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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

[Parent groups. Crisis intervention for parents of extremely premature infants during hospitalization].

The aim of the study was to evaluate the benefit from participation in parent groups for parents of extremely premature new-born babies. The participation in the parent groups led by the psychologist took place during the hospitalization of the child on the neonatal ward. All parents of extremely premature new-borns admitted to the neonatal department, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark in the period from 1 January 1992 to 30 June 1994, were asked to fill in questionnaires. The study population comprised the parents of 58 children. The parents of 14 children did not want to participate. Of the remaining 44 children, 36 were alive and eight had died at the time of the study. Most parents participated in the parent group and the majority stated they had benefited from the participation. It is therefore considered a relevant psychological task to establish parent groups for parents of extremely premature new-borns as a mean of crisis intervention in the neonatal department.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A study examining the health perceptions and parenting stressors of parenting African-American grandparents.

The objectives of this study of African-American, parenting grandparents were to examine the antecedents to grandparent parenting, the grandparents' perception of their health status, and their assessment of parenting stress. Thirty-one subjects completed a demographic questionnaire, two questions from the Short form-36-Health Survey, and the Parenting Stress Index (PSI). Results indicated that the grandparents parented minor grandchildren because of biological parent neglect/abuse, abandonment, mental illness, substance abuse, teen mother, or death of a parent. While most grandparents considered their health to be satisfactory, the grandparents, ages thirty to sixty reported a greater number of health concerns. The PSI identified life stress greater than parenting stress. In conclusion, additional research is needed to identify life stresses that add to the parenting burden, and grandparents' needs to continue parenting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The 2-year stability of parental perceptions of child vulnerability and parental overprotection.

Clinicians often identify parent-child relationships that are believed to be problematic for the child's future emotional growth, yet there are minimal outcome data on which to base anticipatory guidance. This 2-year follow-up study examined the stability and child behavioral correlates of parental perceptions of increased child vulnerability and parental overprotection. Of 192 potential participants, 114 parents (93% mothers, 86% white, 75% married, 90% middle-upper socioeconomic status) with children age 4 to 7 years successfully completed the Parent Protection Scale, Child Vulnerability Scale, Child Behavior Checklist 4-18, and the Parental Bonding Instrument. The 2-year stability of high parental overprotection was 37%; for high parental perception of child vulnerability, it was 31%. High perceived vulnerability at enrollment was significantly associated with both internalizing (somatic complaints, anxious/depressed) and externalizing (aggressive) behaviors at follow-up. A history of overprotection in the parent's childhood was not associated with current parental report of overprotective behaviors toward the child.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Impact of parental anxiety on child emotional adjustment when a parent has cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To describe the relationships among parent anxiety, child anxiety, and emotional adjustment in children who have a parent with cancer. DESIGN: Correlational. SETTING: A large cancer center in the southeastern United States. SAMPLE: Thirty-three child/parent with cancer dyads. METHODS: Research packets were mailed to child/parent dyads who agreed to participate in the study. Parents completed a demographic questionnaire, a Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale, and a Personality Inventory for Children (PIC). Children completed the child version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Parent anxiety, child anxiety, and child adjustment. FINDINGS: Children who have a parent with cancer and parents who have experienced cancer report significantly higher state and trait anxiety compared to a normed population sample. Parental reports on the PIC indicated that latency-aged children (i.e., 6-12 years) showed significantly greater internalization and somatic symptoms compared to the sample norm. Parent state anxiety was negatively correlated with children's internalization and somatic symptoms. Parental anxiety accounted for the greatest variance in child adjustment. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: These study findings may provide nurses with a better understanding of the vulnerability of children who have a parent with cancer and can build a foundation for the development of supportive interventions for these children.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parent to parent support and health care.

Parent to Parent programs offer a unique model for personalizing family support services according to family preferences. Over 500 of these programs across the United States provide emotional and informational support through careful matching of veteran parents with referred parents who have a child with a disability. A national survey of Parent to Parent program coordinators and participating parents examined referral sources, program supports, program demographics/descriptions, and examples of best practices. Parent to Parent programs can complement health care services by empowering parents through information and support and should be an essential component of a comprehensive family support system.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parenting adolescent girls with type 1 diabetes: parents' perspectives.

OBJECTIVE: To explore parents' perceptions of the impact of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) on the family and to better understand parent-child conflict, parental worries, and coping strategies related to the management of DM in adolescence. METHODS: Semistructured interviews were conducted with the parents of 30 adolescent girls who had DM for at least 1 year. Using standard procedures for content analysis, themes were identified from the parents' discussions. RESULTS: Although parents reported worries, conflicts, and negative impacts of the DM on their family, they also recognized positive aspects of the DM (e.g., it promotes adolescent responsibility) and had strategies to cope with its challenges (e.g., letting go of perfectionism in disease management, keeping a positive attitude). CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study can be used by clinicians to assess parents' concerns about DM and to help them discover ways to cope with their worries and stay involved with the disease's management. Considering the parents' perspective will likely lead to parents feeling understood by the health care team and will help to reduce their worries.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Parents' causal attributions about attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the effect of child and parent sex.

BACKGROUND: Boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) demonstrate disruptive behaviour at significantly higher rates compared to girls. Disruptive behaviour often develops as a result of negative interaction patterns within the caregiving relationship. Given the importance of parental cognitions as mediators of parental behaviour, the consideration of parent and child sex in the investigation of causal attributions regarding AD/HD may, at least partially, explain sex differences in the prevalence of disruptive behaviour among children with AD/HD. AIM: To examine the effect of parent and child sex on parental causal attributions and reactions about AD/HD and to investigate the interrelationships between these variables. SAMPLE: Three hundred and seventeen mothers and 317 fathers of boys and girls aged 4-6 years and enrolled in kindergartens in Athens. METHOD: A Greek version of the Parental Account of the Causes of Childhood Problems Questionnaire was used, which followed a vignette about a hypothetical child displaying symptoms of AD/HD. Half of the participants received a male and another half received a female version of the vignette. RESULTS: The child's sex greatly influenced parents' causal attributions about AD/HD. Higher ratings of intentionality were conferred to boys with AD/HD than girls and these attributions were related to stricter responses towards boys. In contrast, parents who considered biological dysfunction as underlying AD/HD, they mostly did so in the case of girls. Minimal effect of parent sex on causal attributions was found. CONCLUSIONS: Because causal attributions of intentionality relate to the response of more strictness and such attributions are more prevalent for boys than girls, then these perceptions about the aetiology of AD/HD in boys may be at the basis of negative interaction patterns. The increase of such interaction patterns may place boys at a more vulnerable position towards the development of secondary behaviour problems.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The impact of alcohol-specific rules, parental norms about early drinking and parental alcohol use on adolescents' drinking behavior.

BACKGROUND: The present study explores the role of having rules about alcohol, parental norms about early alcohol use, and parental alcohol use in the development of adolescents' drinking behavior. It is assumed that parental norms and alcohol use affect the rules parents have about alcohol, which in turn prevents alcohol use by adolescent children. METHODS: Longitudinal data collected from 416 families consisting of both parents and two adolescents (aged 13 to 16 years) were used for the analyses. RESULTS: Results of structural equation modeling show that having clear rules decreases the likelihood of drinking in adolescence. However, longitudinally alcohol-specific rules have only an indirect effect on adolescents' alcohol use, namely through earlier drinking. Analyses focusing on explaining the onset of drinking revealed that having strict rules was related to the postponement of drinking initiation of older and younger adolescents. Further, parental norms about adolescents' early drinking and parental alcohol use were associated with having alcohol-specific rules. Parental norms were also related to adolescents' alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: The current study is one of the first using a full family design to provide insight into the role of alcohol-specific rules on adolescents' drinking. It was shown that having strict rules is related to postponement of drinking, and that having alcohol-specific rules depends on other factors, thus underlining the complexity of the influence of parenting on the development of adolescents' alcohol use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Male parental care, differential parental investment by females and sexual selection.

Males play a variable parental role in reproduction, ranging from no male parental care to extensive male care. Females may acquire either direct or indirect fitness benefits from their mate choice, and direct fitness benefits include male parental care. Theoreticians have traditionally emphasized direct fitness benefits to females in species with extensive male parental care. We review the literature and show extensive variation in the patterns of male care, related to the attractiveness of males to females. At one extreme of this continuum, females invest differentially in parental care, investing more when paired with attractive males. The costs of female parental care and other aspects of parental investment may be balanced by benefits in terms of more attractive sons and/or more viable offspring. At the other extreme, in species with extensive direct fitness benefits, males with preferred sexual phenotypes provide the largest relative share of parental care. A comparative study of birds revealed that the extent of the differential female parental investment was directly related to the frequency of extra-pair paternity. Since extra-pair paternity may arise mainly as a consequence of female choice for indirect fitness benefits, this result supports our prediction that differential parental investment is prevalent in species where females benefit indirectly from their mate choice. The consequences for sexual selection theory of these patterns of male care in relation to male attractiveness are emphasized. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Parent characteristics and parent-child interactions in families of nonproblem children and ADHD children with higher and lower levels of oppositional-defiant behavior.

This study examined parent-child interactions and parent characteristics in families of nonproblem children and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children with lower (ADHD-LOD) and higher (ADHD-HOD) levels of oppositional-defiant behavior. Families of ADHD children were recruited from a parent training program. Observed and parent-reported child behavior problems were highest in the ADHD-HOD group. Observed parent behavior revealed few differences, but daily reports indicated that parents in both ADHD groups used more negative-reactive and fewer positive parenting strategies than control parents. Maternal psychological functioning differed between the ADHD and nonproblem groups, but not between the two ADHD groups. Fathers of ADHD-HOD children reported more psychological disturbance than controls. Parenting self-esteem was lowest in the ADHD-HOD group and highest in the nonproblem group. The results support the LOD and HOD distinction, but also suggest that, although certain difficulties are more common in the families of ADHD-HOD children, families of ADHD-LOD children also differ from controls on a number of dimensions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Perceptions of parenting versus parent-child interactions among incest survivors.

OBJECTIVES: Although women with histories of child sexual abuse (CSA) perceive themselves as less competent mothers and report greater parenting difficulties than nonabused women, few investigators have actually observed the parenting behaviors of CSA survivors. The primary aim of this study was to examine whether incest history was related to maternal perceptions of parenting efficacy and interactional patterns with their children. The secondary aim of this study was to explore the constructs of internal working models of relationships and maternal psychological adjustment as potential mediators of the relation between incest history and parenting. METHODS: A community sample of 17 incest survivors, 18 nonabused women and their 3-6 year-old children participated. Mothers completed self-report measures of parenting efficacy, parental bonding (i.e., internal working models of relationships), and psychological adjustment. In addition, mothers interacted with their children in a problem-solving task. RESULTS: Although incest survivors reported less parenting self-efficacy than did nonabused mothers, their interactional styles with their children were positive overall and comparable to those of nonabused mothers. Specifically, survivors displayed moderate to high levels of support, assistance, and confidence, and their children showed high levels of affection towards their mothers. Incest survivors reported less bonding with their own mothers in childhood and poorer current psychological adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that incest survivors' perceptions of their parenting abilities may be more negative than their actual parenting behaviors.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: a review.

This review examines the potential roles of parental self-efficacy (PSE) in parent and child adjustment and the role of parental cognitions in understanding behaviors and emotions within families. The areas in this review include parental competence and psychological functioning, as well as child behaviors, socio-emotional adjustment, school achievement, and maltreatment. There is strong evidence linking PSE to parental competence, and more modest linkage to parental psychological functioning. Some findings suggest that PSE impacts child adjustment directly but also indirectly via parenting practices and behaviors. Although the role of PSE likely varies across parents, children, and cultural-contextual factors, its influence cannot be overlooked as a possible predictor of parental competence and child functioning, or perhaps an indicator of risk. PSE may also be an appropriate target for prevention and intervention efforts. Limitations in the literature include measurement problems, variability in conceptualizations and definitions of the construct, and the lack of research exploring causality. Future research should focus on clarifying the measurement of PSE, studying potential bias in self-report of PSE, and utilizing experimental and longitudinal designs to untangle the issues of causal direction and potential transactional processes.

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

Suicidal behaviour in adolescents: associations with parental marital status and perceived parent-adolescent relationship.

BACKGROUND: Because equivocal findings exist with regard to the relationship between adolescents' suicidal behaviour and parental marital status, the aim of this study was to investigate this relationship and in particular the effect of the perceived parent-adolescent relationship on this association, taking into account the role of gender. METHOD: For this purpose, self-report surveys were administered to a representative school-based sample of 2707 adolescents in Antwerp (Belgium). RESULTS: 1) Boys living in a single parent family reported more suicidal ideations and self-harming behaviour than boys living in an intact family or in a remarried family; 2) Girls living in a remarried family reported more suicidal ideations and self-harming behaviour than girls living in an intact or in a single parent family; 3) Even after controlling for the levels of perceived parent-adolescent relationship, these associations remained significant. LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional design, the retrospective assessment of suicidality and changes in family structure, the lack of external information and the assessment of the parent-adolescent relationship for both parents together, may have influenced the findings. CONCLUSIONS: When assessing risk factors for adolescent suicidality, marital status of the parents may bear clinical importance. In contrast to other studies, the perceived parent-adolescent relationship did not alter this association, a finding that needs further study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Parental control, parental warmth, and psychosocial adjustment in a sample of substance-abusing mothers and their school-aged and adolescent children.

Parenting interventions for substance-abusing adults have been broadly based on two approaches, one emphasizing parental control as a means to managing children's behavior and the second emphasizing parental warmth and sensitivity as means to fostering children's psychological development. In this investigation, we examined associations of parental control and parental warmth, respectively, with children's behavioral and psychological adjustment in a sample of 98 women enrolled in methadone maintenance and their school-aged and adolescent children. Using collateral data collected during the baseline phase of a randomized clinical trial (Luthar, S. S., Suchman, N. E., & Altomare, M. [in press]. Relational Psychotherapy Mothers Group: A randomized clinical trial for substance abusing mothers [in preparation]), we tested predictions that (a) parental control would be more strongly associated with children's behavioral adjustment and (b) parental warmth would be more strongly associated with children's psychological adjustment. Both predictions were generally confirmed, although some crossover among parenting and child dimensions was also evident. Results support the theoretical stance that parental limit setting and autonomy support, as well as nurturance and involvement, are important factors, respectively, in children's behavioral and psychological adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

The relationship between parent emotion, parent behavior, and health status of young African American and Latino children.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between parent emotion and behavior and the functional health status of young African American and Latino children. Parents were interviewed, in English or Spanish, about their child's functional health status, parents' depression, and their parenting behaviors. Standard measures used included the Functional Status IIR, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and the Parent Behavior Checklist. One hundred ninety-six children's parents attending a nurse-managed, primary care clinic in an underserved area of San Francisco participated. Multivariate analysis showed that higher functional status was related to more nurturing (p < .05). Lower functional status was related to more discipline (p < .01) and increased parental depression (p < .01). Nurses, across all settings, play an integral role in assessing and promoting healthy child development and family functioning. Implementing a rapid screening test for depression and further assessment of parenting behaviors could identify those needing more assistance in developing positive parenting skills.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2003

Parenting behaviors in parents with anxiety disorders.

Anxiety disorders are familial, and although considerable evidence supports the role of genetic/biological parameters in their development, these alone do not entirely explain their etiology. In this study, the role of parenting behavior as a possible factor in the transmission of anxiety from parent to child was examined. Using interview, self-report, and direct behavioral observation, behaviors of parents with an anxiety disorder were compared to those of parents without an anxiety disorder on a number of dimensions, but particularly with respect to whether anxious parents actively inhibited their children from engaging in normal age appropriate activities. These behaviors were assessed during routine activities and in a structured non-conflictual play task. Although anxious parents did not overtly restrict their child's behavior in either type of activity, they reported higher levels of distress when their children were engaged in these activities. Similarly, the "emotional climate" in families with an anxious parent differed significantly from families without an anxious parent. The results are discussed in terms of how parenting behaviors might influence the development of maladaptive anxiety via social learning and information transfer, and their heuristic implications.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Can we trust parent reports in research on cultural and ethnic differences in child psychopathology? Using the bicultural family design to test parental culture effects.

Research comparing cultural and ethnic groups on child psychopathology has relied heavily on parent reports. But don't parents' own cultural backgrounds bias their reports, undermining valid assessment of actual child behavior? The question is hard to address because parent and child culture tend to be confounded. To solve this problem, we assembled an unusual but heuristically valuable sample: 50 bicultural families, each with an ethnic Thai parent reared in Thailand and a Caucasian parent reared in the U.S. Parents in each pair independently completed standardized problem checklists on the same child in their family. Across all 10 empirically derived problem syndromes, no parental culture effect was either significant or larger than "small," by Cohen's (1988) standards; across all 140 specific problems, the mean percent of variance accounted for by parent culture was less than 1%. Results do not point to a biasing effect of parental culture.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Effects of parent personality, upbringing, and marijuana use on the parent-child attachment relationship.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the predictors of the quality of the parent-child attachment relationship among a sample of 248 young adults with children. METHOD: In this longitudinal study, data were collected during early adulthood in 1992 and in 1996/1997 via a structured questionnaire. Using logistic regression and multiple regression analyses, the authors assessed the extent to which participants' personality attributes, substance use, and relationships with their mothers predicted the quality of the parent-child bond. RESULTS: Logistic regression models showed that participants with certain personality attributes (e.g., high sensitivity), less frequent marijuana use, or a close relationship with their mothers had a greater likelihood of having a close parent-child attachment relationship with their own children at a later time. Regression analysis also showed that the risk of earlier substance use on the parent-child relationship was offset by protective factors in the parents' personality domain. In addition, protective factors in the various parental domains synergistically interacted with a low frequency of marijuana use, relating to a closer parent-child attachment relationship. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that certain parenting styles are transmitted across generations and interventions in the personality and drug use domains can help increase the likelihood that parents will form close attachment relationships with their own children.

Adolescent↗