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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Projected prevalence of age-related cataract and cataract surgery in Australia for the years 2001 and 2021: pooled data from two population-based surveys.

This study aimed to estimate the number of Australians over 50 with cataract in the years 2001 and 2021. Data from two population-based studies were pooled: the Blue Mountains Eye Study and Melbourne Visual Impairment Project and Australian Bureau of Statistics population projections were used. Similar definitions for the three cataract types were used in the two studies (nuclear >/= grade 4, posterior sub-capsular >/= 1 mm, cortical >/= 10% lens area or >/= 25% circumference). Combining the three types and prior surgery, it was estimated that in 2001, 1.7 million Australians had clinically significant cataract in either eye and 320,000 had previously undergone cataract surgery. It was estimated that the number of persons with cataract will rise to 2.7 million by 2021 (over 500,000 will have had cataract surgery). The number of Australians with cataract will grow by two-thirds during the next 20 years, reflecting continued population ageing. Health care delivery systems will need to develop methods to handle this increased workload.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Application of intake fraction to population exposure estimates in Hunan Province of China.

This article developed a new method, based on the concept of "intake fraction", to assess population exposure to primary and secondary fine particle matters from site-specific sources. This method was illustrated by a set of 17 power plants (totally 24 stacks) in Hunan Province of China. The CALPUFF long-range atmospheric dispersion model was used to simulate ambient concentrations of fine particles, and the GIS technology was used to generate a population distribution database from county-level population statistical data. An integrated computer program package was developed to carry out numerical integration of dispersion results over the population data, and produce intake fractions. The resulting average intake fractions within 500 km were 9.73 x 10(-6), 2.39 x 10(-6), and 2.47 x 10(-6) for primary fine particles, sulfate and nitrate respectively. Regression analyses were performed to explore the relationships between intake fractions and potential variables. Results showed that the stack height and aggregate populations could be used to predict intake fractions of fine particles. R2 of the regression equations were 0.83, 0.64, and 0.74 for primary fine particles, sulfate and nitrate respectively. Iso-intake fractions presenting geographical distributions of intake fractions in Hunan Province were mapped, showing a factor of about 2 between the highest values in the northeast and the lowest in the southwest of Hunan Province.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1982

Growth pattern of children in a Moslem semirural community near Jerusalem.

The growth pattern of infants from birth to 2 years of age was studied in a homogenous Moslem semirural community near Jerusalem. The weight of the study population was compared with that of children from a western neighbourhood in Jerusalem and the National Centre of Health Statistics standard. The Abu Ghosh children are lighter than the Jerusalem and the National Centre of Health Statistics populations at birth and subsequently at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months of age. The percentage of weight gain between any two measurements at the various ages is slightly lower than that of the Jerusalem population. There is no decline in percentage of weight gain after weaning. Birthweight has accounted for a high percentage of explained variance of weight at 6 months (14.4%), but explained only 1.2% of variance at 24 months. The percentage of girls below the 10th centile was less than that of boys. The genetic and environmental effects on growth as well as the effect of the mother and child health services on the child rearing patterns of the populations are discussed.

Birth Order↗
PubMed1999

An optimized strategy for choosing the number of platelet concentrates to pool.

CONTEXT: The number of platelet concentrates (PCs) pooled per dose varies widely. The number should be based on quality control statistics. OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal number of PCs per pool that will achieve a target dose. DESIGN: The population statistics of PC cell counts were obtained from routine quality control records. A target value of 3.00x10(11) cells was chosen. A theoretical model to predict the probability of achieving this target cell count was developed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The calculated probability was tested in a Monte Carlo simulation. RESULTS: The mean of a sequential series of 100 PC counts (obtained from routine quality control records) was 9.08x10(10), and the standard deviation was 2.70x10(10). Platelet loss during pooling was measured at 8.3%, so that the pooling of 3.27x10(11) cells is required to deliver a dose of 3.00x10(11) cells. The pooling of 4 PCs from this data set predicts an average pool cell count of 3.63+/-2.30x10(11). Using standard tables for normal distribution, the probability of achieving a minimal pool dose of 3.00x10(11) cells is estimated to be greater than 0.76. Similarly, the probability of achieving the target value by pooling 5 PCs is greater than 0.99. In a Monte Carlo simulation selecting 4 PCs, 76.5% of the trials were successful, and for 5 PCs, 99.5% were successful (estimated P values of .77 and .99, respectively). CONCLUSION: Five PCs per pool are necessary and sufficient to achieve the chosen target value given the cell count characteristics of our PC supply.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Premature death in patients operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism.

To investigate long-term survival after operation for primary hyperparathyroidism, a follow-up study was performed on 896 consecutive patients in whom this diagnosis had been clinically and microscopically verified. These patients were operated on in the years 1953-1982. Their mean age at operation was 57.3 years [standard deviation (SD) 13.1], overall cure rate was 97.0%, and postoperative mortality was 0.89%. Follow-up was 99.8% complete by the end of 1986. Mean follow-up time was 12.9 years (SD: 6.1). Two-hundred ninety-four patients were deceased, which was 118 more than in a control group (p less than 0.001). The latter was based on Swedish population statistics, matched for age, sex, and calendar year. Each year, the control group was the same size as the hyperparathyroid population. The risk of premature death remained increased (p less than 0.001) even after exclusion of poor-risk patients having their hyperparathyroidism diagnosed when being treated or followed because of other serious diseases. The main causes of premature death for the hyperparathyroid patients were cardiovascular and malignant diseases. Both occurred more often than in the control group (p less than 0.001). The results demonstrate that primary hyperparathyroidism causes damage that is not reversed by surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Two populations of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the frog (Rana esculenta) retina.

Serotonin immunocytochemical staining in retina whole-mounts of Rana esculenta revealed two differently stained amacrine cell populations. Statistical investigations using nearest neighbor analysis and comparison with different theoretical cell distributions suggested that the two serotonin-immunoreactive cell populations are related to functionally different types. The analysis of type A (intensely stained somata, less numerous) revealed a good coincidence with the normal Gaussian distribution indicating a functionally homogeneous population. The distribution of the neurons of type B (weakly stained somata, more numerous) reflects rather a random dot pattern than a regular arrangement. Thus there is evidence that this last type is a heterogeneous cell population consisting of several functionally different types.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A methodology for estimating time-of-day variations in the size of a population exposed to risk.

Consequence models for the risk assessment of man-made or natural disasters do not ordinarily take into account time-of-day variations in the size of the exposed population. Residential census population statistics are used instead. This paper proposes and illustrates a methodology for using metropolitan travel survey data to estimate the variations in question. Variations are computed from the Washington, D.C. area sample survey statistics on the number of trips taken in and out of different census tracts throughout each workday. Four principal patterns of population variation are identified, corresponding to four types of land use: commercial, residential, shopping/entertainment, and mixed use. Some general implications for consequence analysis are discussed.

Disasters↗
PubMed2005

Phase speed and attenuation in bubbly liquids inferred from impedance measurements near the individual bubble resonance frequency.

In the ocean, natural and artificial processes generate clouds of bubbles that scatter and attenuate sound. Measurements have shown that at the individual bubble resonance frequency, sound propagation in this medium is highly attenuated and dispersive. The existing theory to explain this behavior is deemed adequate away from resonance. However, due to excessive attenuation near resonance, little experimental data exists for a comparison with model predictions. An impedance tube was developed specifically for exploring this regime. The effective medium phase speed and attenuation were inferred from measurements of the surface impedance of a layer of bubbly liquid composed of air bubbles and distilled water, for void fractions from 6.2 x 10(-5) to 5.4 x 10(-4) and bubble sizes centered around 0.62 mm in radius. Improved measurement speed, accuracy, and precision is possible with the new instrument, and both instantaneous and time-averaged measurements were obtained. The phase speed and attenuation at resonance was observed to be sensitive to the bubble population statistics and agreed with an existing model [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85, 732-746 (1989)], within the uncertainty of the bubble population parameters. Agreement between the model and the data reported here is better than for the data that was available when the model was originally published.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunogenetic characteristics of the population of the Transcarpathian region of the UkrSSR ABO system erythrocyte antigen findings].

The phenotypes with their respective alleles frequencies of the ABO system were studied in 33 230 individuals of 9 ethnic groups of the Transcarpathian Region population. Statistically significant differences in allele frequencies were found in Gypsies, Germans and Slovaks as compared to those in the main Ukrainian population. There are significant differences between Hungarians and Gypsies of the Transcarpathian Region and analogous populations beyond the region. Absence of a reliable difference between gene pools of the Slav groups of the population and of Hungarians may point to the local origin of the later.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Taurodontism and learning disabilities in patients with Klinefelter syndrome.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this descriptive clinical study was to determine the prevalence rates of taurodontism and learning disabilities in a sample of patients with Klinefelter syndrome. METHODS: Questionnaires and dental radiographs of Klinefelter syndrome patients were obtained and analyzed using previously published methods. Prevalence rates were determined for taurodontism and learning disabilities in the sample population and compared to the general population. Statistical analyses included a Fisher's exact 2-sided test to compare the prevalence rates to that found in the general population and subsequent determination of the positive predictive value. RESULTS: Taurodontism was found in 75% of the 24 participants. Eighty-three percent of the participants reported having a learning disability. These rates are significantly higher than the general population, as reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: The positive predictive value for Klinefelter syndrome, given a male patient with taurodontism and a learning disability, is 84%. In this case, the dentist should recommend karyotyping to the patient, parent, or physician. This demonstrates how important it is for dentists to understand and assist physicians in the diagnosis of genetic disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The use of patient registers to estimate migration.

This article presents information discussed at the recent regional seminars on population statistics. It describes a new data source for estimating internal migration between local and health authorities in England and Wales, discusses the way that the data have been collected and processed, and how limitations in the raw data have been addressed. It then goes on to explain the way that the new internal migration estimates have been used in the calculation of population estimates for local and health authorities. This is a change to the method of estimating migration in the calculation of population estimates.

Censuses↗
PubMed1997

Effective size and F-statistics of subdivided populations. II. Dioecious species.

For a dioecious diploid population subdivided into an arbitrary number of subpopulations, we have derived recurrence equations for the inbreeding coefficient and coancestries between individuals within and among subpopulations and formulas for effective size and F-statistics. Stable population size and structure, discrete generations, autosomal inheritance, and the island migration model are assumed, and arbitrary distributions of the numbers of male and female progeny per family, different numbers and variable migration rates of males and females are incorporated in our derivation. Some published equations for effective size and F-statistics for a subdivided population are shown to be incorrect because several incorrect probabilities are used in the derivation. A more general equation for effective size is obtained by finding eigenvalue solutions to the recurrence equations for inbreeding coefficient and coancestry in this article, which reduces to the simple and familiar expressions derived by previous authors for the special case of a single unsubdivided population. Our general expressions for F-statistics also reduce to the classical results of WRIGHT's infinite island model and its extensions. It is shown that population structure is important in determining effective size and F-statistics and should be recognized and incorporated into programs for genetic conservation and evolution.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Slit scanning of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells: quantification of asymmetric cell division and cell cycle progression in asynchronous culture.

Slit scanning flow cytometry has been applied to the analysis of the cell cycle and cell-cycle-dependent events in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yielding information on the low-resolution spatial distribution of cellular components in single cells of unperturbed cell populations. Because this process is rapid, large numbers of cells can be analyzed to give distributions of parameters in a given population. To study asymmetric cell division and cell cycle progression, forward-angle light scattering (FALS) signals together with fluorescence signals from acriflavine-stained nuclei have been measured in cells from exponentially growing yeast populations. An algorithm has been developed that assigns the position of the bud neck in the FALS signals so that both FALS and DNA signals can be analyzed in terms of the contributions from the mother cell and the cell bud. The data indicate that mother cell FALS, on average, remains constant while FALS due to the cell bud increases as a cell progresses through the cell cycle. By identifying mitotic cells and measuring their properties, we have found that the coefficient of variation for the distribution of FALS is smallest within the dividing cell population and largest within the newborn cell population, in accordance with the critical size control mechanism of yeast cell growth. The use of this experimental approach to provide data for statistical population models is discussed.

Acriflavine↗
PubMed1994

[Biosystematic study of two populations of teleosts (Sardina pilchardus) and their copepod parasites (Peroderma cylindricum) from the Tunisian coast].

A genetic analysis realized, on Tunisian coasts, within and between two populations of a Teleostean (Sardina pilchardus) on one hand, and two populations of their parasitic Copepods (Peroderma cylindricum) on the other hand, reveal that: (l) the 14 loci analysed are monomorphic in the Teleostean populations; (II) 3 loci among 13 investigated are polymorphic in the Copepod populations. Statistical tests from deviations of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and genotypic homogeneity show the existence of strong gene flows within and between Copepod populations. Thus, it seems that the Teleostean (Sardina pilchardus) and the Copepod (Peroderma cylindricum) constitute at least on Tunisian coasts, two homogeneous taxinomic units.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Prevalence and correlates of diabetes in national schizophrenia samples.

People with schizophrenia may be at increased risk for Type II diabetes because of the side effects of antipsychotic medication, poorer overall physical health, less healthy lifestyles, and poorer health care. The present study uses data bases collected by the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) to assess the prevalence and demographic and clinical correlates of diabetes within large populations of persons receiving treatment for schizophrenia. In the Schizophrenia PORT, Medicaid and Medicare data from 1991 and more recent interview data were collected regarding the comorbidity of schizophrenia and diabetes: prevalence, quality of life, physical health, and services utilization and costs. The study found that rates of diagnosed diabetes exceeded general population statistics well before the widespread use of the new antipsychotic drugs. Risk factors for diabetes were similar to those observed in the general population. The linkage of diabetes to poor physical health, medical morbidity, and increased service use and cost requires attention. This study of diabetes in the early 1990s suggests that even before the widespread use of the atypical antipsychotic drugs, diabetes was a major problem for persons with schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Schistosomal versus nonschistosomal variceal bleeders. Do they respond differently to selective shunt (DSRS)?

The distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS) was performed in 125 consecutive variceal bleeders. To date, no patients have been lost to follow-up (mean of 79 +/- 20 months). Liver pathology was documented in 85 patients: 45 patients had schistosomal hepatic fibrosis, 17 had nonalcoholic cirrhosis, and 23 had mixed pattern (hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis). The preoperative data base for these three groups was matched (p greater than 0.05), with a mean follow-up of 79 +/- 20, 70 +/- 14, and 77 +/- 22 months for each population, respectively. The results showed low operative mortality (4.8%), high cumulative patency rate (94.8%) and low recurrent variceal hemorrhage (5.6%). The biochemical data showed significant increase in serum bilirubin (p less than 0.001) and aspartate transaminase (AST) (p less than 0.05) in the nonschistosomal patients. Chronic hyperbilirubinemia was found in 33% of the schistosomal group. Prograde portal perfusion was detected in 94% of the patients, with development of collaterals in 91%. The angiographic pattern of these collaterals was 50% pancreatic, 45% gastric, and 26% colosplenic. Patients with mixed liver disease had a high incidence of Grade III portal perfusion (57%) and more common pancreatic and gastric collaterals (71%). The cumulative survival for all patients was 74.1%, with hepatic cell failure being the leading cause of death (13 patients, 50% of all deaths). The schistosomal patients had a 91.6% incidence, whereas the cirrhotic and mixed groups had survival rates of 75.6% and 65.2%, respectively. Also, of a 15% total incidence of encephalopathy, 4.4% was related to the schistosomal patients, 23.5% to the cirrhotics, and 21.7% to the mixed population. Statistically, the survival rate was significantly better (p less than 0.05) and encephalopathy was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in the schistosomal population. In conclusion, this data shows that: 1) DSRS has a high patency rate and a low variceal hemorrhage recurrence rate; 2) it maintains some degree of portal perfusion in patients with different nonalcoholic liver diseases, despite development of collaterals; and 3) the schistosomal patients have a better survival rate, with a low incidence of encephalopathy after DSRS, compared with the cirrhotic and mixed populations.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed2001

p53 codon 72 polymorphism and human papillomavirus associated skin cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Non-melanoma skin cancers frequently harbour multiple human papillomavirus (HPV) types. A recent report suggests that a polymorphism of the p53 tumour suppressor gene that results in the substitution of a proline residue with an arginine residue at position 72 of the p53 protein might act as a risk factor in HPV associated malignancies. This study aimed to determine the following: (1) the relation between HPV infection and the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and (2) whether there is a correlation between p53 codon 72 polymorphism and the development of SCC. METHODS: Blood samples were taken from 55 patients with skin cancer (both renal transplant recipients and immunocompetent patients with skin cancer) and 115 ethnically matched volunteers. A polymerase chain reaction based assay was used to determine p53 codon 72 genotypes. In addition, 49 benign and malignant lesions from 34 of the patients with skin cancer and 20 normal human skin samples from 20 of the control volunteers were examined for HPV. RESULTS: The proportions of p53 codon 72 genotypes found were 78% arginine homozygous, 2% proline homozygous, and 20% heterozygous among patients with skin cancer and 79% arginine homozygous, 3.5% proline homozygous, and 17.5% heterozygous among the control population. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the distribution of the two p53 isoforms between the patients with skin cancer and the control population. The predominant viral types detected in both the patients and the control group were EV associated HPVs, although the incidence was lower in normal skin samples than in malignant lesions or viral warts. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that in a Celtic population there is no correlation between the presence of HPV, the p53 codon 72 arginine polymorphism, and the development of skin cancer.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗