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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Risk of fatal distal limb fractures among Thoroughbreds involved in the five types of racing in the United Kingdom.

The risk of fatal distal limb fractures in thoroughbreds racing in the UK was calculated and shown to vary considerably between the different types of race. Flat turf racing was associated with the lowest risk (0.4 per 1000 starts) and national hunt flat racing was associated with the highest risk (2.2 per 1000 starts). The types of fracture were classified by detailed radiographic and postmortem examinations of all the cases recorded over two years, and the distribution of the different types of fracture in the five main types of racing was examined. Overall, lateral condylar fractures of the third metacarpus were the most common, and they were also the most common in national hunt-type races (hurdle, steeplechase and national hunt flat races). In all-weather flat racing biaxial proximal sesamoid fractures were most common, and in turf flat racing fractures of the first phalanx were most common. The risk of fractures of more than one bone was greater in national hunt-type races.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Differences in the biochemical compositions and elicitor activity of extracellular components produced by three races of a fungal plant pathogen, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum.

High molecular weight products from the alpha, beta, and gamma races of Colletotrichum lin- differed in their carbohydrate and protein compositions and in their abilities to elicit symptoms of a hypersensitive response in dark red kidney bean. The neutral sugar composition of the products varied in their proportions of rhamnose, mannose, galactose, and glucose. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the protein components to be more numerous in the beta race products than in the alpha or gamma race products. Each protein band co-stained for carbohydrate. Highest elicitor activity was observed in the products from the alpha race, a race avirulent on dark red kidney. The products from the weakly virulent gamma race were about 10-fold less active as elicitors than those of the alpha race. With the beta race, a race highly virulent on dark red kidney, elicitor activity was 100-fold less than that of the alpha race.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2005

Relationship between race and mortality and morbidity after valve replacement surgery.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that black race is an independent predictor of increased operative mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Given the higher incidence of hypertension and hypertension-associated left ventricular hypertrophy in blacks, we hypothesized that black race might be associated with increased risk of mortality and morbidity after aortic valve replacement (AVR) or mitral valve replacement (MVR). We could not identify a previous study that used a multivariable model to evaluate the association between race and operative mortality after AVR or MVR. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Cardiac Database was used for a retrospective review of 3137 black and 46,249 white patients who underwent MVR alone or AVR alone from 1999 through 2002. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between race and mortality and 6 other adverse outcomes (stroke, renal failure, prolonged ventilation, prolonged postoperative stay, sternal infection, and bleeding) after adjustment for covariates. Unadjusted operative mortality for MVR only was 5.60% for blacks versus 6.18% for whites (OR 0.90 [95% CI 0.71 to 1.14]) and 4.60% for blacks versus 3.62% for whites for AVR only (OR 1.28 [95% CI 1.02 to 1.62]). After adjustment for other risk factors, black race was not a significant predictor of operative mortality after AVR or MVR; however, black race was associated with an increased risk of several complications: prolonged ventilation after AVR or MVR, postoperative stay >14 days after AVR or MVR, reoperation for bleeding after AVR, and postoperative renal failure after MVR. There was no significant association between race and the risk of stroke or deep sternal wound infection for either AVR or MVR. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to previously published results that defined race as an independent risk factor for operative mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery, race does not appear to be a significant predictor of operative mortality after isolated AVR or MVR; however, there is evidence of an association between race and certain complications.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2005

Dramatic elevations of interleukin-6 and acute-phase reactants in athletes participating in the ultradistance foot race spartathlon: severe systemic inflammation and lipid and lipoprotein changes in protracted exercise.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Plasma IL-6, the serum inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA), and the tissue destruction marker-free plasma DNA, as well as the circulating lipid profile, were examined in athletes participating in the ultradistance foot race of the 246-km Spartathlon. SETTING, DESIGN, AND PARTICIPANTS: This race consists of continuous, prolonged, brisk exercise. Blood samples were obtained from 15 male athletes, who finished the race in less than 36 h, taken before, at the end of, and 48 h after the end of the race. RESULTS: IL-6, CRP, SAA, and free plasma DNA levels markedly increased (by 8000-, 152- 108-, and 10-fold, respectively) over the baseline at the end of the race. However, IL-6 levels returned to normal by 48 h, whereas CRP, SAA, and free plasma DNA remained elevated. The mean values of cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein B decreased to a minimum value at the end of the race and remained low 48 h after the race. High-density lipoprotein levels, on the other hand, were mildly increased at the end of the race (P < 0.015) and decreased to normal 48 h after the race. Apolipoprotein AI levels decreased significantly during the time course of the exercise and remained low 48 h after the race (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that continuous, prolonged, moderate-intensity exercise is associated with markedly elevated IL-6 and acute-phase reactant concentrations, peripheral tissue damage, and significant changes in serum lipid levels. The biochemical changes observed during the Spartathlon amount to a potent systemic inflammatory response, which might explain severe cardiovascular events that occur during prolonged exercise in compromised individuals.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed1990

Transient oliguria with renal tubular dysfunction after a 90 km running race.

In the course of a 19-d study of renal function in five ultramarathon runners, before, during and after a 90 km race, one runner developed transient oliguria with renal tubular dysfunction and anuria during and immediately after the race. Other features of the renal failure were an 84-fold increase in urine beta 2-microglobulin excretion (from 0.19 to 16.0 micrograms.min-1) and a much smaller increase in urine total protein excretion (from 0.07 to 0.18 mg.min-1) during the post-race period. Post-race creatinine clearance remained below pre-race levels throughout the study, varying between 42.8 and 72.9 ml.min-1, in contrast to the post-race 49% increase in the remaining runners (from 138.1 +/- 12.9 to 205.5 +/- 59.9 ml.min-1). Osmolal clearance also remained low (0.31 to 0.98 ml.min-1) compared with the pre-race values (1.46 +/- 0.02 ml.min-1), as did the urine flow rates (0.11 to 0.18 ml.min-1) compared with the pre-race values (0.34 +/- 0.02 ml.min-1). This renal dysfunction persisted despite the patient receiving 2 l of intravenous fluids immediately after the race and probably resulted from fluid restriction during the race. There was full recovery of renal function 1 yr later when the subject again ran the Comrades Marathon.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Endoscopic assessment of airway function as a predictor of racing performance in Thoroughbred yearlings: 427 cases (1997-2000).

OBJECTIVE: To compare endoscopic findings of the upper portion of the respiratory tract in Thoroughbred yearlings with their subsequent race records to determine whether subjective assessment of airway function may be used as a predictor of future racing performance. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 427 Thoroughbred yearlings. PROCEDURES: Endoscopic examination findings were obtained from the medical records and the videoendoscopic repository of the Keeneland 1996 September yearling sales. Racing records were requested for the yearlings through the end of their 4-year-old racing season (1997-2000). Twenty-nine measures of racing performance were correlated with endoscopic findings. Subjective arytenoid cartilage movement grades were determined, using a 4-point grading scale (grade 1 = symmetrical synchronous abduction of the arytenoid cartilages; grade 4 = no substantial movement of the left arytenoid cartilage). RESULTS: Of the 427 Thoroughbred yearlings included in this study, 364 established race records, and 63 did not. Opinions regarding suitability for purchase, meeting conditions of the sale, and the presence of epiglottic abnormalities had no significant association with racing performance. Arytenoid cartilage movement grades were significantly associated with many of the dependent variables. However, palatine abnormalities were not predictive of inferior racing performance. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Thoroughbred yearlings with grade-1 and -2 arytenoid cartilage movements had significantly better racing performance as adults, compared with yearlings with grade-3 arytenoid cartilage movements. In contrast, epiglottic and palatine abnormalities were not predictive of inferior racing performance. Therefore, evaluation of laryngeal function, but not epiglottic or palatine abnormalities, using the 4-point grading system, should be the major factor in developing recommendations for prospective buyers.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings. Part 2: Associations with racing performance.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Although the radiographic examination of yearlings has become commonplace at some large Thoroughbred sales, there are few data to support the decisions facing veterinarians who are asked to evaluate future racing potential. OBJECTIVES: To identify radiographic changes in the fetlocks, proximal sesamoid bones, carpi, tarsi, stifles and fore feet of Thoroughbred yearlings associated with future racing performance during ages 2 and 3 years. METHODS: Radiographs from routine pre- and post sale examinations of 1162 yearlings were used to identify individual radiographic changes in sale yearlings. Starting a race, the percent of starts placed, money earned and earnings per start were used to assess racing performanceand examined for associations with the radiographic changes observed. RESULTS: Overall 946 (81%) yearlings started at least one race during ages 2 or 3 years. Fourteen of 24 (58%) yearlings with moderate or extreme palmar supracondylar lysis of the third metacarpus, 8 of 14 (57%) of those with enthesophyte formation on the proximal sesamoid bones and 19 of 30 (63%) of those with dorsal medial intercarpal joint disease started a race. The odds of starting a race when age 2 or 3 years were 3 times lower for yearlings with these changes (P < 0.01) compared with yearlings that did not have these changes. Twenty-five of 36 (69%) yearlings with proximal dorsal fragmentation of the first phalanx in the hind fetlock started a race and these yearlings were also less likely (OR = 0.51, P = 0.07) to start a race. Yearlings with enthesophyte formation on hind proximal sesamoid bones placed in a smaller percentage of starts (16%, P = 0.01) earned less money (987 US dollars, P = 0.02) and had lower earnings per start (252 US dollars, P = 0.03) compared to starters without this change. CONCLUSIONS: Although many of the changes observed on radiographs of sale yearlings do not appear to influence future racing performance, some are associated with reduced performance. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The results of this study are best applied in parallel with the clinical impressions of veterinarians experienced in examining radiographs of sale yearlings. Some findings support those established in the literature as incidental findings and others suggest new areas for concern not previously reported as a problem in Thoroughbred sale yearlings.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A prospective cohort study to investigate risk factors for horse falls in UK hurdle and steeplechase racing.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Equine fatalities during racing continue to be a major welfare concern and falls at fences are responsible for a proportion of all equine fatalities recorded on racecourses. OBJECTIVES: To identify and quantify risk factors for horse falls in National Hunt (NH) racing and to report the frequency of falling and falling-associated fatalities. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 2879 horse starts in hurdle and steeplechase races on 6 UK racecourses. Any horse that suffered a fall at a steeplechase or hurdle fence during the race was defined as a case. Data were obtained by interview and observations in the parade ring and from commercial databases. Multivariable logistic regression models, allowing for clustering at the level of the track, were used to identify the relationship between variables and the risk of falling. RESULTS: There were 124 falling cases (32 in hurdling and 92 in steeplechasing) identified. The injury risk of fallers was 8.9% and fatality risk 6.5%. Duration of journey to the racecourse, behaviour in the parade ring and weather at the time of the race were associated with falling in both hurdle and steeplechase racing. Age, amount of rainfall and going were also associated with falling in steeplechase racing. CONCLUSIONS: Falls at fences are significant contributors to equine fatalities during NH racing. Potentially modifiable risk factors identified were the condition of track surfaces and journey time to the racecourse. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: It is hoped that information from this study may be used in future interventions to improve horse and jockey safety in racing. The study has also identified areas requiring further research, such as equine behaviour and its effect on racing performance, and the effect of light conditions on jumping ability.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1993

[Woman and race biology].

Early 20th century race biology takes a special interest in woman as part of the "intra-racial" project of bringing forth healthy and competitive individuals. But there are other motives as well for the race biologist to take an interest in woman. She is believed to develop fewer individual characteristics and is therefore a more typical representative of her race than man. The development level of the race is also presupposed to be discernible by the degree of "gender diformism": a race of higher standing would exhibit a greater difference between the sexes. The anthropologist, anatomist, gynaecologist--or whatever guise the race biologist may adopt-- will, in principle, stress that the relation between the sexes is not a matter of "more or less", but one of differences in kind. In reality, the "more-or-less of comparison is the very cornerstone of the issue. Quantitative differences, directly observed or obtained from statistics, are construed as signs of difference in kind. 18th century medical philosophy and sex-linked anthropology laid the theoretical foundation of the 19th century essentialist conception of woman, which is also that adopted by race biology. Eugenics of social Darwinist inspiration regarded prophylactic health care and social welfare programs with scepticism. A race biology founded on the man-woman dualism could sustain altogether different conclusions. An advanced culture calls for extensive division of labour. An extended childhood renders possible higher development but will also impose higher demands on woman. The protection of the female organism is thus an exigency for any people or race striving to survive and evolve. From society's care for the female organism health care for women and preventive maternity care will emerge. Race biology has been a preeminently German concern, as indicated by the selection of works taken to represent this perspective on woman: Bartels-Ploss' Das Weib, C.H. Stratz' Die Rassenschönheit des Weibes and Oskar Schultze's Das Weib: In anthropologischer und sozialer Betrachtung.

Eugenics↗
PubMed2003

United States Census 2000 population with bridged race categories.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this report are to document the methods developed at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) to bridge the Census 2000 multiple-race resident population to single-race categories and to describe the resulting bridged race resident population estimates. METHOD: Data from the pooled 1997-2000 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS) were used to develop models for bridging the Census 2000 multiple-race population to single-race categories. The bridging models included demographic and contextual covariates, some at the person-level and some at the county-level. Allocation probabilities were obtained from the regression models and applied to the Census Bureau's April 1, 2000, Modified Race Data Summary File population counts to assign multiple-race persons to single-race categories. RESULTS: Bridging has the most impact on the American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) and Asian or Pacific Islander (API) populations, a small impact on the Black population and a negligible impact on the White population. For the United States as a whole, the AIAN, API, Black, and White bridged population counts are 12.0, 5.0, 2.5, and 0.5 percent higher than the corresponding Census 2000 single-race counts. At the sub-national level, there is considerably more variation than observed at the national level. The bridged single-race population counts have been used to calculate birth and death rates produced by NCHS for 2000 and 2001 and to revise previously published rates for the 1990s, 2000, and 2001. The bridging methodology will be used to bridge postcensal population estimates for later years. The bridged population counts presented here and in subsequent years may be updated as additional data become available for use in the bridging process.

Censuses↗
PubMed1997

Serum biochemical values in sled dogs before and after competing in long-distance races.

OBJECTIVE: To measure and compare blood values in sled dogs before and after long-distance racing. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 17 adult sled dogs in the 1991 Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race and 21 in a simulated sled dog race. PROCEDURE: Blood samples were obtained from 17 dogs 7 days before they began and after they finished (finisher group) or were eliminated from (nonfinisher group) the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Blood samples were also obtained from 21 dogs before and after a simulated sled dog race. RESULTS: In finisher-group dogs, BUN and uric acid (UA) concentrations were increased after racing; nonfinisher-group dogs had significantly lower postrace BUN and UA concentrations. Significant increases in creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate transferase (AST) activities were detected in all dogs after racing, and postrace values were higher in nonfinisher-group dogs, compared with finisher-group dogs. Mean alkaline phosphate activities were significantly increased after racing in nonfinisher-group dogs only. In dogs that ran the simulated race, postrace values for serum albumin, total protein, calcium, and potassium concentrations, as well as Hct, hemoglobin concentration, and RBC count, were significantly lower than prerace values. Postrace values for alkaline phosphate, alanine transaminase, AST, lactate dehydrogenase, CK, BUN, and UA were significantly higher than prerace values. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: High CK activities are indicative of severe muscle degeneration and, in sled dogs, may represent a degree of muscle breakdown beyond which a dog cannot continue to work. Markedly high CK, and possibly AST, serum activities may be indicators of performance failure in sled dogs competing in long-distance races.

Alaska↗
PubMed1998

Race and ethnicity in research on infant mortality.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Race and ethnicity are variables frequently used in medical research. However, researchers employ race and ethnicity in different ways and with differing intent. This leads to confusion over the interpretation of racial or ethnic differences. This study sought to determine how race and ethnicity are used in research on infant mortality. METHODS: We did a structured literature review of original research related to infant mortality published between January 1995 and June 1996 and indexed in the Core Contents section of MEDLINE. RESULTS: The majority of articles (54%) mentioned race and ethnicity. US studies mentioned race or ethnicity more than non-US studies (80% versus 22%). Only one study defined the method used to determine the ethnicity of patients; no study defined race or the methodology used in determining patients' race. Researchers primarily used race and ethnicity to describe study populations. Some racial and ethnic identifiers may have been stigmatizing to the subjects studied. The second most common use of race or ethnicity was as a potential confounder. Only one article discussed racism as a contributing factor in infant mortality. CONCLUSIONS: There are several problems and ambiguities in the use of race and ethnicity in clinical research. Researchers who use racial or ethnic categories should do so for specified reasons and adopt clear definitions of the categories used.

Epidemiology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The meaning of race in health care and research--part 1: the impact of history.

Questions about the relevance of genetics to health disparities, and evidence that racial and ethnic health disparities are strongly associated with social factors are impacting the understanding of health care needs and research. This first of two articles (see the next issue of the journal for the second) examines the history of understanding race and its impact on assumptions and biases in healthcare. The concept of race as we know it is relatively modern. Yet, in the United States, race has strongly influenced the development of social systems and relations. The legacy of early ideas about race, and centuries of unequal treatment based on those ideas, plague us as a nation even today. Increasing evidence suggests that this is true in the arena of health care. In fact, mounting evidence indicates that the race of patients can significantly influence the treatment they get. Nurses need to develop a sophisticated understanding of issues and concerns relevant to race and health care, including the history of race, current literature on race and health care, as well as stereotypes and biases regarding race.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1997

Selenium-induced growth reduction in Brassica land races considered for phytoremediation.

Brassica species considered for use in selenium (Se) phytoremediation need to accumulate large amounts of Se to be successful. Retarded plant growth and impaired protein synthesis are common symptoms for plants grown under seleniferous soils. Selenium accumulation by different land races of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss and one land race of Brassica carinata was investigated in Se-enriched water and soil cultures containing 2 mg Se kg-1. Effects of Se concentration in the root environment on the assimilation of Se, leaf surface area, dry matter yield, total leaf protein concentration, and free seleno-amino acid concentrations were analyzed for plants grown in Se-laden media. In water culture, shoot Se concentrations among the land races ranged from 501 to 1017 mg Se kg-1 dry matter (DM), and in plants grown in Se-laden soil, concentrations ranged from 407 to 769 mg Se kg-1 DM. Land races grown with Se exhibited decreases in dry matter yields from 12 to 23% and in leaf surface area from 5 to 26% compared to the same land races grown without Se. Protein content was significantly correlated both with shoot Se concentrations (r = 0.746, P < 0.001) and with leaf surface area (r = 0.446, P < 0.01) for all land races grown in Se-enriched water culture. There was also a significant correlation (r = 0.767, P < 0.001) between total Se assimilation and shoot protein for all land races. Free selenomethionine was detected for plants grown with Se and ranged from 92 to 958 ng g-1 DM. Other seleno-amino acids, Se-methyl-selenocysteine and selenocysteine, were not consistently detected as free amino acids in the different land races. Although visual symptoms of Se toxicity were not observed in the Brassica species, dry matter yield, leaf surface, and total shoot protein decreased, depending on the land races tested.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1996

Corticosterone and interchromosomal race discrimination in the house mouse.

We report results of a study on emotional arousal, as reflected by corticosterone variation, following dyadic encounters within and between chromosomal races of the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus). Three contiguous chromosomal races from northeast Scotland were analyzed (2n = 32, 2n = 36, 2n = 40). Within-race encounters resulted in similar average corticosterone levels in mice from the three races. For all three races, certain of the between-race encounters resulted in a significant increase in corticosterone relative to those following within-race encounters. These results confirm our previous observations of a differential behavioral treatment of house mice from the same vs from a different chromosomal race, and support our proposition for behavioral discrimination between chromosomal races of this species in northeast Scotland.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

Changes in markers of muscle damage, inflammation and HSP70 after an Ironman Triathlon race.

We investigated the effects of an Ironman triathlon race on markers of muscle damage, inflammation and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Nine well-trained male triathletes (mean +/- SD age 34 +/- 5 years; VO(2peak) 66.4 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) participated in the 2004 Western Australia Ironman triathlon race (3.8 km swim, 180 km cycle, 42.2 km run). We assessed jump height, muscle strength and soreness, and collected venous blood samples 2 days before the race, within 30 min and 14-20 h after the race. Plasma samples were analysed for muscle proteins, acute phase proteins, cytokines, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and clinical biochemical variables related to dehydration, haemolysis, liver and renal functions. Muscular strength and jump height decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after the race, whereas muscle soreness and the plasma concentrations of muscle proteins increased. The cytokines interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6 and IL-10, and HSP70 increased markedly after the race, while IL-12p40 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were also elevated. IL-4, IL-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha did not change significantly, despite elevated C-reactive protein and serum amyloid protein A on the day after the race. Plasma creatinine, uric acid and total bilirubin concentrations and gamma-glutamyl transferase activity also changed after the race. In conclusion, despite evidence of muscle damage and an acute phase response after the race, the pro-inflammatory cytokine response was minimal and anti-inflammatory cytokines were induced. HSP70 is released into the circulation as a function of exercise duration.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗
PubMed1986

Race:cultivar-specific induction of enzymes related to phytoalexin biosynthesis in soybean roots following infection with Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea.

Primary roots of soybean [Glycine max (L.), cv Harosoy 63] seedlings were inoculated with zoospores from either race 1 (incompatible, host resistant) or race 3 (compatible, host susceptible) of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea (Pmg) and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), isoflavone synthase, and dihydroxypterocarpan 6a-hydroxylase related to phytoalexin (glyceollin) biosynthesis, and of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Glc-6-PDH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (Glu-DH) were determined at various times after inoculation. About 2-4 h after inoculation with race 1, the activities of PAL, CHS, and pterocarpan 6a-hydroxylase were higher than after inoculation with race 3 and increased considerably thereafter. In contrast, activities of these enzymes in the compatible interaction were equal to or only slightly higher than in the controls over the entire infection period investigated (2-8 h). Isoflavone synthase did not increase until 7 h after inoculation with race 1. There were no significant differences in activities for Glc-6-PDH and Glu-DH between inoculated roots and controls. The results show that infection of soybean roots with zoospores of Pmg race 1 causes a race:cultivar-specific early induction of enzymes involved in glyceollin synthesis, whereas such an induction does not occur with zoospores of race 3. These findings are in agreement with the race:cultivar-specific accumulation of glyceollin in soybean roots reported previously [M. G. Hahn, A. Bonhoff, and H. Grisebach (1985) Plant Physiol. 77, 591-601].

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed2004

A holistic account of the own-race effect in face recognition: evidence from a cross-cultural study.

A robust finding in the cross-cultural research is that people's memories for faces of their own race are superior to their memories for other-race faces. However, the mechanisms underlying the own-race effect have not been well defined. In this study, a holistic explanation was examined in which Caucasian and Asian participants were asked to recognize features of Caucasian and Asian faces presented in isolation and in the whole face. The main finding was that Caucasian participants recognized own-race faces more holistically than Asian faces whereas Asian participants demonstrated holistic recognition for both own-race and other-race faces. The differences in holistic recognition between Caucasian and Asian participants mirrored differences in their relative experience with own-race and other-race faces. These results suggest that the own-race effect may arise from the holistic recognition of faces from a highly familiar racial group.

Adult↗