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PubMed2000

Student religiosity and attitudes toward religion in medicine at a private Catholic medical school.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study examined attitudes of medical students at a private Catholic medical school toward religion in medical education and practice and the relationship of these attitudes to medical student religiosity. METHODS: Surveys were mailed to first- and second-year medical students at Saint Louis University. The survey concerned attitudes about the integration of religious issues into the medical school curriculum and clinical practice and the personal importance of religion in the student's life (i.e., religiosity). RESULTS: The response rate was 61% (188/308). Nearly half of the students supported the introduction of religious studies into the medical curriculum, primarily through electives and modelling during clinical clerkships. Students with a higher level of personal religiosity were more likely to advocate training and participation in religious inquiry and behavior in the medical clinic. CONCLUSIONS: A significant minority of medical students at this Catholic university supported attention to religious issues in the medical school curriculum. The percentage might be lower at medical schools with no religious affiliation. The data indicate that students' religiosity is associated with their support for religious inquiry with patients and for the inclusion of religious issues in the medical school curriculum.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Spirituality, religion, and pediatrics: intersecting worlds of healing.

Religious practices such as prayer represent the most prevalent complementary and alternative therapies in the United States. However, biomedicine has sometimes viewed faith and related religious worldviews as relevant only when they obstruct implementation of scientifically sound biomedical care. Recent efforts to arrive at a new synthesis raise challenges for pediatricians. This article reviews theories of child faith development, and models of child spirituality from different disciplinary perspectives. It provides sources illustrating how spirituality and religion may inform children's lives; play a part in children's moral formation, socialization, and induction into a sacred worldview; and provide the child with inner resources. It also suggests some of the positive and negative effects of spiritual and religious engagement. Second, this article examines aspects of spirituality and religion that parents may bring to bear in relation to their children's health. Third, this article addresses the spiritual and/or religious identity of the provider. These topics are discussed in the context of cultural competence and the related importance of religious diversity. The authors suggest 1) some approaches for appropriate inclusion of spirituality in clinical practice, 2) challenges for medical education, and 3) areas requiring further research.

Anthropology↗

PubMed2000

All God's children: religion, divorce, and child custody.

Many young Americans, married and marriageable, are turning to more traditional or fundamentalist religions. Religiosity and ultra-strict morality often leads to attitudes that alter decision-making in marriage, divorce, and the disposition of the children of divorce. Judgmental pastoral counseling may affect these decisions even more. This paper discusses these issues, emphasizing the need for forensic psychiatrists involved in the custody arena to be aware of the religious, spiritual, irreligious, or even anti-religious feelings of the battling partners. It also presents detailed information about the four major American religions (Roman Catholicism, traditional Judaism, Mormonism, and Islam) that have specific doctrine, protocols, or customs affecting decisions in marriage, divorce, and child custody and visitation. This information is presented from the viewpoint of a child advocate. Mental health experts consulting in child custody must understand the backgrounds of the battling parents, including the religious pressures that well may adversely affect their interspousal disputes, particularly those over child custody. The experts must also recognize the attitudes of the religious communities in which the custodial parent may reside after divorce. Those attitudes may be rejecting of the children as well as of the divorced parent(s). Mental health experts may have a better chance to reach agreement between the battling parents if the experts reverse the historic reluctance of psychiatrists to evaluate and discuss the religious feelings and beliefs of their forensic evaluatees.

Child↗

PubMed2001

Religion and the science of relationships: is a happy marriage possible?

The current article is a commentary on the 4 articles included in this issue regarding religion and the family. Recommendations are made regarding the methodological strategies that might be followed in enhancing the science of religion and family. The 4 articles in this issue are used as examples of how the field can fruitfully proceed in the future. Foremost among the recommendations is that specific hypotheses be developed to explore explicit ways in which certain aspects of religious life might relate to specific aspects of family/marriage functioning.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Systematic review of clinical trials examining the effects of religion on health.

Using MEDLINE, (limited to the English language and the reference lists of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs), we assessed the impact of religion on health outcomes via systematic, critical review of the medical literature. All RCTs published from 1966 to 1999 and all non-RCTs published from 1996 to 1999 that assessed a relationship between religion and measurable health outcome were examined. We excluded studies dealing with non-religious spirituality, ethical issues, coping, well-being, or life satisfaction. We used the Canadian Medical Association Journal's guidelines for systematic review of the medical literature to evaluate each manuscript. Nine RCTs and 25 non-RCTs met these inclusion/exclusion criteria. Randomized controlled trials showed that intercessory prayer may improvehealth outcomes in patients admitted to a coronary care unit but showed no effect on alcohol abuse. Islamic-based psychotherapy speeds recovery from anxiety and depression in Muslims. Non-RCTs indicate that religious activities appear to benefit blood pressure, immune function, depression, and mortality.

Ethics, Medical↗

PubMed2003

Religion and its effects on crime and delinquency.

This review is an attempt to explore the relationship between two complex areas of behavioral research, namely that of religion and crime and delinquency. We will also examine supporting research from the area of physiological belief and relaxation systems as a means of understanding the posited negative correlation between religiosity and crime. Our central thesis is that ones level of participation in religious activities is negatively correlated to participation in criminal activity. While this central tenant seems straightforward there are a number of methodological issues that need to be addressed. In particular we need to operationally define the terms religiosity and delinquency. By reviewing archival research we hope to help substantiate the negative correlation between religion and crime, as well as explain a possible mechanism for this relationship.

Crime↗

PubMed1992

The effects of gender, race, religion, and political orientation on the sex role attitudes of college freshmen.

Freshmen (N = 556) at a large eastern private university were administered a questionnaire during the first week of classes. A social learning perspective was used to examine the effects of gender, race (Asian, black, and white), religion (Catholic, Jewish, and Protestant), and political orientation (liberal and conservative) on four areas of sex role ideology--traditional attitudes toward female sexuality, justification of male dominance, negative attitudes toward homosexuality, and attitudes toward feminism. Although all four independent variables produced a significant effect on at least one measure of sex role ideology, religion and political orientation produced significant differences on all four sex role measures. Liberals as compared to conservatives and Jews as compared to Protestants were less traditional in their attitudes toward female sexuality, less accepting of male dominance and negative attitudes toward homosexuality, and more accepting of feminist attitudes. The results support the view that entering freshmen have established sex role belief systems that tend to be organized around constellations of traditional/conservative versus egalitarian/liberal attitudes.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Religion, health and medicine in African Americans: implications for physicians.

Recent years have seen a burgeoning of research and writing on the connections between religion and health. The very best of this work comes from epidemiologic studies of African Americans. This paper summarizes results of these investigations, including findings identifying effects of religious participation on both physical and mental health outcomes. Evidence mostly supports a protective religious effect on morbidity and mortality and on depressive symptoms and overall psychological distress among African Americans. This paper also carefully discusses what the results of these studies mean and do not mean, an important consideration due to frequent misinterpretations of findings on this topic. Because important distinctions between epidemiologic and clinical studies tend to get glossed over, reports of religion-health associations oftentimes draw erroneous conclusions that foster unrealistic expectations about the role of faith and spirituality in health and healing. Finally, implications are discussed for clinical practice, medical education and public health.

Black or African American↗

PubMed2006

The influence of religion on organ donation and transplantation among the Black Caribbean and Black African population--a pilot study in the United Kingdom.

Currently the demand for transplant organs, particularly kidneys, far outstrips the supply in the United Kingdom. This problem is particularly severe for the Black African and Black Caribbean populations who have a higher predisposition to end-stage renal failure. Several commentators have suggested that religious and cultural traditions may be the major determinant preventing Black Africans and Black Caribbeans from donating organs. An exploratory qualitative study using focus groups was undertaken with the aim of examining the influence of religion, among other things, on the extent and direction of public attitudes toward organ donation in a cross-section of the Black African and Black Caribbean populations in Lambeth, Southwark, and Lewisham. In almost every focus group, religion and faith were expressed as issues that could prevent Black people from becoming organ donors. Organ donation was debated with caution on the basis of how their religious experience had influenced them. This finding suggests that the church and faith leaders could play a greater role in raising awareness of organ donation in these communities. Religious leaders can reach large numbers of people in a short space of time and will assist members of any group to understand more fully the religious stance on the subject matter. This education, in the long term, may lead to more people becoming organ donors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

[Psychiatrist, patient and religion: more than simply coping].

Qualitative information derived from interviews with psychiatrists working in a Dutch psychiatric institution shows that religion plays a role in the relationship between psychiatrist and patient. Religion functions not only as a coping mechanism, it also lies at the basis of the psychiatrist's attitude. Although less than 20% of the psychiatrists interviewed claimed to be religious, more than 75% said that the therapeutic relationship was partly founded on religious ideas and principles.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2006

Chorionic villous sampling: differences in patients' perspectives according to indication, ethnic group and religion.

BACKGROUND: The decision to undergo prenatal testing may be influenced by ethnic or religious factors. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate factors that might influence the decision of pregnant women to choose chorionic villous sampling for prenatal testing. METHODS: The study group comprised 239 women referred for prenatal diagnosis who elected to undergo CVS. The data were analyzed according to indication, ethnic group and religion. RESULTS: Among women undergoing CVS because of advanced maternal age and anxiety, we noted a significantly high proportion of unbalanced families, i.e., with three or more children of the same gender and deviated gender ratio. We found a significant excess of males among the Jewish families and a significant excess of females among the non-Jewish families. Jews were over-represented in the monogenic group while Christian Arabs were over-represented in the maternal age/anxiety group. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of women who chose CVS for prenatal diagnosis varied according to indication, ethnic group and religion. The data in this study indicate that CVS may have been utilized for balancing families with > or = 3 or more children of the same sex. Christian Arabs chose CVS more often than the other groups. Jewish women may have utilized CVS for family balancing of both sexes, while non-Jews may have utilized CVS for balancing families with > or = 3 daughters.

Chorionic Villi Sampling↗

PubMed1982

The impact of culture and religion on psychiatric care.

Culture and religion have a strong impact on clinical relationships, and attention to these issues has been shown to improve psychiatric care. Current issues in psychiatry and religion are explored, in order to demonstrate the clinical relevance of new findings in this area.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Religion as a determinant of marital stability.

Using data from the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households, this paper studies the role of the religious composition of unions as a determinant of marital stability. With the exceptions of Mormons and individuals with no religious identification, stability is found to be remarkably similar across the various types of homogamous unions. Consistent with the notion that religion is a complementary marital trait, interfaith unions have generally higher rates of dissolution than intrafaith unions. The destabilizing effect of out-marriage varies inversely with the similarity in beliefs and practices of the two religions as well as with the mutual tolerance embodied in their respective doctrines. The results also suggest that religious compatibility between spouses at the time of marriage has a large influence on marital stability, rivaling in magnitude that of age at marriage and, at least for Protestants and Catholics, dominating any adverse effects of differences in religious background.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Religion's role in health. What's God got to do with it?

Sex, politics, and religion were once polite-conversation no-no's. But as Victorian sensibilities gave way to modern ones, society has loosened up, leaving few value-laden topics taboo. Government's regulatory grip on health care has made any comprehensive discussion of medicine incomplete without some mention of politics. Epidemic rates of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases have forced medicine's participation in debates about sexuality. But religion has remained pretty much a nontopic, scientifically speaking, until relatively recently.

Humans↗

PubMed1998

Religion and the psychotherapeutic relationship. Transferential and countertransferential dimensions.

The salience of religion in society and health care has received increased attention. Recent developments in psychiatry reflect a broader view of religion that includes an appreciation of its adaptive and maladaptive dimensions. An examination of religious countertransferential and transferential reactions provides a framework for examining religious themes. Case examples illustrate the following critical factors that increase therapists' skill in working with religious themes: 1) monitoring the therapist's own attitude toward religious content, 2) attending to religious content, 3) seeking consultation, and 4) using religious content in interpretations.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Religion and attitudes towards alcohol use in the Western Isles.

Research on religion and alcohol has produced conclusive results with regard to the relationship between religion and alcohol consumption but ambiguous findings with regard to more general attitudes towards alcohol use. This paper considers these issues in depth by a secondary analysis of data collected in the Western Isles of Scotland. It finds that differences between Protestants and Catholics do exist: Protestants are more likely to endorse an abstinent position, while Catholics are more permissive in their attitudes towards drinking. In terms of attitudes towards drunkenness, however, differences between the two groups are slight. The paper concludes by giving data on differences in attitudes towards alcoholism and service use and calls for future studies in the area to take the cultural context of these issues into account.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Jewish religion and risk of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: The excess risk of breast cancer among Jewish women has been attributed to the effects of difference in lifestyle and reproductive patterns, but there is now evidence that Jewish women may be more likely than other women to inherit mutations in breast-cancer genes. We investigated whether any excessive risk among Jewish women is confined to those with a family history of breast cancer. METHODS: We assessed the effect of Jewish religion on breast cancer in a large population-based case-control study (6611 women with breast cancer and 9026 controls) in USA. Participants were given telephone interviews and asked about known and suspected risk factors for breast cancer. FINDINGS: Overall, Jewish women had only a slightly raised relative risk of breast cancer (1.10 [95% CI 0.84-1.44]; p=0.49). However, the relative risk was much higher for Jewish women with a first-degree relative who had breast cancer (3.78 [1.74-8.16]; p<0.001). The effect of family history was greater in Jewish women than in women of other religions (p interaction = 0.05). INTERPRETATION: These results are consistent with data suggesting that certain groups of Jewish women have a higher than expected rate of mutation in the breast-cancer gene BRCA1.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

An introduction to three studies of rural elderly people: effects of religion and culture on health.

The paper introduces three empirical studies which relate the religious beliefs and practices or rural older adults from different ethnic groups to their health behaviors. It briefly describes the rationale for the studies and their main components, including their aims, study sites, study populations, methods used, and their principal findings. Then it discusses two primary themes which run through all the papers, namely rurality and cross-cultural comparisons. Finally, several secondary themes are discussed, including the importance of place, types of analysis, variable definition, causal relationships among variables, types of healing, locus of control, discourses about religion and health, and the religion and health connection.

Journal Article↗