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PubMed2000

The relationship between serial monogamy and rape in the United States (1960-1995).

In mating systems where individuals pair, separate and re-pair repeatedly (i.e. serial monogamy), some males monopolize more than one female's reproductive life span and thus leave other males effectively mateless. Males who cannot secure females through traditional methods may seek alternatives, such as rape, to ensure gene passage into future generations. Analysis of US government records shows that (i) divorce and remarriage patterns in the United States are likely to increase the variance in male reproductive success, and (ii) rates of divorce and rape correlate positively. The former result suggests that serial monogamy increases the variance in male, relative to female, reproductive success and the latter result suggests that this variance influences the frequency of rape in American society. Because raped females sometimes become pregnant and take these pregnancies to term, our results indicate that rape has current adaptive significance.

Divorce↗

PubMed1997

Female victims of rape and their genital injuries.

OBJECTIVE: A minority (some report < 10%) of women report sexual assault. Of those that negotiate the police process, only a minority will come to a court hearing. It is thought that the courts still rely upon medical evidence, in particular evidence of genital injury to 'prove' the rape. This study aimed to ascertain the incidence of genital injury in victims of alleged rape. DESIGN: Retrospective review of case records of women who reported they had had been raped, provided by women doctors on the Northumbrian Police Doctors scheme. SAMPLE: Case records from Newcastle, North and South Tyneside, Sunderland and Northumbria. METHODS: Analysis of records in the standardised booklet used by police surgeons to examine women reporting rape. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of genital injury, presence of other physical injuries. RESULTS: A minority of women had genital injuries (22/83); the majority had some form of physical injury (68/83), although most of these were minor. CONCLUSION: The study shows that only a minority of women examined by specifically trained police doctors show evidence of genital injury. The absence of genital injury does not exclude rape.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Acute response to rape--a PTSD variant.

The relationship between the acute response to rape and the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was studied in 55 victims of rape and attempted rape during the first two weeks after the assault. The results show that in the majority of victims the response to rape within the first two weeks displays the symptoms of PTSD, although the criterion of duration is not fulfilled. Specific features of the response to rape, like shame, guilt and suicidal ideation are discussed. The importance of early detection to enable the administration of adequate treatment is emphasized and suggestions for further research are offered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

A preliminary study of eighth grade students' attitudes toward rape myths and women's roles.

This preliminary study examined the relationship between sex-role stereotypes of women and beliefs in rape myths among adolescents. A 35-item survey was completed by 211 female and males in eighth grade health classes. Findings indicate both females and males accept some rape myths and sex-role stereotyping of women. The data also indicated an association between belief in rape myths and sex-role stereotyping of women. Few racial and age differences emerged. The most profound differences involved gender. Most adolescents rejected rape myths, but 10% of girls and 30% of boys tended to accept rape myths. Most females (98.2%) and males (83.3%) rejected sex-role stereotypes of women. According to feminist perspective, sex-role stereotyping of women's role in society is associated with tolerance of sexual violence toward women.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Rape: power, anger, and sexuality.

Accounts from both offenders and victims of what occurs during a rape suggest that issues of power, anger, and sexuality are important in understanding the rapist's behavior. All three issues seem to operate in every rape, but the proportion varies and one issue seems to dominate in each instance. The authors ranked accounts from 133 offenders and 92 victims for the dominant issue and found that the offenses could be categorized as power rape (sexuality used primarily to express power) or anger rape (use of sexuality to express anger). There were no rapes in which sex was the dominant issue; sexuality was always in the service of other, nonsexual needs.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Psychopathology after rape.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the psychopathological consequences of a single rape occurring in adult women. METHOD: The psychiatric symptoms reported by 40 women who were victims of rape during the previous 9 months as decided by a court of law were compared with the symptoms of 32 women who underwent severe, nonsexual, life-threatening events (car accidents, physical attacks, or robberies). None of the raped women had experienced previous sexual abuse during childhood or adolescence. RESULTS: The raped women showed a significantly greater prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder, as well as sexual, eating, and mood disorders. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the psychopathological consequences of a rape could be specific and may warrant particular attention.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1987

[The effects of rape 6 months after the attack and factors associated with recovery].

In this study a group of 27 victims seen approximately 6 months after the assault was compared to a matched control group. The results show significantly higher scores on two subscales of IPAT ("ego weakness" and "disposition to guilt") and on 4 scales of the MMPI ("denial", "hypochondriasis", "depression" and "conversion hysteria"); also, the victims' social adjustment seems inferior and the frequency of sexual relations has been reduced considerably for them. The following factors have been evaluated in order to test their relation to the adjustment to the assault: rape by a stranger versus someone known, degree of violence, feelings of self-blame, problems during the crisis, predominant thoughts, professional help, social support, stable relationship, allusion to victim's responsibility for rape and conviction or not of the aggressor. Even though most of these variables show a significant simple correlation with adjustment to rape only four among them remain significantly associated when sociodemographic variables, pre-rape psycho-social problems and life stressors are controlled; the very subjective variable "predominant thoughts" seems to best explain differences in adjustment. The importance of pre-assault variables and of the subjective reaction to rape is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Date-rape-supporting and victim-blaming attitudes among high school students in a multiethnic society: Israel.

This study examined the extent to which a multiethnic sample of 900 Israeli high school students supported date-rape and victim-blaming attitudes and the predictors of such support. Findings indicate wide support for stereotypes justifying sexual coercion by time and the location of the date, the victim's behavior, and the minimization of the seriousness of date rape. A regression analysis indicates that students' gender and age are the strongest predictors of rape-tolerant and victim-blaming attitudes. Socioeconomic status and religious orientation explain a small proportion of the variance in the support of such attitudes. By contrast, no significant relationship is indicated with ethnicity. Alternative sex-education and rape-prevention programs must address date-rape and victim-blaming attitudes and make students of both genders aware of various factors that continue to be misread as an invitation to have sex and put them at high risk of experiencing sexual coercion on a date.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Sexually transmitted diseases and rape: the experience of a sexual assault centre.

Epidemiological data and rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are presented from a group of 90 women screened following rape. Forty-eight (53%) women knew their assailant. In 6 cases multiple assailants were involved. In 21 (23%) rapes weapons were used. Of 47 women examined within 48 hours of rape, 17 (36%) had evidence of genital trauma. Anal injury was common (8 of 11, 73%) in those reporting anal intercourse. Anal assault (17 of 90, 19%) and oral assault (16 of 90, 18%) commonly accompanied rape. STDs were diagnosed in 13 (14.4%) women, 3 having mixed infections. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated in 2 women, Chlamydia trachomatis in 7, Trichomonas vaginalis in 6, genital warts in 2 and Pediculosis pubis in 2 women. Five of 16 cervical cytology results showed abnormalities, 2 were suggestive of CIN. Eleven of 13 women with an STD (84.6%) had been sexually active within the 3 months prior to the rape. Previous sexual activity may be the most relevant factor determining those most at risk of harbouring an STD.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2007

Creating lasting attitude and behavior change in fraternity members and male student athletes: the qualitative impact of an empathy-based rape prevention program.

Fraternity members and male student athletes responded to open-ended questions assessing the impact of an empathy-based rape prevention program. All participants reported either lasting attitude or behavior changes; most reported both. Participants reported increased understanding of how rape might feel and attributed this change to seeing a videotape describing a male-on-male rape situation. Participants refrained from telling jokes about rape and reported feeling more effective when helping survivors seeking assistance. These behavior changes were attributed to the videotape and to a section of the program encouraging participants to confront rape jokes and challenge sexist behaviors.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed2003

Marital rape: history, research, and practice.

Despite the increased recognition that the topic of marital rape has generated in the past 2 decades, the literature in this area remains sparse. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current state of the marital rape literature. First, the lengthy history of legal, cultural, and professional invalidation of marital rape victims, and the resulting negative treatment implications, is discussed. Second, marital rape research is reviewed, including prevalence, descriptive, and comparison studies. This review highlights the seriousness of marital rape, in terms of prevalence and posttrauma distress, as well as the limitations of extant research. Finally, barriers to treatment and recommendations for professionals are discussed.

Cultural Characteristics↗

PubMed1992

"Little rapes," specious claims, and moral hubris: a reply to Korn, Huelsman, Reed, and Aiello.

Because they failed to include our informed consent, guided imagery scenarios, and debriefing, the relevance of Koren, Huelsman, Reed, and Aiello's (1992) data remains unknown. The design of their Study 1 did not test the greater objectivity of role taking over involved participation. The design of their Study 2 did not demonstrate the effects of demand characteristics. The older "personal acquaintances" were not at higher risk of rape as they claimed. Properly gathered data from the University of Connecticut's laboratory demonstrated that participants regarded the guided imagining of rape to be personally and scientifically beneficial, educating them about the crime and the experience of the rape victim. Prior research had demonstrated that exposure to rape stimuli in combination with debriefing had an educational effect on the decreased endorsement of rape myths. Previously published ethical principles for balancing the rights of scientists, subjects, and society explicate our ethical stance. Informed consent precludes the occurrence of wrongful harms. This poorly designed and poorly reasoned "ethical" critique was unfounded; yet, it might produce a chilling effect on both the use of guided imagery and freedom of inquiry into politically sensitive topics.

Behavioral Research↗

PubMed2005

Effects of male rape on psychological functioning.

BACKGROUND: Since the 1970s there has been a wealth of literature on the effects of rape on women. However, the study of the effects of male rape is still in its infancy. The aim of this study was investigate the psychological functioning of 40 British male rape survivors, and compare their level of functioning with that of a matched control group. METHODS: Participants, recruited through national advertising in the British press, completed a series of questionnaires, measuring psychological functioning, assumptions about the world, self-esteem, and (survivors only) PTSD-related intrusion and avoidance. RESULTS: The male rape group had much poorer psychological functioning than the controls, lower self-worth, and lower self-esteem. Most survivors reported high levels of intrusive thoughts and avoidance in relation to the assault. Logistic regression showed that lack of treatment after the assault predicted suicide attempts. CONCLUSIONS: Results are discussed in relation to treatment issues for male rape survivors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Patterns of reported rape in a tri-ethnic population: Houston, Texas, 1974--1975.

Police records of reported rape, compiled for the Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reports, in Houston, Texas for 1974 and 1975, were analyzed in relation to ethnicity and age of victim/offender, and time and place of occurrence. Blacks had the highest race-specific rates for both victims and offenders; the majority of all rapes were intraracial. The high-risk age group for both victims and offenders was from 20 to 24 years. Rapes increased slightly during the summer months, peaked during the hours of darkness, and were fairly evenly distributed among the days of the week. The weekend calculated as from 4:00 pm Friday to 8:00 am Monday accounted for 43.6 per cent of all rape occurrences. The majority of rape events involved the use of a lethal weapon and took place in a residence.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Cognitive predictors of not-guilty verdicts in a simulated acquaintance rape trial.

Cognitive predictors, such as relatively accepting attitudes toward forcible date rape, helped identify self-reported sexually coercive college students and were expected to help identify students voting not guilty in a simulated acquaintance rape trial. To test this hypothesis college students self-administered in random order (1) an anonymous sex survey measuring attitudes toward forcible date rape, attitudes toward women, sexual experience, including victimization, sexual permissiveness, and sexual knowledge and (2) a trial survey based on a simulated acquaintance rape trial. Only gender and cognitive variables from the trial (e.g., being male, tending to blame the victim, and uncertainty about one's verdict) identified not guilty verdicts above chance expectancy. Thus, the hypothesis that the cognitive predictors measured here would help identify students voting not guilty in a simulated acquaintance rape trial was not supported.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

College date rape: incidence and reporting.

The present survey based on 70% returns (N = 140) of a random sample of 200 women at one college indicated that, although 5% had been date raped, none reported the rapes to authorities due to feelings of self-blame and embarrassment. That rapes are not reported perpetuates a self-fulfilling prophecy that rapes do not occur. A victim of rape may feel she is the only one and may be reluctant to become the exception who reports. This denial by both collage authorities and victims does not encourage programs for prevention and treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Acceptance of rape myths among prosecuting attorneys.

Surveys containing a measurement of acceptance of rape myths were mailed to 310 prosecuting attorneys from 87 counties in Ohio. Among the 182 (58.7%) participants who responded, self-reported acceptance of rape myths was low. Males endorsed rape myths more strongly than females, but the sex differences were small in magnitude. No demographic variables were significant in predicting the acceptance of rape myths in a regression analysis. The current findings are informative because they provide the only direct measure of prosecutors' attitudes towards rape victims that have been reported in the past 15 years.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Provision of antiretroviral prophylaxis to child rape victims in South Africa: HIV status and delayed reporting.

In a sample of 780 South African child victims of rape (girls under the age of 18 years; age M= 10.5 yr., SD=4.8), 10% did not qualify for antiretroviral prophylaxis because HIV status at presentation was positive and a further 34.1% did not qualify because the rape was reported more than 72 hours after the alleged offense. Regression analyses indicated that child rape victims who reported that they had been sexually active prior to the rape constitute a particularly high risk group for HIV infection and suggest primary and secondary prevention programs should be designed to decrease sexual activity among children and to encourage more immediate reporting of rape among younger children, children who are not sexually active, and children who are incestuously abused.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗