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PubMed1999

No interaction of GABA(A) alpha-1 subunit and dopamine receptor D4 exon 3 genes in symptomatology of major psychoses.

Previously, we reported on an association of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene with delusional symptomatology of major psychoses. However, despite the strength of the association, it only accounted for 2% of the variance, indicating that contributions from other genes were probable. In the present study, we investigated the original cohort of subjects to evaluate the gene for the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor alpha-1 subunit (GABRA1). The possible association of GABRA1 with the psychopathology of major psychoses was tested both alone and in interaction with DRD4. Four hundred and sixty-one inpatients affected by major psychoses were assessed by the operational criteria checklist for psychotic illness (OPCRIT) and were also typed for the DRD4 and GABRA1 variants using PCR techniques. Mania, depression, delusion, and disorganization were the four symptomatologic factors used as phenotype definitions. GABRA1 variants were not associated with these symptomatologic factors, and consideration of possible stratification effects such as sex and psychiatric diagnosis also did not reveal any association. GABRA1 variants did not significantly influence the association of DRD4 with delusional symptoms. No interaction was observed on the other symptom factors. The GABA(A) alpha-1 subunit gene does not, therefore, interact with DRD4 in the symptomatology of major psychoses.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Differential phenomenology of the paranoid psychoses in epilepsy].

First, the author makes reference to the psycho pathological and nosological questions associated with paranoid and schizophrenia-like psychoses in epilepsy and in particular to the non resolved problem of a distinction between these epileptic syndromes and the ones of schizophrenia. Starting from a phenomenological analysis of basic existential structures such as encounter or interpersonality, temporality and spatiality in a typical case of paranoid psychosis in epilepsy, the author tries to establish formal criteria which allow to distinguish these psychoses from schizophrenia. Thus it could be demonstrated that the structure of the encounter in the psychotic epileptic is quite conserved, both in what refers to the real and the delusional partner. His spatiality is characterized by the phenomenon of narrowness and his temporality by harassment, being necessary to underline the fact that, unlike what happens in schizophrenia, in the paranoid psychoses of epilepsy the space maintains its unity and the time its continuity. We could summarize the substantive difference between both types of paranoid psychoses with the following words: in paranoid syndromes in epilepsy what occurs is a change of state "within the world", while in schizophrenia it is a rather a modification of the "being-in-the world" itself or, with other words, it deals with a going out from the world constituted as community.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Clinical problems in postpartum psychoses].

The authors analyzed post-partum psychoses treated at the Psychiatric Clinic of the Faculty Hospital in 1985-1986. The group comprised 41 patients. Post-partum psychoses are not considered a separate nosological unit nor symptomatic mental disorders but are classified as endogenous psychoses, provoked by childbirth. As to endogenous psychoses, most frequently manic depression is involved, as suggested by the clinical picture and course. Schizophrenia is found less frequently, as compared with manic depression, the cca 1:10. In rare instances post-partum symptomatic psychosis may develop.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[The DMS-III diagnosis of physically-induced psychoses].

Classification of organic psychoses according to the revised version of DMS III, in accordance with the terminology used in traditional German psychopathology and in ICD-9, are compared. In DSM III, organic psychoses are presented as a heterogeneous group divided into psychoses of known or suspected origin and in psychoses of unknown aetiology. Relevant differences in the use of diagnostic terms such as delir are noticeable, whereas known syndromes such as Korsakoff's syndrome are not considered and incorporated into larger categories in DSM nomenclature.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

[Topography of P300 in psychiatry--1. Cognitive P300 fields in psychoses].

P300 is known as a wave which enables the evaluation of cognitive function in neuropsychology and psychiatry. The most reliable result in psychoses was an amplitude reduction. Since similar wave alteration occurred not only in psychoses but also in dementia, the P300 reduction was too unspecific to serve as criteria for differential diagnosis. By means of topographical procedures it could be found out that the well defined P300 fields underwent characteristic changes in psychoses which even allowed a differentiation between different subgroups in schizophrenia. In hebephrenics the frontal field was very low whereas the paranoid group showed a lateralized P300-pattern with lower amplitudes in the right parieto-temporal area. In depression the P300-pattern was identical to the fields known in geriatric controls. The results will be discussed regarding other structural and functional imaging procedures. By means of topographical display of P300 the specificity of cognitive waves can be augmented considerably with the possibility to differentiate between different types of psychoses.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1987

[Bipolarity, monopolarity and "dichotomous functional decay" as principles of differential diagnosis and "functional pathology" of endogenous psychoses].

On the basis of Leonhard's Classification of the endogenous psychoses an attempt is made to trace the phenomenology of the monopolar and bipolar affective psychoses as well as Leonhard's "unsystematic schizophrenias" to three different functional anomalies. The differential diagnosis between the "cycloid psychoses" and the "unsystematic schizophrenias" as well as the problem of the so-called schizoaffective psychoses connected with them, is of particular interest. The arrangement to "functional areas" seems to be suitable.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1987

[Contribution to the classification of endogenous psychoses].

The authors intend to describe the main points in endogenous psychoses classification according to H.J. Bochnik's criteria. The chief aspect thereby is the prognosis in terms of orientation of a certain symptomatology--either "phasic" or "process"--forming course. On the other hand phasic schizo-affective psychoses are called atypic-phasic psychoses and are incorporated in the group of phasic psychoses. In all cases a separate consideration is recommended as far as psychiatric research is concerned.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

[Late endogenous psychoses in light of clinico-genealogic research].

The families of 170 probands with late manifest endogenic psychoses (schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychoses) were studied. Late schizophrenia was found to be genetically related to schizophrenia on the whole. The families of patients with late schizophrenia were characterized by accumulation of typical schizophrenic psychoses and schizoid anomalies of the character. In the parents and siblings of such patients the rate of schizophrenia was significantly lower than in the families of patients with early manifestations. In the children of probands the risk of schizophrenia development was approximately identical in both late and early manifestations. The families of patients with late manic-depressive psychosis presented the accumulation of both affective and schizophrenic psychoses. The frequency of the latter grew from generation to generation.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

[Clinico-genetic characteristics of psychoses with a clinical picture of involutional melancholia].

The author examined 34 probands with late endogenous paroxysmal psychoses and a characteristic picture of involutional melancholy at a certain stage of the disease. The accumulation of schizophrenia and affective psychoses among the next-kin relatives of these patients was significantly lower than in the families of patients with paroxysmal schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis of an early onset, but at the same time it was considerably higher than the risk of morbidity in the general population. No accumulation of psychoses of any other nosological nature (including those of a mentality deteriorating type) was observed. A possible genetic relationship between the disorder in the group of patients under study and the presence of "involutional" symptomatology with endogenous psychoses in the clinical picture of "the disease is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Histocompatibility antigens in early and late onset childhood psychoses].

Childhood psychoses could have a genetic etiology, but early and late onset psychoses have to be separated. Genetic factors are certainly implicated in the development of late onset psychoses and appear to overlap with those of adult schizophrenia. Evidence implicating genetics in early onset psychoses is likely, as twin studies have supported this hypothesis. HLA system is a particularly suitable genetic marker. We report the results of an investigation on HLA A and B antigens we have performed on 57 psychotics (30 early onset psychotics, 27 late onset psychotics). No genetic association appears in the whole population, as well as in the early and late onset psychosis series. These results have to be compared with Golse's et al. (1977, 1980), Stebbs and Magenis' (1980) and adult schizophrenia data. Further researches with population and family pedigree are required with other major histocompatibility complex markers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

6p24-22 region and major psychoses in the Eastern Quebec population. Le Groupe IREP.

Recent reports of a linkage trend in 6p24-22 for schizophrenia (SZ), in different samples, were tempered by the concurrent evidence of negative reports in other samples. In the studies showing positive results, different definitions of affection and a wide spectrum of diagnoses were used. Our objectives were not only to test for linkage at 6p24-22 in the Eastern Quebec population, but also to test whether this putative vulnerability locus was either selectively linked to schizophrenia (SZ), or to bipolar disorder (BP), or to both major psychoses. Parametric and nonparametric linkage analyses with 12 microsatellite markers in 6p24-p22 were performed on a sample of 18 large multigenerational pedigrees (N = 354) either affected by SZ, or by BP, or equally affected by both major psychoses (i.e., mixed pedigrees). Three affection definitions were usually tested in our program: one on schizophrenia (SZ), one on bipolar disorder (BP), and one that comprised SZ and BP under the hypothesis of a susceptibility locus common to both in major psychoses (common locus, CL). The results of parametric analyses did not support a major gene hypothesis. However, in one large mixed pedigree (#151), we observed with the common locus phenotype (CL) lod scores of 2.49 and 2.15, respectively, at the D6S296 and D6S277 loci under a dominant model. Our data suggest the presence of a potential vulnerability locus at 6p24-22 that could be related to both schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. These results may be seen as congruent with former studies that used schizoaffective as well as schizophrenia diagnoses as entry criteria for the affected families, and used an affection definition that comprised affective psychoses as well as schizophrenia.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1997

[Cycloid psychoses].

Cycloid psychoses constitute an original classification originally proposed by Leonhard and comprising clinical pictures intermediate between schizophrenic psychoses and bipolar disorders. The exact situation of these disorders in psychiatric classifications has been the subject of debate, and their existence is still questioned. Only schizo-affective psychoses have been accepted as autonomous. Treatment of cycloid psychoses most often consists of neuroleptics but also mood regulators, particularly those having anti-epileptic effects Lastly, prognosis of these disorders usually is not as poor as that of schizophrenia and is marked by a cycloid course, with symptom-free periods between episodes.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Oestrogen withdrawal associated psychoses.

OBJECTIVE: Oestrogen withdrawal has been hypothesized as playing a causal role in puerperal psychoses. However, oestrogen withdrawal exists in conditions others than puerperium. We searched the published case reports where a decrease in oestrogen levels not occurring during puerperium was associated with a psychotic disorder, in order to evaluate the relevance of this hypothesis. These cases were defined as oestrogen withdrawal associated psychoses. METHOD: A systematic research of the literature was conducted for the period 1960-2000. RESULTS: We identified 26 observations reporting an association between a psychotic disorder and a phase of oestrogen withdrawal. Psychotic episodes were short and reversible with recurrences reported when oestrogen withdrawal recurred. Puerperal psychosis was frequently reported in the history of patients. CONCLUSION: The oestrogen withdrawal hypothesis can be extended to certain psychotic episodes not occurring during in puerperium. This provides an additional argument for the clinical relevance of oestrogen withdrawal in puerperal and related psychoses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Psychoses associated with thyrotoxicosis - 'thyrotoxic psychosis.' A report of 18 cases, with statistical analysis of incidence.

OBJECTIVE: To report a series of newly diagnosed thyrotoxic patients with concurrent acute psychosis, and to assess the association between the two disorders. DESIGN: Retrospective study of thyrotoxic patients with associated psychosis ('thyrotoxic psychosis'; TP) requiring inpatient psychiatric care. New Zealand thyrotoxicosis annual incidence figures and first psychiatric admission rates for affective psychosis were utilised to statistically assess the co-occurrence of thyrotoxicosis and affective psychosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During the 20-year study period, 18 inpatients (16 women and 2 men), mean age 54 years, with TP were identified. No patient had a past history of thyrotoxicosis, but four had required psychiatric inpatient care many years earlier. Thyrotoxicosis was documented by radioimmunoassay of thyroid hormone levels, and thyroid scintiscan. Psychiatric manifestations were classified using ICD9 criteria. RESULTS: Thyroid hormone levels were markedly elevated in more than half of our TP patients. All younger patients had Graves' disease, and most older patients toxic nodular goitre. All patients were treated with antithyroid drugs, and all but one subsequently received (131)I therapy. Two patients were not mentally ill when thyrotoxicosis was diagnosed, but suffered major mood swings when thyroid hormone levels were falling. There was no specific psychiatric clinical picture but affective psychoses were commonest - seven depression, seven mania. The other diagnoses were two schizophreniform, one paranoid, and one delirium. Initially, neuroleptic medication was used in all but one patient, and during long-term follow-up (median 11 years) more than half our series had remained well with no further psychiatric problems. Statistical analysis was restricted to thyrotoxic patients with first psychiatric hospital admission for affective psychosis. During the 20-year period, there were nine thyrotoxic patients (95% confidence interval 4.5-17.1) with concurrent affective psychosis requiring first admission, and the calculated expected number was only 0.36. These findings indicate a clear association well above chance co-occurrence. CONCLUSION: TP is not a specific clinical picture, but affective psychoses are commonest. Statistical analysis of thyrotoxic patients with concurrent affective psychoses showed an incidence well above chance co-occurrence. It appears that thyrotoxicosis may be a precipitant of acute affective psychosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Psychoses in the elderly: a spectrum of disorders.

The incidence of psychoses increases with age with a number of factors leading to the increase in vulnerability and expression. They include comorbid physical illnesses, social isolation, sensory deficits, cognitive changes, polypharmacy, and substance abuse. Agitation and aggressiveness are also associated with psychosis in the elderly and frequently are the precipitating reasons for psychiatric consultation. A review of psychoses in the elderly must, therefore, consider psychotic symptoms within the context of the underlying etiologies of the psychotic symptoms. Elderly patients who present with psychotic symptoms require social, behavioral, and environmental interventions that are necessary for their safety and orientation. Given the likelihood of comorbid medical disorders and concomitant medications, the mere presence of delusions or hallucinations is not always an indication for additional medications. However, some patients may need pharmacologic intervention in order to manage the behavioral disturbance that often results from the psychotic symptoms. The atypical antipsychotics with their low propensity to produce extrapyramidal and cognitive side effects have greatly advanced the pharmacotherapy for elderly patients with psychoses.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

[Frequency of suicidal acts in psychoses].

Psychotic patients committing suicide constitute about 10,0% of all the suicide population and not more than 2,0% of all mental patients. Accomplished suicides are committed by mentally ill and psychotic patients 26 times more frequently than suicides without psychoses, and more frequently in the initial phase of the disease. The highest suicidal activity is seen in alcoholic psychoses and psychoses with anxious-depressive syndromes.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1977

[Features of acute alcoholic psychoses in the Far North].

An analysis of the clinical picture and development of acute alcoholic psychosis in 300 inhabitants of the North Region permitted to distinguish some traits of these conditions. Psychoses were characterized by an expressed atypicity of the psychopathological picture, somato-vegetative disorders, a complication of the development of the psychoses in comparison with the inhabitants of the middle latitudes. The authors also distinguished some differences in the predilectiveness of some syndromes or symptoms, the character and content of them in alcoholic psychoses in natives and newcomers. It was also possible to establish disorders of psychophysiological adaptation to conditions of the North Regions in the newcomers and first of all in the clinical picture and development of alcoholic delirium.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

[Adaptive reactions in the auditory analyzer of patients with schizophrenia, presenile psychoses and alcoholic hallucinosis].

Some results of audiometric studies in 272 patients with different psychoses (schizophrenia, presenile psychoses, alcoholic hallucinoses) were analyzed. The authors examined the auditory adaptation to threshold stimula and the time of reverse adaptation. In most of the cases adaptation was not attained or was lengthened. These studies did not reveal any nosological specificity in adaptational disturbances. In cases of auditory hallucinations the index of adaptational time had no principal differences either. These facts gave ground to consider the adaptational shifts as general nonspecific mechanisms in the pathogenesis of psychoses. An analysis of audiometric data make it possible to use them for prognostical purposes.

Auditory Perception↗