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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Biochemical response of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) karst.) towards 14-month exposure to ozone and acid mist: part II--Effects on protein biosynthesis.

Four-year-old clonal Picea abies (L.) Karst. plants were treated with ozone (100 microm(-3) plus peaks of 130 to 360 microm(-3)) and acid mist (pH 3.0) during two vegetation periods. Pulse labelling experiments on shoots were performed with [(35)S]methionine in the second year of exposure. Extraction of soluble needle proteins in citric acid buffer of pH 2.8 revealed protein patterns on SDS polyacrylamide gels that differed from those of control needles fumigated with ambient levels of ozone (50 microg m(-3)) and mist of pH 5.6. New proteins of MW 16000 and 32000 were synthesized only in ozone-exposed needles and could not be detected in the controls.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Effects of ozone, acid mist and soil characteristics on clonal Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)--overall results and conclusions of the joint 14 month tree exposure experiment in closed chambers.

This paper summarizes and evaluates the main findings of 14 preceding papers related to the joint 14-month tree-exposure experiment carried out by the 'Munich Working Party on Air Pollution' at the GSF, Munich, FRG, from July 1986 to September 1987. The experiment tested the hypothesis that an interaction of ozone/acid mist/soil/extreme climatic conditions is the cause of decline of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) at higher altitudes of the Inner Bavarian Forest. The main findings of the individual studies are presented and their implications for the hypothesis are discussed. Clear effects of soil and genetic factors (differences between clones), for example on growth and frost resistance were found. Treatment with O(3)/acid mist was shown to have effects on plant biochemistry, physiology, histology/ cytology, and growth. The wide scattering of these effects, and the lack of a consistent pattern of response across all clones does not permits a firm conclusion on the validity of the experimental hypothesis. These effects were not confounded by the nutrient stresses imposed during the initial exposure period and were not found to be cumulative during repeated treatments, as was proposed by the hypothesis. It is concluded that the experimental evidence does not indicate that ozone/acid mist are major factors to explain the Norway spruce decline on acidic sites at higher altitudes of the Inner Bavarian Forest and probably similar forest areas.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

No general effect of ozone on foliar nutrient concentrations in mature scions of grafted Picea abies trees.

The effect of ozone (< 10, 200, or 400 microg m(-3)), on foliar nutrient concentrations of Picea abies were determined by fumigating potted grafts from mature trees (> 55 and 125 years), representing six clones, in open-top chambers at two locations in Norway. The concentration of nutrients in needles of grafted plants were significantly affected by clone and location. Generally, the concentrations of nutrients were not affected by ozone, but a significant increase in the concentrations of potassium and iron in two of the clones were found. These two clones were the only ones injured (yellow needles) by the fumigation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

No general ozone-specific indicator among the hexane- and dichloromethane-soluble components of Picea abies needles exposed to ozone in open-top chambers.

The effect of ozone (< 10, 200 or 400 microg m(-3) on hexane- and dichloromethane-soluble components of Picea abies needles was determined by fumigating potted grafts from mature trees. The trees (>55 and 125 years, 2.5 m high), representing six clones of Norway spruce, were fumigated in open-top chambers at two locations in Norway for one growth season. The needles were extracted with hexane and dichloromethane; 142 compounds from the hexane extract and 164 silylated compounds from the dichloromethane extract were analysed by gas chromatography although no identifications were made. The concentration of four of the compounds from the hexane extract changed with ozone dose in a way that made them promising as indicators, but the present analytical method could not verify this possibility. None of the other 302 compounds qualified as a general indicator of ozone stress in Norway spruce, as none changed its concentration with ozone dose consistently in all romets of all clones. Most of the variation in the experiment is mainly attributable to genetic variation and to climate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Root and shoot growth, assimilate partitioning and cell proliferation in roots of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) grown in filtered and unfiltered chambers.

Rooted cuttings of clonal Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) were grown from April to October in 1 m long tubes sunk into the ground inside open top chambers. The same experiment was repeated in each of two consecutive years using a different clone of Sitka spruce each year. Air was either passed directly into the chambers (ambient air) or passed over charcoal filters which removed the majority of gaseous pollutants before entering the chambers (filtered air). Ambient pollution did not appear to influence the growth of Sitka spruce at least over the experimental period used. No significant differences were found between plants exposed to ambient or filtered air in terms of shoot and root dry mass, needle dry mass, root length, carbohydrate content of roots and needles, and in the percentage of meristematic cells close to the apex in each phase or interphase or undergoing mitosis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Effect of ectomycorrhizae and ammonium on 134Cs and 85Sr uptake into Picea abies seedlings.

Microorganisms play an important role in the fixation of radionuclides in forest soils. In particular, fungi have the capacity to absorb and translocate radionuclides. The role of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma crustuliniforme in the uptake of radiocaesium (134Cs) and radiostrontium (85Sr) into seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies) was investigated in a pouch test system. Inoculated and non-inoculated seedlings; seedlings inoculated during 8 and 15 weeks; seedlings exposed during 2 and 3 weeks to the radioactive solution; and seedlings grown under low and high ammonium conditions prior to the application of the radionuclides were compared. The final 134Cs and 85Sr activity was determined in fine-roots, main-roots, stems and needles. The results showed that ectomycorrhizae reduced the uptake of 134Cs and 85Sr. The degree of ectomycorrhization was of crucial importance and seemed to be governed by the period during which ectomycorrhizae were allowed to develop and by the ammonium concentration in the nutrient solution. The radionuclide uptake increased with increasing exposure time. Both radionuclides were predominantly accumulated in fine-roots. However, needles proved to describe best the result of net root uptake and translocation to the shoot. The uptake-and and translocation-rates of 85Sr were smaller than those of 134Cs. It is assumed that the translocation is coupled with the intensity of water fluxes through the xylem and that 85Sr is more readily adsorbed into mycelium or plant tissue relative to 134Cs. The effect of high ammonium growth conditions was overcome by the effect of ectomycorrhization, except in needles with a very large biomass which behaved as a strong sink and led to a high accumulation of 134Cs.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

(R-Z)-7,15-hexadecadien-4-olide, sex pheromone of the yellowish elongate chafer, Heptophylla picea.

An active component of the sex pheromone system of the yellowish elongate chafer, Heptophylla picea was identified by GC-EAD. Mass spectral data and hydrogenation revealed that the active compound was a hexadecadien-4-olide. It was not possible to determine the double bond positions by direct DMDS derivatization of the pheromone, but partial hydrogenation (diimide) followed by DMDS derivatization showed that the double bonds were located in positions 7 and 15. FTIR (tracer) of the pheromone corroborated the lactone structure (1772 cm-1) and showed a band characteristic of a terminal double bond at 3073 cm-1, and one of a double bond in the cis-configuration at 3002 cm-1. Chiral resolution of the pheromone, after hydrogenation, demonstrated that the natural lactone had the (R)-stereochemistry. Synthetic (R,Z)-7,15-hexadecadien-4-olide, prepared from L-malic acid in 14 steps, was identical to the natural product in MS, IR, retention times and biological activity. This is the first fatty acid derivative compound found as a sex pheromone of a Melolonthinae species and as far as biosynthesis is concerned this is the most complex pheromone constituent of a scarab species.

4-Butyrolactone↗
PubMed2005

Tree species (Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica) effects on soil water acidification and aluminium chemistry at sites subjected to long-term acidification in the Ore Mts., Czech Republic.

The effect of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) on acid deposition and soil water chemistry was studied at a site in the Ore Mts., Czech Republic, that has been subjected to decades of elevated acidic deposition. Dry deposition onto the spruce canopy significantly increased acid input to the soil in comparison to the beech canopy. As a result soil waters were more acidic; Al, SO4(2-), and NO3- concentrations were significantly higher; and Ca and K concentrations were lower in the spruce stand than in the beech stand. The concentrations of potentially toxic inorganic aluminium (Al(in)) were, on average, three times higher in the spruce stand than in the beech stand. Thus, Al played a major role in neutralizing acid inputs to mineral soils in the spruce stand. Despite the higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in spruce organic soil solutions, organic Al (Al(org)) accounted for only 30% of total Al (Al(tot)), whereas in beech organic soil solutions Al(org) was 60% of Al(tot). Soil waters in the beech stand exhibited Al(in) concentrations close to solubility with jurbanite (Al(SO4)OH.5H2O). The more acidic soil waters in the spruce stand were oversaturated with respect to jurbanite. The Bc/Al(in) ratio (Bc = Ca + Mg + K) in O horizon leachate was 4.6 and 70 in spruce and beech stands, respectively. In beech mineral soil solutions, the Bc/Al(in) ratio declined significantly to about 2. In the spruce stand, mineral soil solutions had Bc/Al(in) values below the critical value of 1. The observed Bc/Al(in) value of 0.4 at 30 cm depth in the spruce stand suggests significant stress for spruce rooting systems. A more favourable value of 31 was observed for the same depth in the beech stand. The efficiency of the spruce canopy in capturing acidic aerosols, particulates, and cloud water has resulted in the long-term degradation of underlying soils as a medium for sustainable forest growth.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Galactoglucomannan from the secondary cell wall of Picea abies L. Karst.

The fine structural features of alkali-extracted galactoglucomannan composed of D-galactose, D-glucose and D-mannose in a 1:8:33 mole proportion from the secondary cell walls of Picea abies L. Karst have been determined. Compositional and methylation analyses of the polymer, partial acid hydrolysis, as well as 1H and 13C NMR measurements of the polymer and products of partial acid hydrolysis confirmed a beta-(1-->4)-linked backbone of galactoglucomannan containing the segments of mannosyl residues (Man2, Man3, Man4, etc.) interrupted with the segments having both mannose and glucose residues, as well as the segments in which D-Glcp units can be adjacent to each other (Glc2). Further, the low content of branching points (approximately 3%) at the positions of 0-6, 0-3 and 0-2 of mannosyl and 0-6 and 0-3 of glucosyl residues, but preferably of mannosyl ones, indicates the presence of short side-chains terminated at position 0-6 predominantly by D-galactose units as single stubs.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Monoterpene synthase activities in leaves of Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Quercus ilex L.

In addition to direct ecological functions in the interaction of plants with the environment, the emission of monoterpenes, especially from the foliage of evergreen trees, is of great importance for the production of ozone and photochemical oxidants in the troposphere. In the present work, we established a reproducible non-radioactive standard enzyme assay and characterized monoterpene synthase activities in needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and in leaves of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.). In Norway spruce, the dominant monoterpenes formed were alpha-pinene, camphene, and to a lesser extent beta-pinene and limonene. In holm oak, alpha-pinene, sabinene, and beta-pinene were the main products, while limonene was a minor component. Under optimum conditions, in both Norway spruce and holm oak, monoterpene formation remained constant up to 180 min and 90 min, respectively, and varied with the buffer and Mg2+ and Mn2+ concentrations used. Optimum temperature for monoterpene synthase activity was 40 degrees C in both species; optimal pH ranged between 6.5 and 7.5 in both species. Apparent Michaelis-constants for the substrate GDP were ca. 17.9 +/- 5.1 microM for Norway spruce and ca. 69.4 +/- 22.1 microM for holm oak. Molecular weight determination by FPLC indicated that the monoterpene synthases in Norway spruce and holm oak have native molecular weights of ca. 59 and 50 kDa, respectively.

Cations, Divalent↗
PubMed2000

Role of climate, crown position, tree age and altitude in calculated ozone flux into needles of Picea abies and Pinus cembra: a synthesis.

Ozone (O(3)) flux into Norway spruce (Picea abies) and cembran pine (Pinus cembra) needles was estimated under ambient conditions at six rural sites between 580 and 1950 m a.s.l. We also assessed age-related differences in O(3) flux by examining changes in leaf conductance across the life span of Norway spruce. At the leaf level O(3) flux into the needles was effectively controlled by stomatal conductance and, hence by factors such as temperature, irradiance and humidity, which control stomatal conductance. Seasonal variations in O(3) flux were mainly attributed to the course of the prevailing temperature. During the growing season, however, data have emphasised leaf-air vapour pressure difference as the environmental factor most likely to control stomatal conductance and O(3) flux into the needles. In the sun crown stomatal conductance averaged over the growing season decreased with increasing tree age from 42.0+/-3.5 mmol O(3) m(-2) s(-1) in 17-year-old trees to 7.1+/-1.0 mmol O(3) m(-2) s(-1) in 216-year-old trees, indicating that O(3) concentration in the substomatal cavities is higher in young than in old trees. Independent from tree age stomatal conductance and O(3) flux were approximately 50% lower in shade needles as compared to sun-exposed needles. Stomatal conductance was also greater in the current flush (24+/-5.6 mmol O(3) m(-2) s(-1)) and in 1-year old needles (16+/-4 mmol O(3) m(-2) s(-1)) than in older needle age classes (12+/-1 mmol O(3) m(-2) s(-1), averaged across the four older needle age classes). In trees similar in age (60-65 years old) average O(3) flux into sun needles increased from 0.55+/-0.36 nmol m(-2) s(-1) at the valley floor to 0.9 nmol m(-2) s(-1) in 1950 m a.s.l. Cumulative O(3) uptake during the vegetation period increased from 11.4+/-1.7 mol m(-2) in the valley to 14 mol m(-2) at the alpine timberline. Although stomatal conductance provides the principal limiting factor for O(3) flux, additional field research is necessary in order to improve our understanding concerning the quantitative 'physiological threshold dose' which internally can be active and can have adverse effects of O(3) on forest trees.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Responses of spruce seedlings (Picea abies) to exhaust gas under laboratory conditions--II. Ultrastructural changes and stomatal behaviour.

This study examines the effects of exhaust gas exposure on the epistomatal wax structure and mesophyll ultrastructure in needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings. Stomatal diffusive resistance was also measured. Two independent exhaust gas fumigations were performed: 100 and 200 ppb measured as NO(x), for 10 days and 50, 100 and 200 ppb NO(x) for 19 days. The obstructive effect of exhaust gas exposure on epistomatal wax tubules was apparent. The stomata became covered by flat and solid wax resulting from the structural degradation of the wax crystalloids. Increasing the exhaust gas concentration in the chamber atmosphere exacerbated the degradation of the wax structure. Exhaust gas exposure induced aggregation and electron translucence of plastoglobuli, swelling of thylakoids, increase of cytoplasmic lipids and slight increase of vesiculation of cytoplasm in mesophyll cells of current and previous year needles. These changes were exemplified in current year needles. Damage to the epicuticular waxes and mesophyll ultrastructure of spruce needles most likely reflects the NO(x) and volatile hydrocarbon fraction. The alterations in epicuticular waxes and mesophyll ultrastructure can be related to accelerated senescence of the youngest, photosynthetically active, needle generation. The exhaust gas also resulted in decreased diffusive stomatal resistance at night which indicates that the exhaust gas exposure disturbed the gas exchange of spruce seedlings. The results show that even relatively short-term exposure to realistic concentrations of exhaust gas in the atmosphere can induce rather severe injuries to the needle surface structure as well as ultrastructure at the cellular level.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Responses of spruce seedlings (Picea abies) to exhaust gas under laboratory conditions--I. Plant-insect interactions.

The effects of motor vehicle exhaust gas on Norway spruce seedlings (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and plant-insect interaction of spruce shoot aphid (Cinara pilicornis Hartig) was studied. The exhaust gas concentrations in the fumigation chambers were monitored and controlled by measuring the concentration of nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) with a computer aided feedback system. The concentrations of major exhaust gas components (black carbon [BC], fine particles, VOCs and carbonyl compounds) in the chamber air were also measured. Responses of Norway spruce seedlings to a 2 and 3-week exhaust gas exposure and subsequent performance of spruce shoot aphid were studied using realistic exposure regimes; 50, 100 and 200 ppb NO(x). The feedback control system based on NO(x) concentrations proved an adequate and practical means for controlling the concentration of exhaust gases and studying plant responses in controlled environment chambers. The exhaust exposure resulted in increased concentrations of proline, glutamine, threonine, aspartic acid, glycine and phenylalanine and decreased concentration of arginine, serine, alanine and glycine in young needles. No changes in soluble N concentrations were observed. The results are interpreted as a stress response rather than use of NO(x) as a nitrogen source. No changes in total phenolics and only transient changes in some individual terpene concentrations were detected. The exhaust gas exposure stressed the exposed seedlings, but had no significant effect on N metabolism or the production of defence chemicals. Aphid performance was not significantly affected. Soluble N, secondary metabolism and aphid performance were not sensitive to exhaust gas exposure during shoot elongation in Norway spruce.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Response of magnesium-deficient saplings in a young, open stand of Picea abies (L.) Karst. to elevated soil magnesium, nitrogen and carbon.

A decline in a Picea abies L. (Karst.) stand in the Fichtelgebirge, NE-Bavaria, FRG has been attributed to a nutritional disharmony-a seasonal imbalance between a high supply of nitrogen, caused by high nitrogen deposition, and a low supply of soil magnesium, caused by soil acidification (Oren et al., 1988a). The nutritional disharmony hypothesis was tested on ten-year-old P. abies saplings in an adjacent stand growing on identical soil. The supply rate of magnesium relative to nitrogen was continuously increased or decreased during three successive growing seasons. Increasing the nitrogen or carbon supply resulted in a small increase in foliar nitrogen concentrations. Magnesium or carbon addition slightly raised the concentration of magnesium in the foliage. Reduction in crown leaf-area did not result in any appreciable changes in nutrient concentrations. Increased N supply decreased foliar Mg concentrations. In spite of the changes in the nutritional status of the needles, gas-exchange rates, pigment concentrations, needle characteristics and growth of twigs and stems did not differ among treatments. It appears that the growth of saplings was unimpaired at the foliar magnesium concentration at which the growth of adjacent mature trees was reduced. Moreover, it was not possible to promote nutritional disharmony in the saplings, including those receiving three times the annual nitrogen input. The study demonstrates that in young, relatively open stands of P. abies, much of the deposited nitrogen is not absorbed by the roots of saplings. Thus, the conceptual model of nutritional disharmony cannot explain forest decline if nitrogen uptake does not increase with deposition. Identifying the processes which control the uptake relative to the supply of all nutrients, and quantifying the rates of nutrient uptake are essential steps in using the conceptual model to explain specific decline symptoms.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Airborne fungal colonisation of coarse woody debris in North Temperate Picea abies forest: impact of season and local spatial scale.

Coarse woody debris is important for mycodiversity in forest ecosystems, but its availability in managed stands is reduced. Leaving dead wood during felling is suggested as an option to sustain and restore the diversity. However, little is known what fungi would colonise freshly cut wood left on managed sites, and how the colonisation process is influenced by ecological factors. During summer and autumn, 120 freshly cut Picea abies stem sections over 8 cm in diameter were placed upright in mapped locations over two discrete plots separated by 100 m in a north-temperate forest. After seven weeks the sections were collected, and isolation and identification of fungi was done from their upper surfaces. In all 943 fungal strains were isolated, representing 97 species. Species richness in the summer survey was 42.5% higher than during the autumn survey. Low species similarity characterized the different seasons (Sorensen indices: S(S) = 0.36 and S(N) = 0.34) and for 21 species (22%) observation frequency was significantly affected by season. As a result, community structures in summer and autumn differed notably (z-test; P < 0.001). Species richness between the two plots differed by less than 10%, but there were 64 species (66%) found only in one of them, thus qualitative similarity was low (S(S) = 0.49). Quantitative similarity was higher (S(N) = 0.63), indicating that the dominant species colonised wood to a similar extent in both areas. Fungal community structure differed significantly among the two plots (z-test; P < 0.001). Our data showed that freshly cut CWD contributed to mycodiversity in managed north-temperate forest, providing habitats for numerous individuals from over 100 species. The fungal community within a single stand differed markedly both across small distances and over the seasons. In order to sustain and enhance mycodiversity in managed stands. coarse wood should always be left during harvesting. This study also demonstrates the importance of molecular identification and ITS sequence databases for exploring fungal diversity in natural communities.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2000

Potential antitumor-promoting diterpenoids from the stem bark of Picea glehni.

A novel rearranged labdane-type diterpenoid, 19(4-->3)abeo-8alpha, 13(S)-epoxylabda-4(18),14-diene (1), and two new abietane-type diterpenoids, 19-nor-abieta-4(18),8,11,13-tetraen-7-one (2) and 12-hydroxydehydroabietic acid (3) were isolated from the stem bark of Picea glehni, together with seven known diterpenoids-13-epimanoyl oxide (4), dehydroabietic acid (5), (11E)-14, 15-bisnor-8alpha-hydroxy-11-labden-13-one (6), abieta-8,11, 13-trien-7-one (7), 9alpha,13alpha-epidioxyabiet-8(14)-en-18-oic acid (8), 9,10alpha-epoxy-9,10-seco-abieta-8,11,13-trien-18-oic acid (9), and methyl 15-hydroxy-7-oxo-dehydroabietate (10). Compounds 5-8 and 10 showed potent inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1999

4-hydroxylated piperidines and N-methyleuphococcinine (1-methyl-3-granatanone) from Picea (Spruce) species. Identification and synthesis.

Three trace alkaloids from Colorado blue spruce, Picea pungens, were identified by synthesis and GC-MS comparisons as 4alpha-hydroxy-cis-2-methyl-6-(2-oxopropyl)piperidine (1), 4alpha-hydroxy-cis-2-methyl-6-propylpiperidine (11), and 1-methylgranatanone (15) (N-methyl-9-aza-1-methylbicyclo[3.3. 1]nonane or N-methyleuphococcinine). Alkaloids 1 and 11 are the first among numerous known pine and spruce piperidines to contain a ring-oxygenated substituent.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1999

Cloning and characterization of six embryogenesis-associated cDNAs from somatic embryos of Picea glauca and their comparative expression during zygotic embryogenesis.

Six somatic embryogenesis-associated cDNAs (PgEMB2, 6, 7, 8, 24 and 34) from white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) somatic embryos have been characterized. Transcript accumulation during somatic embryo development and subsequent germination related to these genes, indicated that they were developmentally regulated. The transcripts related to clones PgEMB2, 6, 24 and 34 were also detected during zygotic embryo development, but transcripts of clones PgEMB7 and 8 were not. PgEMB24 had a similar gene expression pattern to spruce Em-like late embryo abundant (lea) gene, but other clones had no similarities in gene expression to either spruce lea-like or storage protein genes. Abscisic acid, a stimulator for spruce somatic embryo maturation, did not obviously affect gene expression corresponding to these cDNAs. The predicted proteins are distinguishable from known LEA proteins based on analyses of hydropathy plots, amino acid compositions and deduced protein structures. The similarities of the spruce cDNAs, and protein sequences predicted from these cDNAs, to other sequence data are described.

Cloning, Molecular↗