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PubMed1984

Social stigma and community recreation participation by the mentally and physically handicapped.

This paper presents research results on social stigma barriers to community recreation participation by the mentally and physically handicapped. Depth interviews with 180 physically handicapped, mentally retarded, and mentally ill persons from community and institutional residential settings were conducted to determine (a) their perception of negative, stigmatizing attitudes toward the handicapped, and (b) the degree to which these perceptions of community stigma restrict participation by the handicapped in community recreation. The study found that many handicapped people do perceive, and are affected by community stigma. Those with highly visible impairments are most likely to have experienced negative community reactions. The perception of stigmatizing attitudes leads to restricted recreation participation for some handicapped people, but not for others.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Nonfatal sports- and recreation-related injuries treated in emergency departments--United States, July 2000-June 2001.

Each year in the United States, an estimated 30 million children and adolescents participate in organized sports, and approximately 150 million adults participate in some type of nonwork-related physical activity. Engaging in these activities has numerous health benefits but involves a risk for injury. CDC analyzed data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) to characterize sports- and recreation-related injuries among the U.S. population. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicate that during July 2000-June 2001 an estimated 4.3 million nonfatal sports- and recreation-related injuries were treated in U.S. hospital emergency departments (EDs). Injury rates varied by sex and age and were highest for boys aged 10-14 years. Effective prevention strategies, including those tailored to specific activities and those aimed at children, adolescents, and adults, are needed to reduce sports- and recreation-related injuries in the United States.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recreational use and misuse of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the rationale for and extent of phosphodiesterase (PDE) 5 inhibitor use in recreational settings, describe risks from such misuse, and discuss postexposure clinical management strategies. DATA SOURCES: Published articles identified by searches through Medline, EMBASE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Toxline, from 1990 to March 2004, using the search terms sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, phosphodiesterase inhibitor, abuse, overdose, adverse effects, recreational, and street drugs. Additional references identified within articles and information from the Internet were included. STUDY SELECTION: Clinical trials, epidemiologic reviews, case reports, and news releases concerning the misuse of sildenafil. DATA EXTRACTION: By the authors. DATA SYNTHESIS: PDE5 inhibitors, indicated for treatment of erectile dysfunction, can produce several adverse effects, including potentially fatal cardiovascular events. Reports of recreational use and misuse of sildenafil appear in the medical literature and the media. The potential for abuse also exists for the two more recently approved drugs in this class, vardenafil and tadalafil. Increasing access to these drugs via the Internet may facilitate such misuse. Use in social settings has gained popularity, both in young, healthy patients, as well as those with chronic medical conditions, including human immunodeficiency virus infections. In these settings, the PDE5 inhibitors are sometimes used concomitantly with "club drugs" such as ketamine and amyl nitrite, leading to potentially harmful or fatal drug interactions. CONCLUSION: Pharmacists should be cognizant of the potential for PDE5 inhibitors to be misused, particularly in patients who are at greater risk of cardiovascular complications, and should advise patients and other health care professionals accordingly.

Education, Pharmacy, Continuing↗
PubMed2004

[Recreational activities of Bydgoszcz youth at the age of pubescence].

The article presents results of inquiry carried out in October 2002 among 498 pupils selected by chance, from gymnasiums in Bydgoszcz: 297 girls and 261 boys aged 14-16. The aim of the inquiry was to distinguish hygiene of recreation of young people at the age of pubescence, as well as to show dependence in exploiting free time. For statistic evaluation the program of computing sheet EXCEL was used. Comprehensive study activities were presented according to stages of statistic survey: inquiry theses were prepared, inquiry measures selected and adequate inquiry tools chosen--in form of a questionnaire, results of the research were completed and statistically worked out, substantial valuation carried out and conclusions drown. In declared by the youth interests in sports, there are two form of realization: active--through institutional and individual practising sport in athletic clubs and centres of recreation and passive--through watching tv, looking on, reading press and sports collectorship. Surprising is the fact that girls are equal to boys in attending competitions as spectators. As expected, the preferable form of activity for boys is riding a bicycle and playing football, girls alike boys most willingly ride a bicycle and swim. The conception of 'healthy life style' is understood by boys as 'personal hygiene and lack of addictions', while girls are of opinion that the most important element is sleep, recreation and personal hygiene.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determining the source of fecal contamination in recreational waters.

Public health departments bear the responsibility for investigating recreational water-associated disease outbreaks. Tracking the source of the disease is often problematic, however, because routine monitoring of recreational waters (for bacterial counts) is not source specific. The intent of the project reported here was to monitor Escherichia coli levels in a small recreational lake in Iowa and to determine their source. The authors monitored water samples for E. coli and used phenotypic methods to analyze multiple samples of lake water, well water, and known fecal sources. Moderate to high levels of E. coli were found in lake water samples from the swimming area throughout the summer. The highest levels of E. coli were found after rainfall events in both lake water samples and samples taken from monitoring wells. Phenotypic analyses indicated that likely sources of E. coli in the lake included both human and wildlife (goose) fecal material. The authors also found that the phenotype used to characterize E. coli isolated from geese frequenting this lake could not be used to characterize E. coli isolated from geese in a neighboring watershed. Identifying the source of fecal material will help authorities implement the proper preventive measures to avoid fecal contamination of the lake in the future.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Recreation as one of the trends in human ecology].

The significance of the recreation complex of branches of recreation sciences--in the development of human ecology is examined. Much attention is payed to the problems of human interaction with environment, to the analysis of specific qualities of arising integral socio-political formations--recreation systems, and to the questions of human adaptation to different qualities of natural and social geosystems.

Ecology↗
PubMed1986

[Bacterial fluctuations in the recreational waters of the Mar del Plata area].

In the period comprised between 1981 and 1983, a study was carried out in relation with the bacteriological quality of the sea water used for recreational purposes. Beaches are situated along 35 km of coast, including Mar Chiquita and Gral. Pueyrredón Departments. The principal pollution focus is the city of Mar del Plata which, like many other big cities, overturns its industrial, rainy and urban sewer liquids to the sea, with no previous treatment, in most of the cases. The effluent open sewer, situated in the north suburban district, drives into the sea the content of three maximum sewers that recollect domiciliary branches. To determine quali and quantitatively heterotrophic aerobic mesophilic, psicrophilic, marine and E. coli bacteria, water samples were taken at 0.30 m depth, behind the shoal, in each of the 17 determined stations (Figure 1), and an enumeration of colonies in agar plate was carried out in duplicate. E. coli was used as indicator of fecal contamination and served to establish the quality of the water used in bath and other recreational functions. The quantification was done by recounts in plates or membrane filter methods, in duplicate, with previous revivification. Serology of strains isolated from marine medium by polyvalent sera was done. Independently of the recount obtained, the distribution of serological groups was rather uniform along all the coast. Colony-forming units (CFU) did not exceed values of 240/100 ml, except in the beach situated at 0.5 km of the effluent, which always gave values above those accepted internationally for bathing waters or other recreational uses (Figure 2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Argentina↗
PubMed1997

Significant changes in thyroid hormone parameters after a four week recreation period at the North Sea without alterations of iodine intake.

UNLABELLED: Many studies have been carried out evaluating thyroid hormone parameters in patients suffering from various illnessess. However data on thyroid function after a recreation period are missing. Therefore we evaluated thyroid hormone parameters in 178 patients (mostly suffering from chronic obstructive lung disease) undergoing a four week recreation period in a health spa on the island Borkum at the North Sea. We observed a subtle, but significant increase in basal TSH concentrations from 1.20 mU/l (median) to 1.50 mU/l; (p<0. 001) and a fall in T4 values from 97.5 +/- 17.7 nmol/l (mean +/- SD) to 90.3 +/- 17.0 (p<0.001) and T3 from 2.21 +/- 0.33 nmol/l to 2.09 +/- 0.33 (p<0.001). However no increase in iodine intake occurred during the four weeks: median iodine excretion 61 microg iodine/g creatinine at the beginning vs 65 microg iodine/g creatinine at the end. IN CONCLUSION: a recreation period at the North Sea is associated with subtle but significant changes in thyroid hormone parameters. However no increase in iodine intake occurs during the four week observation period.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of MUG-supplemented media for the detection of E. coli in recreational water surveillance.

Four media containing 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide were evaluated as a non-confirmatory procedure for E. coli detection in recreational water surveillance. The media included ECD-Agar for membrane filtration and laurylsulphate-tryptose, brilliant-green-bile and lactose as broth media in a three tube most probable number procedure. From six representative water sites, samples were collected weekly over a typical summer season (17.05-27.09.1994) and processed as parallels, using each media at two different incubation temperatures (36 degrees/44 degrees C). Results showed that incubation temperature had no impact on E. coli counts. Each media at a given temperature could be regarded as individual enrichment procedure. None of these enrichment procedures showed a constant and predictable higher sensitivity during the sampling period at all sites compared to the others tested. For parallel results, the rate of agreement, based upon EC-guideline (76/160/EWG) staging of recreational water quality, was 85% for membrane filtration and 75% for the MPN-procedure results. Marked differences could be observed in false-positive specificity showing correlation to the selective characteristics of the media. Subsequently lactose-broth at 44 degrees C performed worst with 30% non verifiable results, while ECD-agar and laurysulphate-tryptose-broth, both at 44 degrees C, had a nearly 100% confirmation rate. Thus, combining high specificity with no lack in sensitivity these two MUG-supplemented media seem to be best suited for E. coli detection in routine recreational water surveillance.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence and correlates of recreational physical activity in women aged 50-64 years.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of recreational physical activity in middle-aged women and to identify characteristics predisposing women to an active or sedentary lifestyle. DESIGN: In this population-based survey study of 492 women aged 50-64 years, women were interviewed between 1988 and 1993 regarding their recreational exercise habits, other health habits, and medical history. Women were selected from the general population of western Washington State through random-digit-dialing of telephones. Physical activities in a recent 2-year period were recorded, including specific types, frequency, and duration of each activity. RESULTS: Fewer than half of the women reported doing any regular physical activity and only 27% engaged in any high intensity exercise. Obesity, current cigarette smoking, low income, low education, and some dietary factors were associated with a sedentary lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that only about half of middle-aged women engage in any regular recreational exercise, and that less than 25% follow the National Institutes of Health recommended guidelines for light to moderate exercise for at least 30 min per day, 6 days per week.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Cerebral (1)H MRS alterations in recreational 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") users.

3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an illicit drug that has been associated with serotonergic axonal degeneration in animals. This study evaluates neurochemical abnormalities in recreational MDMA users. Twenty-two MDMA users and 37 normal subjects were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) in the mid-frontal, mid-occipital, and parietal brain regions. (1)H MRS showed normal N-acetyl (NA) compounds in all brain regions. The myo-inositol (MI) concentration (+16.3%, P = 0.04) and the MI to creatine (CR) ratio (+14.1%, P = 0. 01) were increased in the parietal white matter of MDMA users. The cumulative lifetime MDMA dose showed significant effects on [MI] in the parietal white matter and the occipital cortex. The normal NA concentration suggests a lack of significant neuronal injury in recreational MDMA users. However, the usage-related increase in MI suggests that exposure to MDMA, even at recreational doses, may cause increased glial content. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;10:521-526.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Psychological profile of abstinent recreational Ecstasy (MDMA) users and significance of concomitant cannabis use.

The popular recreational drug Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA, and related congeners) is neurotoxic upon central serotonergic systems in animal studies. So far, the most convincing evidence for neurotoxicity-related functional deficits in humans derives from neurocognitive studies demonstrating dose-related memory problems in Ecstasy users. The aim of the current investigation was to study the relationship between the psychological profile of recreational Ecstasy users and the patterns of their drug use. Twenty-eight abstinent recreational Ecstasy users with concomitant use of cannabis only and two equally sized, matched groups of cannabis users and non-users were administered standardized self-rating scales for the assessment of psychological problems which are thought to be related to central serotonergic function. Ecstasy users had elevated scores on subscales measuring impulsiveness, anxiety, sensation seeking, somatic complaints, obsessive-compulsive behavior and psychoticism. Higher scores were associated with both heavier Ecstasy and heavier cannabis use. After controlling for cannabis use, most group differences in psychometric scores no longer achieved statistical significance. The present data are in line with other reports demonstrating a broad range of psychological problems in Ecstasy users. However, the concomitant use of other drugs, specifically cannabis, seems to be crucial in this respect. Therefore, compared with cognitive deficits, psychological problems appear to be less suitable functional indices of Ecstasy-related neurotoxic damage of central serotonergic systems in humans. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Dancing hot on Ecstasy: physical activity and thermal comfort ratings are associated with the memory and other psychobiological problems reported by recreational MDMA users.

BACKGROUND: Non-drug factors such as ambient temperature can heighten the adverse effects of MDMA (3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine) in animals. We assessed whether dancing and feeling hot on Ecstasy would be associated with more psychobiological problems in recreational users. METHODS: In an internet study, 206 unpaid participants (modal age 16-24) reported that they had used recreational Ecstasy/MDMA. They completed a drug use questionnaire, the Prospective Memory Questionnaire (PMQ), questions about dancing and feeling hot when on Ecstasy, and psychobiological problems afterwards. RESULTS: Those who danced 'all the time' when on Ecstasy, reported significantly more PMQ memory problems than the less intensive dancers. Prolonged dancing was also associated with more complaints of depression, memory problems, concentration and organizational difficulties afterwards. Feeling hot when on Ecstasy was associated with poor concentration in the comedown period, and with mood fluctuation and impulsivity off-drug. PMQ long-term problems demonstrated a significant curvilinear relationship with thermal self-ratings; more memory problems were noted by those who felt very hot, and by those who did not feel hot when on Ecstasy. CONCLUSIONS: Non-drug factors such as dancing and feeling hot are associated with the incidence of psychobiological problems reported by recreational Ecstasy/MDMA users.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The chemical bases of the various AIDS epidemics: recreational drugs, anti-viral chemotherapy and malnutrition.

In 1981 a new epidemic of about two-dozen heterogeneous diseases began to strike non-randomly growing numbers of male homosexuals and mostly male intravenous drug users in the US and Europe. Assuming immunodeficiency as the common denominator the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) termed the epidemic, AIDS, for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. From 1981-1984 leading researchers including those from the CDC proposed that recreational drug use was the cause of AIDS, because of exact correlations and of drug-specific diseases. However, in 1984 US government researchers proposed that a virus, now termed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is the cause of the non-random epidemics of the US and Europe but also of a new, sexually random epidemic in Africa. The virus-AIDS hypothesis was instantly accepted, but it is burdened with numerous paradoxes, none of which could be resolved by 2003: Why is there no HIV in most AIDS patients, only antibodies against it? Why would HIV take 10 years from infection to AIDS? Why is AIDS not self-limiting via antiviral immunity? Why is there no vaccine against AIDS? Why is AIDS in the US and Europe not random like other viral epidemics? Why did AIDS not rise and then decline exponentially owing to antiviral immunity like all other viral epidemics? Why is AIDS not contagious? Why would only HIV carriers get AIDS who use either recreational or anti-HIV drugs or are subject to malnutrition? Why is the mortality of HIV-antibody-positives treated with anti-HIV drugs 7-9%, but that of all (mostly untreated) HIV-positives globally is only 1.4%? Here we propose that AIDS is a collection of chemical epidemics, caused by recreational drugs, anti-HIV drugs, and malnutrition. According to this hypothesis AIDS is not contagious, not immunogenic, not treatable by vaccines or antiviral drugs, and HIV is just a passenger virus. The hypothesis explains why AIDS epidemics strike non-randomly if caused by drugs and randomly if caused by malnutrition, why they manifest in drug- and malnutrition-specific diseases, and why they are not self-limiting via anti-viral immunity. The hypothesis predicts AIDS prevention by adequate nutrition and abstaining from drugs, and even cures by treating AIDS diseases with proven medications.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Bone mass in the calcaneus after heavy loaded eccentric calf-muscle training in recreational athletes with chronic achilles tendinosis.

In an ongoing prospective study of 14 recreational athletes (12 males and 2 females, mean age 44.2 +/- 7.1 years) with unilateral chronic Achilles tendinosis, we investigated the effect of treatment with heavy-loaded eccentric calf-muscle training. Pain during activity (recorded on a VAS scale) and isokinetic concentric and eccentric calf-muscle strength (peak torque at 90 degrees /second and 225 degrees /second) on the injured and noninjured side were evaluated. In this group of patients, we examined areal bone mineral density (BMD) of the calcaneus after 9 months (range 6-14 months) of training. BMD of the injured side (subjected to heavy-loaded eccentric training) was compared with BMD of the noninjured side. Before onset of heavy-loaded eccentric training, all patients had Achilles tendon pain which prohibited running activity, and significantly lower concentric and eccentric plantar flexion peak torque on the injured compared with the noninjured side. The training program consisted of 12 weeks of daily, heavy-loaded, eccentric calf-muscle training; thereafter the training was continued for 2-3 days/week. The clinical results were excellent-all 14 patients were back at their preinjury level with full running activity at the 3 month follow-up. The concentric and eccentric plantar flexion peak torque had increased significantly and did not significantly differ from the noninjured side at the 3 and 9 month follow-up. There were no significant side-to-side differences in BMD of the calcaneus. There was no significant relationship between BMD of the calcaneus and calf-muscle strength. As a comparison group, we used 10 recreational athletes (5 males and 5 females) mean age 40.9 years (range 26-55 years), who were selected for surgical treatment of chronic Achilles tendinosis localized at the 2-6 cm level. Their duration of symptoms and severity of disease were the same as in the experimental group. There were no significant side-to-side differences in BMD of the calcaneus preoperatively, but 12 months postoperatively BMD of the calcaneus was 16.4% lower at the injured side compared with the noninjured side. Heavy-loaded eccentric calf-muscle training resulted in a fast recovery in all patients, equaled the side-to-side differences in muscle strength, and was not associated with side-to-side differences in BMD of the calcaneus. In this group of middle-aged recreational athletes, BMD of the calcaneus was not related to calf-muscle strength.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed2005

Sex differences in neurocognitive functioning among abstinent recreational cocaine users.

RATIONALE: There are clear sex differences in the onset and course of cocaine addiction, females being at greater risk. Neurocognitive impairments associated with cocaine use are also well documented. However, there are no studies of sex differences in neurocognitive performance among cocaine users. OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to examine, for the first time, putative sex-related variations in cognition among recreational cocaine users. It was predicted that female users would perform poorer compared with male users based on the worse effects of cocaine abuse in women. METHODS: A neuropsychological battery was administered to abstinent (72 h) recreational cocaine users (20 males and 20 females) and non-drug-using controls (19 males and 20 females) including tests of attention, executive functioning, verbal fluency (letter and category), verbal memory and visuospatial perception. RESULTS: Male users demonstrated poorer attention compared with male controls, and greater verbal recognition errors than male controls and female users. Female users did not differ significantly in any other cognitive domain compared with male users or female controls. These results remained after controlling for dose-dependent variables. General dose-dependent effects were found for attention, visuospatial perception and components of verbal memory. CONCLUSIONS: Whilst these data partially support the notion of sex-related neurocognitive variation in short-term abstinence from recreational cocaine use, they do not suggest that sex is a major factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency: does delay in index surgery affect outcome in recreational athletes.

The aim of the study was to see if delay in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction affects post-reconstruction outcome in recreational athletes. Sixty-two recreational athletes who had arthroscopic ACL reconstructions using quadruple hamstring grafts between 1997 and 2000 were retrospectively evaluated. Patients with less than 2 years' follow-up, those with multi-ligament injuries, reconstructions for previous failed repairs, those whose injury date was unknown, those with pre-injury Tegner activity level greater than 7 (competitive athletes) and those lost to follow-up were all excluded. Forty-six patients (38 males) were entered. The mean follow up was 38 months and the mean time from injury to index ACL reconstruction was 27 months. Apart from two revisions there were no other significant complications. Forty-one (89%) patients were evaluated in a review clinic. There was a significant improvement in the post-reconstruction Lysholm scores and an improvement in the Tegner scores. The Spearman's correlation coefficient between postoperative Lysholm score and the delay until surgery was -0.18 and the correlation coefficient between postoperative Tegner scores and the delay until surgery was 0.14. Thirty-five patients returned to sporting activity. Thirty-seven rated their knee as being normal or nearly normal and 35 said that their knee function was as they had expected it to be. Late ACL reconstruction does not adversely affect the outcome in recreational athletes. ACL reconstruction should be offered to these patients as there is a significant improvement in the knee function and patients are satisfied with the results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Modeling channel management impacts on river migration: a case study of Woodson bridge state recreation area, Sacramento river, California, USA.

Understanding how hydraulic factors control alluvial river meander migration can help resource managers evaluate the long-term effects of floodplain management and bank stabilization measures. Using a numerical model based on the mechanics of flow and sediment transport in curved river channels, we predict 50 years of channel migration and suggest the planning and ecological implications of that migration for a 6.4-km reach (river miles 218-222) of the Sacramento River near the Woodson Bridge State Recreation Area, California, USA. Using four different channel management scenarios, our channel migration simulations suggest that: (1) channel stabilization alters the future channel planform locally and downstream from the stabilization; (2) rock revetment currently on the bank upstream from the Woodson Bridge recreation area causes more erosion of the channel bank at the recreation area than if the revetment were not present; (3) relocating the channel to the west and allowing subsequent unconstrained river migration relieves the erosion pressure in the Woodson Bridge area; (4) the subsequent migration reworks (erodes along one river bank and replaces new floodplain along the other) 26.5 ha of land; and (5) the river will rework between 8.5 and 48.5 ha of land in the study reach (over the course of 50 years), depending on the bank stabilization plan used. The reworking of floodplain lands is an important riparian ecosystem function that maintains habitat heterogeneity, an essential factor for the long-term survival of several threatened and endangered animal species in the Sacramento River area.

Animals↗