Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Proactive Inhibition”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Alcohol and proactive interference: a test of response eccentricity theory of alcohol's psychological effects.

A theory is offered which proposes that alcohol induces eccentricity in the neurophysiological mechanism by which responses are selected for emission by the nervous system. Hence, in a specific stimulus situation, normally high probability responses decrease in frequency, while lower probability responses increase in frequency. From this postulate, the prediction is derived that in a verbal paired-associate learning task administered over two days, alcohol will decrease proactive interference from first-day learning (high probability associate) and result in enhanced acquisition of second day items. This paper reports two experimental tests of the prediction, each of which employs four subject groups tested over two days. Experiment 1 (n = 24) provides tentative support while ruling out some potential confounds. With these confounds eliminated, Experiment 2 (n = 40) confirms the prediction in a more direct test. A variety of possible alternative explanations for the counter-intuitive finding of improved cognitive performance under alcohol are evaluated against the theory proposed, as are other recent theories which address the variable behavioral effects of alcohol. Finally, the new data gathered on the effects of imagery instructions on proactive interference are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Abilities and neural mechanisms underlying AB performance.

Schacter, Moscovitch, Tulving, McLachlan, and Freedman propose that infants may make the AB error because of immaturity of the memory system damaged in amnesia (e.g., the hippocampus). They contrast this with the proposal that infants may make the AB error because of immaturity of the frontal lobe system (Diamond; Diamond & Goldman-Rakic). Schacter et al.'s choice of subjects, however, did not permit a test of these 2 proposals, and characteristics of their task, such as length of delay, make comparison with infants difficult. Schacter et al. discuss sensitivity to proactive interference as a possible explanation for the AB error, but sensitivity to PI is more closely associated with frontal lobe damage than with amnesia. Schacter et al. associate perseveration with immaturity or damage to the frontal lobe; it is suggested here that this is better characterized as lack of inhibitory control. Tasks that are most likely to require frontal cortex function are those that demand both short-term memory and inhibitory control. AB is an excellent example of such a task.

Amnesia↗
PubMed2005

Another look at retroactive and proactive interference: a quantitative analysis of conversion processes.

Traditionally, the causes of interference phenomena were sought in "real" or "hard" memory processes such as unlearning, response competition, or inhibition, which serve to reduce the accessibility of target items. I propose an alternative approach which does not deny the influence of such processes but highlights a second, equally important, source of interference-the conversion (Tulving, 1983) of accessible memory information into memory performance. Conversion is conceived as a problem-solving-like activity in which the rememberer tries to find solutions to a memory task. Conversion-based interference effects are traced to different conversion processes in the experimental and control conditions of interference designs. I present a simple theoretical model that quantitatively predicts the resulting amount of interference. In two paired-associate learning experiments using two different types of memory tests, these predictions were corroborated. Relations of the present approach to traditional accounts of interference phenomena and implications for eyewitness testimony are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Proactive effects in memory for stories.

Selective omissions in the recall of longer prose passages have been interpreted as evidence of abstractive processes during encoding. Presumably, the additional information in longer passages produces an information overload which necessitates selective attention. Learners in three experiments were tested on their recognition or recall of a short passage that either was or was not preceded by a long introductory segment. An encoding-based view predicts that increased passage length should diminish both recognition and recall. However, increased passage length decreased recall, but not recognition, demonstrating that passage length effects are dependent upon the type of cues available during retrieval. A further study demonstrated that ideas of greater thematic importance were recognized better than ideas of lesser thematic importance, even after a negligible retention interval. Abstractive processes deal with the relative importance of ideas but not the amount of information.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: a latent-variable analysis.

This study used data from 220 adults to examine the relations among 3 inhibition-related functions. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that Prepotent Response Inhibition and Resistance to Distractor Interference were closely related, but both were unrelated to Resistance to Proactive Interference. Structural equation modeling, which combined Prepotent Response Inhibition and Resistance to Distractor Interference into a single latent variable, indicated that 1 aspect of random number generation performance, task-switching ability, and everyday cognitive failures were related to Response-Distractor Inhibition, whereas reading span recall and unwanted intrusive thoughts were related to Resistance to Proactive Interference. These results suggest that the term inhibition has been overextended and that researchers need to be more specific when discussing and measuring inhibition-related functions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Stimulus interaction and between-trials proactive interference in monkeys.

Most theoretical accounts of proactive interference in delayed-matching-to-sample paradigms focus on processes linked to time. Two experiments questioned this exclusive focus on temporal facts. Between-trials proactive interference was studied in a situation in which the similarity of consecutive trials was varied along the dimensions of color, form, and position. All of these factors as well as the similarity of sample and test contexts contributed to memory performance. A mathematical model based on the assumptions that similarity strongly influences memory-based judgements and that overall similarity is determined by the multiplicative interaction of component dimensions gave an excellent qualitative and quantitative account of the data in both experiments. These results support a broader view of factors determining proactive interference and are inconsistent with the idea that these multiple factors can be treated as independent.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

The fibrinolytic pathway of human plasma. II. The generation of chemotactic activity by activation of plasminogen proactivator.

The conversion of plasminogen proactivator to plasminogen activator by Hageman factor fragments results in the generation of chemotactic activity for human neutrophils. This chemotactic activity can be distinguished from that generated by Hageman factor activation of prekallikrein and is demonstrable in plasma that is genetically deficient in prekallikrein (Fletcher factor deficiency). Both the plasminogen-activating activity and chemotactic activity produced by the interaction of Hageman factor fragments and plasminogen proactivator to yield plasminogen activator were inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) indicating an essential role for the enzymatic site in both these activities. The finding that the plasminogen proactivator tolerated a dose of DFP, which completely inactivated the plasminogen activator, reveals that the active site is protected in the precursor protein.

Blood↗
PubMed1986

Proactive interference and intertrial interval in short-term retention of temporal visual information.

The main purpose was to examine the role of proactive interference in temporal short-term memory when subjects experienced time under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, made without time-aiding techniques. Visual durations of 1, 4, and 8 sec. were estimated by 18 subjects under the method of reproduction. Three retention intervals were used: immediate reproduction, 15, and 30 sec. of rest. The three intertrial intervals were immediate, 15, and 30 sec. Constant error was used as an index of bias. The constant errors provided no indication that proactive interference was operating in temporal short-term memory. The lack of proactive interference was not associated with intertrial intervals; even when the intertrial intervals were shortened to 1 sec. no proactive interference was observed. Variable error was used to evaluate effects of forgetting. The variable errors for the 4- and 8-sec. durations seemed amenable to a trace-decay explanation.

Attention↗
PubMed1981

Input and distractor modality effects upon the release from proactive interference in children.

Build-up of proactive interference (PI) with visual-picture and auditory-verbal input modalities and the subsequent release from Pi following a change in modality was investigated in three experiments with boys and girls, as follows: Experiment I (n=64) at two mean age levels, 7-6 and 10-5; Experiment II (n=64) at mean age 7-6; and Experiment III (n=48) at age 11-4. PI build-up occurred in both modalities for all ages tested. Release from PI occurred following a change from auditory to visual input by not from PI occurred following a change from auditory shift. In the final experiment, this asymmetrical improvement in performance was dependent upon an interaction between the modality of the input and distractor task on the final or release trial; changing to visual input produced a release effect regardless of the distractor task modality, while auditory input was associated with improvement in recall if a visual distractor task was employed whether or not a shift in input modality had occurred. This improvement was hypothesized to represent a decrease in retroactive interference rather than a release from proactive interference.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Assessing the age-related effects of proactive interference on working memory tasks using the Rasch model.

Inhibition-reduction theory (L. Hasher & R. Zacks, 1988) hypothesizes that the age-related decline in working memory (WM) span is a result of a decrease in the ability to inhibit irrelevant information in WM. Using the Rasch psychometric model, this study found that later trials on 2 WM span tasks were more difficult for older adults than for younger adults, consistent with inhibition-reduction theory's hypothesis that older adults are more susceptible to the effects of proactive interference (PI). Furthermore, after accounting for differential susceptibility to the effects of PI, age-related variance in WM span was reduced by about half. These results suggest that differential susceptibility to PI may account for a substantial portion, although not all, of the age-related decline in WM span.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Short-term retention in retarded adolescents as a function of load, delay, and interpolated activity.

The present study investigated certain variables influencing the short-term retention of retarded adolescents. Forty trainable and 40 educable retarded adolescents were shown slides containing arrays of 2, 3, 4, or 5 chromatic pictures to be recalled after varying periods (0, 18, 36, and 140 sec) of filled or unfilled activity. Results indicated that recall in the unfilled condition remained relatively stable over time, while in the filled condition recall was deleteriously affected by a distracter task (p less than .01). No significant retention slope differences were observed between the two IQ groups. As is typically found with nonretarded adults, the curve of forgetting for the retarded individuals described a negatively accelerated function. With increasing proactive interference there were increasing decrements in short-term recall, with neither IQ group differing from the other. It was suggested that both decay and interference contribute to the short-term forgetting of retarded people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Inhibition by low molecular weight dextran of the blood pressure fall and the lowering of plasminogen proactivator induced by clinical dextran in the rat.

The intravenous injection into rats of dextran with a molecular weight of 1,000 (LMr dextran) in doses greater than or equal to 200 mg/kg induced rapid, but transient falls in blood pressure. Pretreatment of the rats with LMr dextran 200 mg/kg caused a partial inhibition of the profound blood pressure fall induced by the injection of clinical dextran with a molecular weight of 70,000 (HMr dextran), 40 mg/kg. In accordance with previous works (Briseid & Berstad 1981; Berstad & Briseid 1982; Berstad 1982) it was found that the intravenous injection of HMr dextran lowered the plasma levels of plasminogen proactivator (pro-PGA) and functionally active high molecular weight kininogen (HMrK). Also LMr dextran, 200 mg/kg, induced significant reductions in the mentioned parameters, but less extensive than those obtained by HMr dextran, 40 mg/kg, and pretreatment of the rats with LMr dextran inhibited the subsequent effects of HMr dextran. It is suggested that a dextran-activated plasminogen activator might be an early link in the mechanism underlying the dextran-induced state of shock in the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Proactive interference and its release in short-term memory of mildly retarded adolescents.

Release from proactive interference in mildly retarded adolescents due to taxonomic shifts and rest periods prior to the final, critical-word triad was investigated. Interference accumulated rapidly across the first three trials; a shift in triad's taxonomic class on the final trial produced a substantial release (72 percent) from proactive interference. Although proactive interference dissipated when the interval between Trials 3 and 4 was increased to 120 seconds, the extent of recovery from proactive interference for the rest period plus taxonomic shift was no greater than a taxonomic shift alone. Results indicated that taxonomic category is a salient encoding dimension for retarded adolescents.

Adolescent↗