Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Polyvinyl Chloride”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

[Estimation of daily oral exposure to phthalates derived from soft polyvinyl chloride baby toys].

Daily oral exposure of babies to phthalate was estimated on the basis of the mouthing time of infants and the oral concentration of diisononyl phthalate (DINP) released from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) toy specimens. Total mouthing time, including the use of pacifiers, ranged widely from 11.4 min to 351.8 min with the mean of 105.3 +/- 72.1 min. The mean of the total mouthing time without pacifiers was 73.9 +/- 32.9 min. The average amount of DINP in saliva was 92.4 +/- 56.8 micrograms/10 cm2/hr, ranging from 13.2 micrograms/10 cm2/hr to 240.4 micrograms/10 cm2/hr. The exposure of phthalate in two different trials was estimated by the method of Monte Carlo simulation, one with the total mouthing time with pacifiers and the other with the total mouthing time without pacifiers. The average exposure in the former trial was 21.4 micrograms/kg/day and the 95th percentile was 65.8 micrograms/kg/day, while in the latter it was 14.8 micrograms/kg/day and the 95th percentile was 35.7 micrograms/kg/day.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Meatal strictures after transurethral prostatectomy using latex or polyvinyl chloride three-way catheters.

Because latex rubber catheters have been implicated in urethral stricture formation, the incidence of urethral strictures following transurethral prostatectomy (TUP) and subsequent catheterisation with latex rubber or polyvinyl chloride catheters was compared. A total of 84 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 71) or prostatic carcinoma (n = 13) underwent assessment of urethral diameter and subsequent internal urethrotomy prior to TUP. Following resection, 42 patients received three-way self-retaining latex rubber catheters and 42 received similar catheters made of PVC. Catheters were removed when the urine was clear (mean time = 3 days), and no patient required recatheterisation. Urinary flow was assessed in all patients at 6, 12 and 24 weeks after surgery, and diminution of flow with submeatal stricture formation was noted in one patient who had received a latex rubber catheter, and in one who had received a PVC catheter. In this study, the composition of the catheter had no bearing on subsequent stricture formation following TUP.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Antimicrobial allergy from polyvinyl chloride gloves.

BACKGROUND: Contact allergy to plastic gloves is rare. Benzisothiazolinone is a biocide that is mainly used in industrial settings. We first suspected delayed-type contact allergy to benzisothiazolinone from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gloves in 2004. We looked through our medical records from 1991 to 2005 to find similar cases. OBSERVATIONS: We found a total of 8 patients who are allergic to benzisothiazolinone and who had had exacerbations of their hand dermatitis while using PVC gloves. Patch testing revealed that 3 of them had weak allergic or doubtful reactions to the glove materials. Six of them had used Evercare Soft, Medi-Point, or Derma Grip PVC gloves, which in chemical analysis were shown to contain 9 to 32 ppm of benzisothiazolinone. Seven of the patients worked in dentistry or health care and 1 in farming. All of them had had hand dermatitis for many years. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, there have been no previous reports of contact allergy to antimicrobial agents in plastic gloves. Benzisothiazolinone is widely used as a biocide in the manufacture of disposable PVC gloves. Small amounts of benzisothiazolinone in the gloves may sensitize those who already have hand dermatitis. We recommend that all patients with hand dermatitis while using PVC gloves should be patch tested with benzisothiazolinone.

Allergens↗
PubMed1994

Survival of allochthonous bacteria in still mineral water bottled in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and glass.

The mortality of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, based on the culturability of these bacteria, was assessed in non-carbonated mineral water, bottled in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containing the indigenous flora, sterile mineral water bottled in PVC, sterile mineral water in glass containers, and sterile tap water in glass containers. There was a general decrease in the culturability of these organisms in the four test waters, except that Ps. aeruginosa grew in sterile tap water. Escherichia coli and Kl. pneumoniae had the highest mortality rates under the conditions tested, while Ent. cloacae had a very low and constant mortality rate that would have resulted in the persistence of this organism in mineral water for a long period of time. After a sharp initial decrease in culturability, Ps. aeruginosa also had a very low mortality rate in mineral water bottled in PVC.

Enterobacter cloacae↗
PubMed1993

Modeling of solute sorption by polyvinyl chloride plastic infusion bags.

Methods for estimating the equilibrium and time-dependent sorption of solutes by polymeric containers have been developed. The methods are specifically applied to the sorption of solutes by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) infusion bags. The methods correlate the partition coefficients and dissociation constant (when appropriate) of the solute, the physical dimensions of the container, and solution pH with single parameters that dictate the shape of the sorption profile. To determine the equilibrium sorption level for PVC containers, the fractional binding of a solute is correlated with its hexane-water and octanol-water partition coefficients. Calculations based on single partition coefficients are less effective in terms of mimicking the behavior of the PVC. To determine the sorption profile (fractional binding versus time), the partition coefficients are related to the fraction binding at a particular time through a single parameter referred to as the sorption number. Equilibrium fractional binding and sorption profiles for various drugs stored in PVC containers are generated with the models and agree well with reported behavior. The effect of pH on the sorption process is also examined.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1993

Stability of famotidine in polyvinyl chloride minibags and polypropylene syringes and compatibility of famotidine with selected drugs.

OBJECTIVE: (1) to determine the stability of famotidine 200 micrograms/mL in admixtures with dextrose 5% injection (D5W) and NaCl 0.9% injection (NS) in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) minibags and polypropylene syringes, at room temperature (22 degrees C), protected and unprotected from light for 15 days; and (2) to evaluate the visual compatibility of famotidine with 34 selected drugs for four hours at room temperature. DESIGN: Concentration of famotidine samples was determined on day 0 and again on days 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 by a stability-indicating HPLC. Inspection for visual and pH changes was also performed at these time intervals. RESULTS: More than 95 percent of the day 0 famotidine concentration remained in all samples over the 15-day study period. During this period, all samples remained clear and colorless and no change in absorbance at 450 and 540 nm was observed. The pH of the samples also remained unchanged. Famotidine 2000 micrograms/mL was found to be compatible with 33 selected drugs; only furosemide was found to be incompatible. A white precipitate was observed when an equal volume of famotidine 2000 micrograms/mL in NS was mixed with furosemide 3000 micrograms/mL in D5W. The concentration of famotidine in the supernatant gradually decreased during the 4-hour study period. At 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 hours after mixture of famotidine with furosemide, famotidine concentrations were 97.5, 23.6, 21.7, and 17.2 percent of the initial famotidine concentration, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that famotidine 200 micrograms/mL was stable in admixture with D5W and NS in PVC minibags and polypropylene syringes when these solutions were stored at room temperature, protected and unprotected from light for 15 days. Famotidine 2000 micrograms/mL in NS was compatible with 33 of the drugs, and was incompatible with furosemide.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Stedim 6 and Clearflex, two new multilayer materials for infusion containers. Comparative study of their compatibility with five drugs versus glass flasks and polyvinyl chloride bags.

Stedim 6 and Clearflex, two new polyethylene-lined materials for infusion bags, were studied for their compatibility with disodium clodronate, chlorpromazine and maprotiline hydrochlorides, diazepam, and clorazepate dipotassium salt, comparatively with borosilicate glass flasks and polyvinyl chloride bags. Diazepam, the only drug to exhibit a marked sorption in PVC bags (the loss reached 25% of the initial concentration after a contact duration of 72 h), showed lower sorption in Stedim 6 bags (loss about 11% under the same conditions) and none in Clearflex bags. No significant difference was observed between the infusion solutions used as vehicles of the drugs (5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride isotonic solutions). The results are discussed in terms of lipophilicity of the drugs and crystallinity of the polymers.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1998

Increased lipid peroxidation of erythrocytes in blood stored in polyvinyl chloride blood storage bags plasticized with di-[2-ethyl hexyl] phthalate and effect of antioxidants.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous work in this laboratory has shown significant decrease in vitamin E in erythrocytes in blood stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags plasticized with di-[2-ethyl hexyl] phthalate (DEHP), and in erythrocytes incubated in vitro with DEHP. Since vitamin E is a major antioxidant, a study was carried out to find out whether this decrease observed in vitamin E has an effect on lipid peroxidation in blood stored in DEHP-plasticized PVC blood bags. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood was collected in Penpol blood storage bags (which is a DEHP-plasticized PVC bag) and parameters of lipid peroxidation, i.e. activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), conjugated dienes, hydroperoxides, glutathione and vitamin E studied in erythrocytes after various periods of storage as compared to glass bottles. Erythrocytes were also incubated in vitro with DEHP with and without vitamin E, and changes in lipid peroxidation studied. RESULTS: Blood stored in Penpol bags showed increased lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes as compared to that stored in glass bottles, as is evident from a greater increase in MDA and a greater decrease in glutathione and a significant decrease in vitamin E. The addition of vitamin E decreased the formation of MDA and conjugated dienes and prevented the decrease in vitamin E. However in spite of increased lipid peroxidation in the presence of DEHP, the release of K+ and hemoglobin from erythrocytes was lower. When there was an increase in DEHP taken up by erythrocytes, there was a corresponding decrease in vitamin E. More important, whenever there was an increase in vitamin E in erythrocytes (when RBCs in the presence of DEHP were incubated with vitamin E), there was a progressive decrease in DEHP. CONCLUSION: DEHP caused increased lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes. At the same time, it decreased the release of K+ and hemoglobin from erythrocytes. It is possible that the stabilizing effect of DEHP on the erythrocyte membrane may offset the detrimental effects of the increased lipid peroxidation it causes.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Liver disease in polyvinyl chloride production workers - Clinical and peritoneoscopic aspects (author's transl)].

Peculiar clinical symptoms observed in polyvinyl chloride production workers of a nearby chemical plant arose the suspicion of liver and spleen disease in these workers before first reports on vinyl chloride-induced angiosarcoma of the liver became known. Starting at the end of 1972, 44 workers were followed up by biochemical investigations, peritoneoscopy and liver biopsy. As early as 1973 it could be ascertained, that advanced vinyl chloride-induced liver damage presents as hepatic fibrosis with splenomegaly, portal hypertension, and thrombocytopenia without conspicuous deterioration of hepatic parenchyma function. Similar symptoms have been observed after chronic intoxication by arsenic and thorium dioxide (thorotrast). The clinical and peritoneoscopic aspects of the disease are described.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed1996

Effect of polyvinyl chloride plastic on the growth and physiology of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

In this work, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured on common polystyrene cell culture plates, referred to as control plates, as well as on soft polyvinyl chloride plastics (PVC). Growth of human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC) on PVC coated with gelatin, collagen A and heparin plasma was significantly less than that on the control plates coated with the same substance or fibronectin. Cells cultured on PVC produced up to four times as much tissue plasminogen activator than control cells. With reference to plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), more PAI-1 was released from cells grown on PVC than from those on the control plates coated with gelatin and collagen A. After endotoxin stimulation, the PAI-1 release of HUVEC cultured on PVC was significantly higher than that of control cells with the exception of cells grown on the fibronectin-coated PVC that showed no difference. It is concluded that the type of plastic and coat used to culture HUVEC play a definite role in their growth and function.

Cell Division↗
PubMed2002

Characterization of estrogenic compounds in medical polyvinyl chloride tubing by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and estrogen receptor binding assay.

BACKGROUND: In 2001, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) convened to conduct a safety assessment of a plasticizer, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), released from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) medical devices. Hospitalized patients may be exposed to high concentrations of plasticizers, antioxidants, and chemical contaminants in PVC medical devices during blood transfusion or hemodialysis, thus, making them vulnerable to more potentially adverse effects of these chemicals than healthy people. At the same time, recently, the effect of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on hospitalized patients has attracted a great deal of attention. This study aims to investigate the harmful effects of estrogenic compounds in medical PVC tubing by two approaches of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and estrogen receptor (ER) binding assay. METHODS: Residual plasticizers, antioxidants, and chemical contaminants in PVC tubing were subjected to GC-MS in the full-scan mode with an original library for plastic additives. Such residual compounds in PVC tubing were screened at very low concentrations (10(-2)-10(5) nmol/l) to determine whether they competed with fluorescein-labeled estradiol for ER (alpha). RESULTS: DEHP, 2-ethylhexanol, butylated hydroxytoluene, and 4-nonylphenol (NP) were detected in medical PVC tubing. In addition, only NP in PVC tubing was found to bind with ER. CONCLUSIONS: The current study proves that the main residual chemical for estrogenic effect was NP in medical PVC tubing.

Butylated Hydroxytoluene↗
PubMed2002

The effect of methanol washing of plasticized polyvinyl chloride on biomaterial-contact-mediated CD11b (mac-1) expression in a rat recirculation model.

Our objective was to assess whether using a methanol wash to reduce the level of plasticizer present on the surface of medical-grade polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has a moderating effect on the expression of CD11b (mac-1) on neutrophils in rats undergoing recirculation. The study was carried out on 3 groups of 10 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 350 and 450 g. In the 2 test groups, the animals were exposed to 48 cm(2) of di-(2-ethyl-hexyl)-phthalate (DEHP)-plasticized PVC in a parallel plate recirculating test cell through which blood was recirculated at 1.5 ml/min. In the first test group, the PVC was untreated; in the second test group, the PVC was washed in methanol to reduce the level of plasticizer on the surface. The test cell was connected to the right femoral circulation, and recirculation was established for a period of 60 min. Blood samples were taken at 0, 30, and 60 min for assessment of CD11b expression on neutrophils using flow cytometric analysis. In a third group of 10 control experiments, rats underwent the entire surgical procedure, but without recirculation through the test cell. There was statistically significant (p < 0.001) lower Cd11b expression on neutrophils in the blood of rats perfused through the cell containing methanol-washed PVC after 30 min and at 60 min. CD11b expression was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in the control group than in both test groups at both the 30 and 60 min time points and at the 60 min time point on comparison with the group where blood was perfused through methanol-washed PVC. These results demonstrate that the biomaterial-contact-mediated upregulation of CD11b may be significantly reduced by employing a methanol-washing technique on the plasticized PVC. Although this technique does not entirely eliminate the expression of CD11b on neutrophils, the difference is significant and suggests the role of the plasticizer in the development of this inappropriate inflammatory response.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Biosorption of copper by a bacterial biofilm on a flexible polyvinyl chloride conduit.

Inexpensive technologies with less-than-optimal efficiencies as a strategy for countering economic restraints to pollution control have been evaluated by using a laboratory-scale biotreatment process for copper-containing effluent. Economizing measures include the use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cylinders fashioned from commercially available flexible PVC conduit to support a biofilm that was cultured in an inexpensive medium prepared in wastewater. The biofilm was challenged by aqueous copper solution in a bioreactor and subsequently analyzed under a scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis.

Biofilms↗
PubMed2001

Migration of lead from unplasticized polyvinyl chloride pipes.

The effect of water quality parameters, such as water pH, temperature, and total dissolved solids (TDS), and direct exposure to UV-radiation on the migration of lead, tin and other metal stabilizers, such as calcium, cadmium, and barium from unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) pipes were investigated using locally manufactured pipes. Specimens of 1m were used to investigate the effect of water quality parameters using the circulatory method. To investigate the effect of UV-radiation, specimens of 33cm long were used throughout the research. The investigation was carried out, using the static method at different times of exposure to the UV-radiation. The concentrations of lead, tin, and other metal stabilizers in the water were evaluated using the inductively coupled argon plasma (ICAP) technique. The results on the effect of water quality parameters showed that water pH, temperature, TDS, and time of water circulation were all having an effect on the migration of lead, tin, and other metal stabilizers. On the other hand, exposure to UV-radiation was seen to promote the migration of lead, tin, and other metal stabilizers. A lead concentration of about 0.8mg/l (ppm) was detected after 14 days of exposure to the UV-radiation.

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration↗
PubMed1993

The resting volume and compliance characteristics of the bronchial cuff of left polyvinyl chloride double-lumen endobronchial tubes.

The resting volume of a low-pressure, high-volume cuff is an important factor that determines the cuff compliance, because it is the maximum volume that maintains the low-pressure characteristics of the cuff. Modern polyvinyl chloride (PVC) double-lumen tubes (DLT) are designed with a low-pressure bronchial cuff to minimize the risk of bronchial damage. Maintenance of the low-pressure characteristics of this cuff, however, requires knowledge of how its resting volume and compliance vary between different DLT sizes and brands, and how the compliance changes when the cuff is inflated inside different-sized bronchi. We, therefore, measured the bronchial cuff pressure-volume relationship for each of the adult sizes, 35 Fr, 37 Fr, 39 Fr, and 41 Fr, of the Mallinckrodt, Sheridan, Rusch, and Portex left DLTs. The compliance of each cuff was characterized by: 1) the cuff resting volume, defined as the smallest cuff volume beyond which a 0.5-mL increase in volume resulted in more than 10 mm Hg increase in cuff pressure; and 2) the cuff pressure at 3-mL volume. Measurements were repeated for sizes 35 Fr and 41 Fr left Mallinckrodt DLTs with the bronchial cuff lying inside two canine left main-stem bronchi measuring 11 mm and 13 mm in diameter. The bronchial cuff resting volume ranged from 1.5 to 5.0 mL in different sizes and brands of DLTs, which could be explained by differences in cuff size between different manufacturers and between different DLT sizes of the same manufacturer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bronchi↗
PubMed1977

Effects of a plasticizer leached from polyvinyl chloride on the subhuman primate: a consequence of chronic transfusion therapy.

The effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) on hepatic function and histology were evaluated in the rhesus monkey undergoing chronic transfusion. DEHP was solubilized as a result of leaching by platelets or plasma stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blood bags. The average cumulative amount of DEHP infused in 1 year was 69.3 mg., or 21.3 mg./kg. Comparable amounts of DEHP are received by patients who undergo chronic transfusions with whole blood, packed cells, platelets, and plasma in the same time period. Four of the seven PVC-transfused monkeys had abnormal 99mTc liver-spleen scan ratios, four of the seven demonstrated abnormal BSP clearance, and six of the seven had abnormal liver histopathology upon completion of transfusion therapy. These findings persisted in a majority of the monkeys throughout the follow-up period. DEHP persisted in the tissues for up to 14 months after transfusion. The nontransfused monkeys and those transfused with platelets processed in polyethylene containers were normal.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Comparison among Op-site, polyvinyl chloride film and tulle gauze in the treatment of skin graft donor sitet.

A prospective analytic study was performed at the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, King Chulalongkorn Memorial University Hospital and the Department of Surgery, Chiang Mai University Hospital to compare among Polyvinyl chloride film (PVC film), Op-site and tulle gauze in the treatment of skin graft donor site. From October 1998 to January 2000, 81 donor sites in the same number of patients were treated by three different methods; tulle gauze (26 patients), Op-site (27 patients) and PVC film (28 patients). Each wound was followed until it was completely healed and visual analogue scale was used for pain evaluation. Donor site dressed with PVC film had a healing time of 10.44 days which was not different from Op-site (10.54 days) but significantly faster (p<0.001) than tulle gauze (17.84 days). Pain as measured with visual analogue scale in the group of PVC film (1.48) was not different from Op-site (1.34) but significantly less than (p<0.001) tulle gauze (5.45). There was no difference in the rate of infection between each group. In conclusion, the authors found no difference between Op-site and PVC film in healing time and pain. Both of them were better than tulle gauze. The results demonstrate the usefulness of PVC film as a donor site dressing as it promises relatively rapid healing, less pain and is inexpensive.

Adolescent↗