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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

The triatomines of northern Peru, with emphasis on the ecology and infection by trypanosomes of Rhodnius ecuadoriensis (Triatominae).

Information on the distribution and synanthropic behaviour of triatomines is essential for Chagas disease vector control. This work summarises such information from northern Peru, and presents new data on Rhodnius ecuadoriensis - an important local vector infesting 10-35% of dwellings in some zones. Three species are strongly synanthropic and may be suitable targets for chemical control of domestic/peridomestic bug populations. Panstrongylus herreri, the main domestic vector in the area, is probably present in sylvatic ecotopes in the Marañón river system. R. ecuadoriensis and Triatoma dimidiata seem exclusively domestic; biogeographical and ecological data suggest they might have spread in association with humans in northern Peru. Confirmation of this hypothesis would result in a local eradication strategy being recommended. Presence of trypanosome natural infection was assessed in 257 R. ecuadoriensis; Trypanosoma rangeli was detected in 4% of bugs. Six further triatomine species are potential disease vectors in the region (T. carrioni, P. chinai, P. rufotuberculatus, P. geniculatus, R. pictipes, and R. robustus), whilst Eratyrus mucronatus, E. cuspidatus, Cavernicola pilosa, Hermanlentia matsunoi, and Belminus peruvianus have little or no epidemiological significance. A strong community-based entomological surveillance system and collaboration with Ecuadorian public health authorities and researchers are recommended.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[ENTERAL NUTRITION IN PERU]

Drawbacks of Nutritional Support diffusion in Peru are presented within current Latin-American technological reality. That reality is compared to widespread use of antibiotic therapy versus a marked lack of use of Nutritional Support. Those factors are against immunity of seriously compromised patients as Enteral Nutrition has positive effects on a patient s immunity.Four patients treated with three kinds of enteral formulas during a prospective study serve as examples to show the suitable consequences of using Enteral Nutrition and why Nutritional Support should be legally enforced and regulated in Peru.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUS INFECTION AS RISK FACTORS FORHEPATOCARCINOMA IN PERU: CASE AND CONTROL STUDY]

To investigate whether past exposure to Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) were risk factors for the development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in Peru, a case-control study of 136 patients with HCC and 136 age-matched and sex-matched control subjects was performed. Past exposure to HBV and HCV were assessed respectively by antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (Anti-HBc) and HbsAg and anti-HCV.Of the HCC cases, 63.2% were posuitive for HbsAg and 0.73% foranti-HCV. Of the control patients, 4.4% were positive to HbsAg and 0.73% to anti-HCV.The mean age of patients with HCC negative for HbsAg was significantly greater than that of patients HCC positive for HbsAg (35.4 versus 29.4 years, p less than 0.001).The HbsAg patients are 36.26 times more prone to developing HCC than those with HbsAg negative (95% confidence interval: 15.31-90.7).Infection with HCV does not pose a risk for the development of HCC (RR 1, 95% confidence interval: 0.062-16.152).A causal relation between HBV infection in children HCC was observed. These results indicate that HbsAg carriage is a risk factor for HCC in Peru. The importance of vertical or perinatal transmission of HBV and the prophylactic role of passive immunization plus vaccination during childhood is emphasized as well as the selective vaccination of high risk groups.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunogenicity and efficacy of a new recombinant DNA vaccine for hepatitis B virus in Peru].

Approximately 350 million persons are infected with Hepatitis B virus around the world. Peru is one of the countries with high prevalence of Hepatitis B in Latin America and this disease is an important cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma in our country. Vaccination is the only method that has proved to be effective in the control of this disease. This is a prospective, randomized study performed with the purpose of evaluating immunogenicity and efficacy of the Hapavax-Gene vaccine in Peru, a new recombinant DNA vaccine, in healthy persons over 10 years of age. The vaccine was applied intramuscularly, on the deltoid muscle, in 10 microgram doses, to persons between 10 and 19 years of age and 20 microgram doses in persons over 19, using the three doses vaccination scheme: day 0, after 30 days and after 180 days. Out of a total of 188 persons initially admitted for this test, 67 persons completed the study. Immunogenicity was satisfactory: 100% of the participants of Group A (10 to 19 years of age) and 100% of the participants of Group B (over 19). With an arithmetical mean of 28,583.92 mlU/mL and a geometrical mean of 5,754.32 mlU/mL in Group A and an arithmetical mean of 8,708.3 mlU/mL 2 and a geometrical mean of 2,179.32 mlU/mL in Group B. Adverse events accounted for 4.69%, none of which was severe. The recombinant DNA vaccine derived from H. Polymorpha applied in three doses on day 0, after 30 days and after 180 days, is immunogenic and safe in healthy Peruvians over 10 years of age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Peru-1 5 (AVANT).

Peru-15 is a single dose, recombinant cholera vaccine under development by AVANT Immunotherapeutics for the potential prevention of cholera. A phase II trial of Peru-15 was ongoing in June 2003, and as of September 2003 AVANT was planning a phase III trial in a developing country, and phase IIb and phase III challenge studies in travelers.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed2001

Screening for sexually transmitted diseases in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in Peru reveals an absence of Chlamydia trachomatis and identifies Trichomonas vaginalis in pharyngeal specimens.

To determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), we screened 107 human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in Peru, where the virus is predominantly sexually transmitted. Patients had multiple risk factors for STDs, and 38% of women and 50% of men had at least 1 STD (gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, herpes simplex, anogenital warts, or syphilis seropositivity). No chlamydial infection was detected, even though infection rates in the general population are 5%-12%. Patients receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole(TMP-SMZ) for prophylaxis or treatment of respiratory infections were least likely to have cervicitis and/or urethritis (odds ratio, 0.37; 95% confidence interval, 0.15-0.89). Although not optimal treatment, administration of TMP-SMZ is effective against chlamydial infection. We speculate that the use of concomitant medications, such as TMP-SMZ, may be inadvertently preventing chlamydial infection in this population. Another finding was the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis in pharyngeal specimens of 3 men with histories of orogenital activity. This has not been previously reported and requires further study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Population-based surveillance and a case-control study of risk factors for endemic lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis in Peru.

Population-based surveillance and a case-control study were conducted in Abancay, Peru, to estimate the burden of disease and to determine risk factors for sporadic lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis (LS). Laboratory records from local hospitals were reviewed for the years of 1997 and 1998, and prospective surveillance was conducted for the period of September 1998 through September 1999. A case-control study was conducted with 2 matched control subjects per case patient. The mean annual incidence was 98 cases per 100,000 persons. Children had an incidence 3 times higher than that for adults and were more likely to have LS lesions on the face and neck. Identified risk factors included owning a cat, playing in crop fields, having a dirt floor in the house, working mainly outdoors, and having a ceiling made of raw wood or conditions associated with a lower socioeconomic status. Decreased environmental exposure, such wearing protective clothing during construction activities for adults or limiting contact with cats and soil for children, and improvements in living spaces may decrease the incidence of LS.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hospital control and multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in female patients, Lima, Peru.

We examined the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB), rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB, and characteristics of TB on a female general medicine ward in Peru. Of 250 patients, 40 (16%) were positive by sputum culture and 27 (11%) by smear, and 8 (3%) had MDRTB. Thirteen (33%) of 40 culture-positive patients had not been suspected of having TB on admission. Six (46%) of 13 patients whose TB was unsuspected on admission had MDRTB, compared with 2 (7%) of 27 suspected cases (p = 0.009). Five (63%) of 8 MDRTB patients were smear positive and therefore highly infective. In developing countries, hospital control, a simple method of reducing the spread of MDRTB, is neglected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Prospective analysis of teaching on alcohol use prevention and reproductive health at educational institutions in Lima-Peru. 2003-2004].

This study deals with the teaching of contents related to alcohol use prevention and reproductive health at 4 Education Schools/Colleges in Lima-Peru. 123 persons participated: teaching authorities, faculty, students and ex-students. The instrument for data collection and prospective analysis was elaborated and validated by the Pan-American Health Organization and adapted to this study. 40 indicators were selected for reproductive health and 32 for alcohol use prevention, which were distributed into 4 basic elements: context, structure, function and comprehensiveness, each of which were submitted to three scenarios, whose situations were defined in a continuum from stability to transformation. In view of these scenario, the results indicate moderate changes to different extents in the indicators (and consequently in the two subject areas), which were present across the 4 elements, in spite of a tendency towards stability that represents the maintenance of traditional perspectives and actions.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1999

Probable evidence of scurvy in subadults from archeological sites in Peru.

Subadult scurvy is not well documented in archeological human remains despite the existence of many biomedical references indicating that bone changes do occur in some cases and, because of this, should be observable in human burials. There are several potential reasons for this gap in our knowledge of scurvy. Not all children who suffered from scurvy died of the disease or from other causes when they had scurvy. Scurvy may not leave characteristic bone changes in every case of the disease. Some of the pathological conditions associated with scurvy have been known for many years, but these features may be rare or difficult to differentiate from other pathological conditions. Recently a lesion of the skull has been described that is probably pathognomonic for scurvy, specifically porous and sometimes hypertrophic lesions of the greater wing of the sphenoid. This lesion is bilateral and highly associated with evidence of inflammation at other anatomical sites in the skull. A survey of subadult skulls (N = 363) in the human skeletal collection from Peru at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, reveals a prevalence of 10% of skulls that exhibit plausible evidence of scurvy. Some cases of scurvy also have cribra orbitalia that has been attributed to anemia. In most of the Peruvian scurvy cases, anemia is an unlikely possibility because there is no evidence of marrow hyperplasia. This highlights the need for caution in using lesions of the orbit as an indicator of anemia when there is no other evidence of this disease elsewhere in the skeleton. Anatomical evidence of scurvy offers the potential of providing new and important evidence of diet in archeological human populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Coca chewing in prehistoric coastal Peru: dental evidence.

In this study, we describe the dental health of four prehistoric human populations from the southern coast of Peru, an area in which independent archaeological evidence suggests that the practice of coca-leaf chewing was relatively common. A repeated pattern of cervical-root caries accompanying root exposure was found on the buccal surfaces of the posterior dentition, coinciding with the typical placement of coca quids during mastication. To further examine the association between caries patterning and coca chewing, caries site characteristics of molar teeth were utilized as indicators for estimating the likelihood of coca chewing for adults within each of the study samples. Likelihood estimates were then compared with results of a test for coca use derived from hair samples from the same individuals. The hair and dental studies exhibited an 85.7% agreement. Thus, we have demonstrated the validity of a hard-tissue technique for identifying the presence of habitual coca-leaf chewing in ancient human remains, which is useful in archaeological contexts where hair is not preserved. These data can be used to explore the distribution of coca chewing in prehistoric times. Simultaneously, we document the dental health associated with this traditional Andean cultural practice.

Coca↗
PubMed2002

Dental relatedness corresponding to mortuary patterning at Huaca Loro, Peru.

Within and between tombs at the 1,000-year-old site of Huaca Loro on north coastal Peru, interment characteristics vary to an intriguing degree. Following and elaborating upon prior intracemetery studies, biological relatedness among associated burial groupings was assessed using 23 dental characters (assuming familial allele segregation) for 29 individuals. Biological patterning was based on multivariate distance between individuals using all traits, rather than the previously widespread reliance upon univariate comparison of each trait separately within samples. This multivariate approach did seem more informative. Statistically significant variation of biological similarities and dissimilarities corresponded to spatial groupings and also to various specific archaeological indications of the cohesiveness, or lack thereof, of interment pattern. The partition of biological distances among tombs at Huaca Loro supports the archaeological evidence that the tombs represent a planned elite cemetery.

Burial↗
PubMed2005

Anemia and childhood mortality: latitudinal patterning along the coast of pre-Columbian Peru.

Hrdlicka ([1914] Smithson. Inst. Misc. Collect. 61:1-69) reported that pre-Columbian skeletal material from the coastal lowland Andean region exhibited a high frequency of porotic hyperostosis, a pathological condition of bone that generally is thought to indicate childhood anemia. While subsequent studies tended to reinforce this conclusion, factors implicated in the condition have yet to be fully explored in the region as a whole. This study explores regional and intravalley variation as one step in establishing biocultural variables that increase the apparent risk of childhood anemia. The study sample includes 1,465 individuals: 512 from Peruvian collections housed at the Field Museum of Natural History, and 953 from systematically excavated contexts from Moquegua, Peru. Environmental stressors, such as parasites and disease, rather than specific dietary practices were found to be more likely associated with childhood anemia in these coastal Andean samples. The study supports cribra orbitalia as an earlier expression of porotic hyperostosis and suggests that porotic hyperostosis, as recorded here, cannot be easily dismissed as a result of cranial shape modification. No clear temporal patterns were observed. Finally, the study establishes that comparing data for children and adults can reveal the relative association between childhood anemia and mortality. Childhood mortality associated with anemia was elevated where the presence of tuberculosis or tuberculosis-like conditions was more common and the presence of water-borne pathogens was negligible. In contrast, those buried at lower altitudes, closer to the coast, and consuming mainly marine resources were less likely to die in childhood with anemia than in the other contexts studied.

Anemia↗
PubMed1979

Increase of tooth size in prehistoric coastal Peru, 10,000 B.P.-1,000 B.P.

Teeth increase in size during a 9,000-year period in an archaeologically derived, radiocarbon dated sample of skeletons from a geographically restricted area of coastal Peru. Although cultural change is extensive, including the transition to food production and pottery making, teeth do not reduce as predicted under these conditions by Brace's Probable Mutation Effect. Since most of the dental literature dealing with size change of teeth focuses upon dental reduction, hypotheses explaining why teeth increase through time are not well developed. No obvious selective forces explaining size increase are apparent in the present data. Attrition decreases through time. The increase in tooth size in this collection may be a function of overall cranialfacial size increase, which (pending further data) may be related to a general body size increase.

Female↗
PubMed1984

Secular change in growth of native children and adolescents at high altitude Huancayo, Peru (3,280 meters).

Stature and weight of native children, adolescents, and adults at Huancayo , Peru (3,280 meters), were measured in 1977, 1978, and 1982 and compared with mean statures and weights reported in previous studies. The data indicate that in Huancayo there has been a secular increment in child stature, sitting height, and weight from 1937 to 1978-1982. The observed changes in stature are related to a proportionally greater increment in leg length relative to trunk length. It is concluded that the observed secular increase in body size reflects changes in the standard of living and a greater influx of nonnative populations, which are usually characterized by greater stature than natives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Nutritional determinants of high-altitude growth in Nuñoa, Peru.

Data on nutritional intake and patterns of physical growth in the rural Andean community of Nuñoa, Peru (elevation 4,000 m), are described and compared to data previously collected from this location. Food consumption data and selected anthropometric measures were obtained from a sample of 33 households. Estimates of caloric intake from this study are very similar to those obtained in Nuñoa during the mid- and late 1960s. However, within the present sample, upper income (i.e., middle class) individuals have significantly higher caloric intakes than those of the lower income group and also appear to have an improved diet relative to individuals of 20 years ago. Anthropometric data show that children of the upper socioeconomic status (SES) group are significantly taller and heavier than the lower SES group children. Moreover, the children of the wealthier families are taller and heavier than the children measured 20 years ago at the same location, whereas the poorer children are not. These results indicate that nutritional factors have significantly contributed to the extreme pattern of slow growth previously reported for children of Nuñoa and, moreover, demonstrate how social and environmental forces interact to create differential levels of stress that contribute to variation in biological well-being.

Altitude↗
PubMed2006

Dentition of moustached tamarins (Saguinus mystax mystax) from Padre Isla, Peru, part 1: quantitative variation.

Analyses of dental variation in geographically restricted, wild populations of primates are extremely rare; however, such data form the best source for models of likely degrees of variation within and between fossil species. Data from dental casts of a geographically restricted population of moustached tamarins (Saguinus mystax mystax) from Padre Isla, Peru, document high levels of dental variability, as measured by coefficients of variation, in a nonsexually dimorphic species, despite its isolation and small population size. Like other primates, moustached tamarins show lower variability in the dimensions of the first molars and increased variability in the dimensions of the final molars in the toothrow. Moustached tamarins from Padre Isla have a distinctive pattern of variability in the remaining teeth, including more stable tooth lengths in the anterior and posterior portions of the toothrow, and more stable tooth widths in the midregion of the toothrow. High variability in incisor width may be due to age effects of a distinctive diet and pattern of dental wear.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Dimensions of health and social structure in the early intermediate period cemetery at Villa El Salvador, Peru.

This paper examines relationships between the social structure of a community and the health of its members, based on analysis of human skeletal remains (N = 64) from Villa El Salvador XII (100 BC-AD 100), a prehistoric cemetery located in the lower Lurín Valley, Peru. The ambiguity of social status as conventionally inferred from archaeological context is among the principal complicating factors in such an inquiry. We use multidimensional scaling of skeletal markers to identify the presence of patterned health-based heterogeneity in our sample, without making a priori assumptions about underlying social structure at Villa El Salvador. This procedure situates every skeleton relative to all others in the sample on the basis of multiple health markers, eliciting health groups. Once recognized, the relevance of those groups to social structure can be evaluated by comparison with a broad range of presumptive archaeological status indicators. We test the hypothesis that the distribution of stress indicators in human skeletons covaries with archaeological indicators of social differentiation. Based on multivariate analysis of skeletal indicators, we conclude that the cemetery at Villa El Salvador was utilized by two social groups with different geographic affinities: one of local coastal origin, and the other probably from the upper Lurín Valley or adjacent higher altitudes. These groups differ in skeletal characteristics related to childhood health, probably reflecting systematic contrasts in the growth environments of the studied individuals. This same division is independently supported by the distribution of cranial deformation, a possible marker of ethnicity. We also document some inequality in the distribution of labor among male individuals, as reflected by the relative advancement of degenerative joint disease, and congruent with differences in the number and quality of associated funerary offerings.

Archaeology↗