians in the USA and Australia were offering, to which patients (diagnostic groups) the tests were recommended, and in what situations immunological/anticoagulation treatment was advised. METHODS: A five section survey was completed by senior physicians attending the annual national fertility society meetings in the USA and Australia. Results were tabulated and analysed. RESULTS: Antiphospholipid antibody testing was offered to patients with recurrent pregnancy loss by almost all physicians surveyed. Patients with previous failure of IVF were tested much less often. Other immune tests (embryotoxic assay, natural killer cells and leukocyte antibodies) were ordered by none of the Australian participants and approximately 25% of the American participants. The use of immunotherapy and anticoagulation therapy for patients who tested positive for various immunological tests was also evaluated for frequency of use and reported secondary complications. CONCLUSIONS: Large, well-structured studies examining the benefits of immunological evaluation and treatment are necessary before definite recommendations can be made.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed2001

Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 1998. Results generated from European registers by ESHRE. European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology.

European results of assisted reproductive techniques from treatments initiated during 1998 are presented in this second ESHRE report. Data was collected from 18 European countries usually from pre-existing national registers. A total of 521 clinics from these 18 countries reported 232 443 cycles: IVF 103 919 intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) 89 192 unclassified fertilization method 667 frozen embryo replacement (FER) 34 03 oocyte donations (OD) 4629. In nine countries where all clinics reported to the register a total of 128 801 cycles were performed in a population of 165 million corresponding to 781 cycles per million inhabitants 3.2 cycles per 1000 women aged 15-49 years. After IVF ICSI the distribution of transfer of 1, 2, 3 > or =4 embryos was 11.5, 37.2, 42.0 and 9.4% respectively. Huge differences existed between countries. For IVF the clinical pregnancy rate per aspiration per transfer was 23.2% 27.0% respectively. For ICSI the corresponding rates were 24.8% 26.8%. The distribution of singleton, twin, triplet, quadruplet deliveries for IVF and ICSI combined was 73.7, 23.9, 2.3 and 0.1%. This gives a total multiple delivery rate of 26.3%. The range of triplet deliveries after IVF and ICSI differed from 0.2-5.3% between countries. Compared with 1997, the number of reported cycles has increased by 14% and the number of reporting clinics by 8%. The clinical pregnancy rate per transfer increased from 26.1 to 27.0% after IVF and from 26.4 to 26.8% after ICSI. Multiple deliveries after IVF and ICSI decreased from 29.6 to 26.3%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 1997. Results generated from European registers by ESHRE. European IVF-Monitoring Programme (EIM), for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE).

European results of assisted reproductive techniques from treatments initiated during 1997 are presented in this first ESHRE report. Data were collected from 18 European countries, usually from already-existing national registers. A total of 482 clinics from these 18 countries reported 203 893 cycles. In 10 countries with complete registration, 133215 cycles were performed in a population of 174 million, corresponding to 765 cycles per million inhabitants. After IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), the distribution of transfer of one, two, three and four or more embryos was 11.5, 35.9, 38.4 and 14.3% respectively. Huge differences existed between countries. For IVF, the clinical pregnancy rate per transfer was 26.1%, and the delivery rate per embryo transfer 20.9%. For ICSI, the corresponding rates were 26.4% and 21.5%. Singleton, twin, triplet and quadruplet delivery rates for IVF were 70.4, 25.8, 3.6 and 0.2% respectively, giving a total multiple delivery rate for IVF of 29.6%. After ICSI, the corresponding rates were 71.7, 25.2, 2.9 and 0.1%, amounting to a total multiple delivery rate of 28.2%. The range of triplet delivery rates after IVF range from 0.4% to 11.9% among countries.

Embryo Transfer↗
PubMed2004

What is the most relevant standard of success in assisted reproduction?: challenges in measuring and reporting success rates for assisted reproductive technology treatments: what is optimal?

For assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments, measures of success that move beyond traditional measures of pregnancy and live birth and narrow the numerator to infant outcomes with an optimal short- and long-term prognosis are needed. Hence, presentation of singleton live birth delivery rates is warranted. Twins have greatly increased risks for morbidity and mortality in comparison with singletons. Success rates based on singleton live births will more completely inform patients evaluating which ART treatment options will maximize their chance for a healthy infant. Additionally, providers who limit embryos transferred can feel they are on an even playing field in reporting their success rates. Measures of success that narrow the numerator further to exclude preterm or low birth weight singleton births might also be informative. However, the utility of such measures is less clear because the aetiologies of preterm birth and low birth weight among singletons are probably multifactorial. While it may be desirable to consider adverse outcomes such as congenital anomalies in defining treatment success, it is unfeasible to collect complete and accurate data on anomalies in current ART registries. As ART use increases, continual re-examination and critique of the manner in which success is defined and presented to the public is critical.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed2004

What is the most relevant standard of success in assisted reproduction? Assessing the BESST index for reproduction treatment.

It has been proposed that use of performance indicators for assisted reproduction treatment (ART) should be revised to better reflect the burden of treatment endured by a couple, and to place greater emphasis on the desired outcome of healthy babies. Recently, the BESST (birth emphasizing a successful singleton at term) score as a routine measurement for use in ART has been suggested. We applied the BESST index to a sample of ART patients and found that the BESST score was sensitive to the effects of patient age and extremes in the number of embryos transferred. However, the statistical properties of the index placed great weight on the effective implantation rate, which when applied to a time series in which implantation rates were improving, showed BESST scores to increase simultaneously with multiple pregnancy rates. This limits the completeness of the summary score as an expression of benefits compared to risks. A modified BESST index, not including cycles of initiated treatment as a denominator, indicated that the ART births contained a substantially lower proportion of BESST babies when compared to the entire population of births.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Life table (survival) analysis to generate cumulative pregnancy rates in assisted reproduction: an alternative method of calculating the cumulative pregnancy rate in assisted reproduction technology.

The current method of calculating cumulative pregnancy rate can lead to an overestimation of treatment efficacy, especially over many cycles of assisted reproduction treatment. The choice of scale of passage of time should be dependent upon the types of treatment to be evaluated. The number of treatment cycles to which patients' effort and commitment is directly related may be appropriate where the chance of pregnancy is expected to be significantly higher than non-treatment for them. Limiting the calculation of cumulative pregnancy rate only to the second or third cycle within 1 or 2 years will ensure that most patients are included in the calculation. More research is needed to assess different methods and develop better variables for assessing the efficacy of infertility treatment that can be informative for patients over the course of their treatment.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Reproductive consequences of interactions between clonal growth and sexual reproduction in Nymphoides peltata: a distylous aquatic plant.

Distyly is a sexual polymorphism in which plant populations contain two floral morphs differing in morphology and physiology. The dimorphism serves to promote animal-mediated cross-pollination between the floral morphs. Clonal propagation can interfere with the functioning of distyly by compromising intermorph pollinations, resulting in reduced fertility. Here, we investigate the relations between clonal growth and sexual reproduction in the aquatic macrophyte Nymphoides peltata (Menyanthaceae). Surveys of morph representation in 30 populations from five regions of China revealed that most populations exhibited strongly biased morph ratios and 30% contained a single floral morph. Experimental pollinations indicate that N. peltata possesses a strong dimorphic incompatibility system preventing self and intramorph fertilizations. An experiment involving the manipulation of morph ratios in an experimental population and an investigation in a natural population with strong morph substructure both provided evidence that compatible pollen dilution limits fertility. Despite constraints on the functioning of distyly in N. peltata we found no evidence for evolutionary changes to the heterostylous syndrome, as reported in Nymphoides, including populations of N. peltata in other parts of its geographical range.

China↗
PubMed2003

Reproductive behavior in the squid Sepioteuthis australis from South Australia: ethogram of reproductive body patterns.

Squids use a diverse range of body patterns for communication. Each pattern consists of a series of chromatic, postural, and locomotor components that are under neural control and can change within fractions of a second. Here we describe an ethogram of 48 body pattern components from in situ observations of reproductively active Sepioteuthis australis. In addition, we identify the total time and average duration that each component is shown, to a resolution of 1 s. Our results suggest that only a few components (e.g., "Golden epaulettes," "Stitchwork fins," and "Rigid arms") are temporally common, that is, shown for more than 80% of the time. In contrast to the component classification reported for other species of squid, for this species we suggest a classification system consisting of "short acute" (lasting for < 10 s); some of these same components were also classified as "medium acute" (11-60 s) or "chronic" (> 60 s). Several body patterning components were previously unreported, as were some of the combinations observed. The significance of these patterning components is discussed within the context of the associated behaviors of the squid on the spawning grounds.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1994

Effect of dietary chlortetracycline during breeding and(or) farrowing and lactation on reproductive performance of sows: a cooperative study. S-145 Committee on Nutritional Systems for Swine to Increase Reproductive Efficiency.

A cooperative regional study involving 850 litters was conducted at five experiment stations (Arizona, Florida, Oklahoma, Texas, and Virginia) to assess the effects of feeding 220 mg/kg of chlortetracycline (CTC) from 1 wk before to the initiation of the breeding season to 15 d after the breeding season and(or) from 110 d of gestation through lactation on reproductive performance of sows (2 x 2 factorial). Sows were fed 1.82 kg/d (2.27 kg during December, January, and February) during the breeding period and before farrowing. Feed was consumed on an ad libitum basis during lactation. Feeding CTC during the breeding season increased litter size at birth (10.8 vs 10.3; P < .05) and decreased feed consumption (5.4 vs 5.5 kg/d; P < .05) in the subsequent lactation period. Feeding CTC during lactation reduced lactation weight loss in sows (4.3 vs 6.1 kg; P < .07). Feeding the antibiotic at breeding had no effect on conception rate; however, feeding the antibiotic during lactation improved subsequent conception rate at the first service (80 vs 73%; P < .10) and overall conception rate (89 vs 84%; P < .05). This indicates that some carryover effect of feeding CTC during lactation occurred during the subsequent breeding period. Station x treatment interactions were observed for survival rate to 21 d (P < .05) and to weaning (P < .06). Overall, survival rates were not greatly affected by antibiotic feeding. No treatment interaction was observed for any trait measured, indicating that the effects of CTC during the breeding and lactation periods were independent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effects of dietary energy during gestation and lactation on reproductive performance of sows: a cooperative study. S-145 Committee on Nutritional Systems for Swine to Increase Reproductive Efficiency.

A cooperative experiment involving 999 litters was conducted at seven stations to assess the reproductive performance of gilts and sows fed different levels of energy during gestation and lactation (21 d) for three consecutive parities. Treatments consisted of two gestation (G) and two lactation (L) diets in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Gestation treatments were diets fed to provide normal (5.9 Mcal/d, NG) or high (7.4 Mcal/d, HG) energy intake; lactation treatments were diets that contained 0 (NL) or 9% added fat (HL). Sows were provided ad libitum access to feed during the lactation period. Feeding the higher energy level during gestation increased pig birth weight (P < .01) and pig weight gain to weaning (P < .01). Sows that had been fed the higher level of energy during gestation (HG) ate less feed during lactation (P < .01) and lost more weight during lactation (P < .01). Increasing lactation energy intake by adding fat resulted in greater pig weight gains to 21 d of age (P < .01). Sows fed the HG-NL combination had fewer pigs on d 21 than all other treatment groups (G x L; P < .01). There was a G x L x parity interaction (P < .05) for days to estrus after weaning. Sows on the NG-HL or HG-NL treatments had increased days to estrus in Parity 1 (P < .05), whereas those on the NG-NL treatments had increased days to estrus in Parities 2 and 3 (P < .05). The HG-HL treatment minimized days to postweaning estrus during the three-parity study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

Computer modeling of sheep reproduction: II. Accelerated reproduction in sheep.

A computer simulation program was written in SLAM (Simulation Language for Alternative Modeling) to simulate certain biological aspects involved in alternative systems of reproduction in sheep. Four fundamental lambing schemes, once a year, three times in 2 yr, twice a year and continuous schemes, along with modifications of these schemes, are simulated. Parameters of greatest effect in this simulation were the average spread of the estrous season (SA), the measure of asymmetry (SD) and the maximum proportion of ewes exhibiting estrus (MX). It was demonstrated that the greater the SA values (longer estrous seasons and shorter anestrous seasons), the more advantageous it was to breed frequently. The SD and MX parameters influenced to a lesser degree the lambing results obtained from these simulations. The relative merits of certain breeds and locations for out-of-season breeding were studied and evaluated for annual and seasonal fertility.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1980

Influence of dietary protein during the pre-breeder period on subsequent reproductive performance of large white turkeys. 2. Growth, feed consumption, and male sex-limited reproductive traits.

the effect of low dietary protein during the rearing and breeding periods on the reproductive performance of Large White turkey males was examined. At 12 weeks of age 251 males were randomly divided into two groups and fed either 12 or 17% protein through 56 weeks of age. Body weight gains from 12 to 20 weeks and 20 to 28 weeks of age were significantly reduced for the males receiving the 12% dietary protein. However, after 28 weeks of age, weight differences decreased and by 56 weeks of age body weights of both groups were approximately the same. In addition, a significant reduction in feed consumption was noted for the males fed 12% protein. Males on the high protein diet experienced a higher mortality than those on the low protein diet. Low dietary protein reduced semen volume and spermatozoa concentration at 33 weeks of age, but there were no significant differences thereafter. The percentages of normal, abnormal, or dead spermatozoa were unaffected by dietary protein levels. Feeding 12% protein from 12 to 56 weeks of age to Large White turkey breeder males was adequate for high quality semen production.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis on reproduction, attitudes toward reproductive behaviour and genetic knowledge.

An evaluation was carried out into whether neonatal screening for Cystic Fibrosis could potentially prevent the birth of more affected children in the same family. Although CF was detected in more than 50% within the first year of life in those cases where a diagnosis was made on clinical symptoms, in these families 10 children -- among whom two with CF -- were born prior to the CF diagnosis. With neonatal screening, no pregnancies were started before the CF-diagnosis. No differences were found in attitudes toward further reproduction and understanding of important genetic facts. Although prenatal diagnosis was not yet possible at the time of the study, approximately 50% of the parents showed a positive attitude toward this option. Minimizing the delay in diagnosis by neonatal screening, together with the availability of prenatal diagnosis may lead to a significant reduction in subsequent births of CF cases.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1979

Reproductive performance of Iraqi buffaloes. I. Pattern of female reproduction.

In a buffalo herd at Amara Buffalo Breeding Station between October 1975 and October 1976 various features were investigated of the reproductive performance of heifers. The average age of the heifers was 22.01 at first estrus, 22.50 at ovulation, 26.05 at conception, and 38.8 months at calving. Estrus occurred at an average interval of 72.7 days after calving. Extended post-partum anestrus for more than 90 days was observed in 26.8% of the animals studied. The average length of the calving interval was calculated as 408 days. 67.3% of the calvings took palce between June and October.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The characteristics of the reproductive capacity of hybrids of the bison (Bison bison L.) with the domestic cow (Bos (Bos) primigenius taurus). The reproductive capacity of hybrid females].

Reproduction ability of hybrid females received in various variants of absorbent and variable crossing of bison and domestic cow has been studied. Normal development of genitals, oogenesis, display of sexual activity, as well as fertilization have been found in all females, independently of their blood content. Frequent cases of "relative" sterility in some females of the I-III generations have immunological character and are predominantly caused by the mortality of embryos and fetuses at various stages of pregnancy. Their number decreases gradually as blood portion of one of the initial species increases in each successive generation.

Animals↗