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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Age effect hearing levels for a white nonindustrial noise exposed population (ninep) and their use in evaluating industrial hearing conservation programs.

A nonindustrial noise exposed population (NINEP) describing age effects for white males and females has been established that can be used as a reference in evaluating an industrial noise exposed population (INEP) data base. In making this comparison, it is desirable to match the two populations properly with respect to sex, race and age characteristics. Since there presently does not exist an equivalent black NINEP, it is necessary to first isolate the data representing the black population from the industrial sample. A definite learning curve exists in industrial audiometric data bases, with the degree of learning dependent upon the effectiveness of the hearing conservation program. Therefore, this variation must be considered when attempting to compare the industrial audiometric test data with the white NINEP data base presented herein.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Physiological observations in essential hypertension.

The various mechanisms that may be involved in essential hypertension are discussed, as well as their therapeutic implications. A step-care treatment program has been shown to be effective not only for the treatment of the individual patient with mild hypertension but also in mass population treatment programs. It is based on a program of sound general medical care, including dietary sodium restriction, reduction of excess body weight, and pharmacologic therapy. With intelligent use of anti-hypertensive drugs for effective control of arterial pressure, a drastic reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality can be expected.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1989

Strengthening the backbone of primary health care.

This article discusses how to increase the effectiveness of district health systems, with particular reference to the setting of priorities and targets, the realization of various forms of joint action, and the improvement of management and other skills.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1989

The recruitment and retention of minority and disadvantaged allied health students.

Student recruitment and retention has been given high priority over the last several years. The School of Allied Health Sciences at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston has been involved in recruitment and retention programs that have produced minority student enrollment of over 20% over the past seven years. The programs are supported by federal grants that have provided seed money to design, develop, and implement three specific recruitment and retention programs. These programs have assisted in enrolling over 575 minority students with a retention rate above 90%. Graduation, licensure, and certification rates have been at or above the majority population. These programs are adaptable at other allied health professions schools and have been used as models for several programs across the United States.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1978

Training physicians of developing nations in female surgical contraception.

The majority of developing nations in the Third World (including Thailand) face similar medicosocioeconomic situations arising from uncontrolled population growth which outstrips developmental planning. One of the most effective medical means of combating these problems is surgical contraception. This study describes how the Ramathibodi National Training Program was developed and implemented in Thailand to increase the availability of sterilization services by training local physicians to perform the necessary operations. The success of this program is measured by the increase in the number of service delivery stations (182) and in the number of sterilization procedures performed (24 436 in a 32-month period).

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1984

Effectiveness of a health education program in a lower socioeconomic population. Replication of an ipecac guidance study.

When teaching home safety, we selectively highlight those hazards most likely to injure children at various developmental stages. In one of the few studies evaluating this approach, we successfully taught a middle class population appropriate home use of ipecac syrup. The study reported herein replicated that study in a lower socioeconomic population. Although learning occurred, statistical significance was not quite achieved. While this study does not refute the "targeted" approach, it does demonstrate that characteristics of the population are likely to affect the educational outcome. Impressive statistical improvement may not be demonstrated. Individual realistic goals must be established prior to implementation and evaluation of a program.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1980

Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol comparisons in black and white populations. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol distributions were compared among 191 black and 1341 white males and 233 black and 1088 white females, ages 5-44 years, examined in five of the Lipid Research Clinic (LRC) population-based surveys. Mean HDL cholesterol was higher in blacks than whites in each 5-year age group for males and in seven of the eight age groups for females. The black-white mean HDL cholesterol difference was greater for males than females at each age studied. Mean HDL cholesterol was 4.8 mg/dl higher in black than white males ages 5-19 years, after statistical adjustment for age, Quetelet index and plasma total cholesterol differences between blacks and whites (p < 0.001); mean HDL cholesterol was 9.5 mg/dl higher in black than white adult males ages 20-44 years. Adjustment for levels of plasma triglyceride, which were lower in blacks than whites, reduced but did not eliminate the magnitude of the statistical significance in black-white differences: The adjusted means were 2.9 mg/dl higher in black children and 7.9 mg/dl higher in black adults. The finding of higher levels of HDL cholesterol in black males persisted after additional adjustment for alcohol consumption, smoking and educational levels. Adult U.S. black males have lower and black females have higher coronary heart disease mortality rates than their white peers. The magnitude of the black-white difference in HDL cholesterol for males in the LRC studies was within the range associated with coronary heart disease incidence reported in other studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Tobacco use among high school students--United States, 1990.

Tobacco use is the single most preventable cause of death in the United States. Approximately half of smokers start smoking regularly before 18 years of age; however, among recent birth cohorts, age of smoking initiation has declined, especially among females. Data on tobacco use among adolescents help identify high-risk populations, design tobacco-prevention programs for these populations, and evaluate the effectiveness of broad efforts to prevent tobacco use among youth. This report examines the prevalence of self-reported current tobacco use and frequent cigarette smoking among U.S. students in grades 9-12 during 1990.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The impact of initiating a human immunodeficiency virus screening program in an urban obstetric population.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to describe the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and to assess the cost/benefit ratio of universal antenatal human immunodeficiency virus screening. STUDY DESIGN: Medical records of women in this urban obstetrics population, from the years 1988 to 1993, were examined. The incidence of known human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity at delivery was determined. The costs of performing human immunodeficiency virus screening, evaluating the disease status, and administering therapy were calculated. These costs were compared with an averaged cost for care and follow-up of infants infected through vertical transmission. RESULTS: The incidence of known human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity at delivery approximately doubled since the initiation of a human immunodeficiency virus screening program (0.26% to 0.48%). Obstetric screening added an approximate $100,000 to medical costs. The calculated cost of pediatric follow-up of human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive infants for the first 18 months was estimated at $344,355. In our population, with universal screening and zidovudine therapy, the medical costs could be reduced by $175,500 per year. CONCLUSION: A program of voluntary human immunodeficiency virus screening increases the incidence of known human immunodeficiency virus infection. Offering screening and follow-up to all pregnant patients in an urban setting is both cost-effective and medically beneficial.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Effects of a municipal immunization program on the vaccination coverage in a school population].

We report the results of a Municipal Immunisation Program in a industrial community. These results were evaluated through the School Health Program. Our immunisation policies resulted in a substantial increase of immunity covering with particular impact on the less wealthy social layers. Immunity rats rose from 32% to 71% of the population. We conclude that our program is an adequate policy for control of infection diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

A component analysis of recent fertility decline in singapore.

To aid in achieving demographic goals, since 1968 the government of Singapore has passed a series of laws designed to limit family size. Policies were instituted in 1968 to discourage couples from having more than three children; policies introduced in 1973 discouraged having more than two. Trends in fertility rates and in the numbers of abortions and sterilizations in recent years are consistent with the intent of these social policies. Decline in third and subsequent births was the most important factor in fertility decline after 1972, and the numbers of abortions and sterilizations undergone by higher parity women have increased substantially sin"e 1970. Although other factors have affected fertility in Singapore, the data suggest that the disincentives have played a role in continued fertility decline in recent years.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1988

Long-term body weight fluctuation in an overweight population.

Weight loss programs report such low percentages of overweight subjects who lose weight and maintain the loss that the concern arises whether these results represent anything more than baseline population weight fluctuations. In this study, weights recorded for medical purposes at two clinic visits separated by intervals of 1 to 5 years were analysed for 332 adult patients who were initially at least 20 percent over their ideal body weight. Weight change calculations for this general patient population revealed that 219 (66 percent) had increased in weight by a mean of 5.7 kg, and that 113 (34 percent) had decreased in weight by a mean of 5.3 kg. The 59 patients measured over a 5-year interval showed an 'apparent body weight loss' for 31 percent of this sub-group with a mean decrease of 7.3 kg. Weight loss studies and programs must demonstrate a rate of weight loss maintenance beyond that of a control group before attributing 'weight loss' in a population to any factor other than normal weight fluctuation.

Adult↗