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The Alcoholism, Chemical Dependency and Compulsive Gambling Services at South Oaks Hospital (a 334-bed private psychiatric facility in Amityville, New York) are discussed. Psychodrama and other group methods are integral parts of the program the interdisciplinary treatment team, headed by a psychiatrist, includes addiction counsellors. Outpatient continuing care and self-help groups are stressed.
The practice in teaching psychiatric nursing to post registration student nurses at the Bethlem Royal & The Maudsley Hospital School of Nursing is described, showing the exclusive use of experiential teaching methods. Five distinct courses are conducted at present in this topic: 1 discussions based on written work; 2 discussions centring on set topics; 3 group dynamics discussions and projects; 4 psychodrama exercises; 5 supervision classes. The latter are conducted in a manner not previously described. The dependence of effective classroom teaching on the students' ward experience is demonstrated.
Group psychotherapy is a treatment method in which in addition to the therapist(s) the participating individuals are, autocentrically, active in attaining a therapeutic effect. The different kinds of group psychotherapy are described: 1) activity group psychotherapy, 2) analytic group psychotherapy, 3) directive-suggestive-group psychotherapy, 4) psychodrama, 5) accelerating/focal methods of group psychotherapy. Group psychotherapeutic techniques with patients of different diagnoses are discussed, e.g. group psychotherapy with drug dependants and alcoholics, in which it is not possible to use a pure analytic method of group psychotherapy. Their oral tendencies and narcissistic desires of undergoing a fusion with the therapist have to a certain degree to be fulfilled. Schizophrenics should encounter is group psychotherapy an unconditioned emotional response from the therapist. These patients on the one hand expect to be understood in their psychotic experience, but on the other hand they seem to be glad when the measures of the outside reality are maintained in the group. The relatives of schizoprenics wanting to co-operate are taken in a parallel group. Depressives, especially endogenous depressives, need a longer time to be integrated in a therapeutic group than other patients, but if they can be integrated, it helps them to tolerate their sufferings. To the neurotics, group psychotherapy offers insight and a chance to "translate" this insight into a new social behaviour. Analytic self-experience groups with staff members give them an opportunity to recognise from their own experience the conflicts and the behaviour patterns from which their patients suffer.
The role playing utilised in the training of members of a guidance team, especially during technical seminars, may require a structure which protects participants and liberates their personality. A first part describes the spirit and technics most used, of the type "laboratory of human relations". A second part analyses by point differences between structured role playing and therapeutical psychodrama.
This article is concerned to describe the significance of the Moreno approach in caring for the incurably ill. The anthropology of Moreno, his therapeutic philosophy and the main attitudes in the encounter with a patient are outlined and discussed with reference to central aspects of the situation of the incurably ill (fear of losing their own autonomy, social death). The possibilities offered by the Moreno approach to therapy in attending these patients are illustrated with examples of the main techniques in psychodrama-therapy: doubling and role-reversal. Above all two functions of doubling appear to be especially important in caring for the incurably ill: that of comprehensive attendance and vicarious action. Possible variations in which the role-reversal can be carried out are specified and discussed as means of helping a patient to have confidence in himself and of helping him to perceive and to develop the intrinsic strength within himself in dealing with his situation. Doubling and role-reversal surely cannot be universal rules in attending the incurably ill, but they are good possibilities to respect and to support the autonomy of the human being and to convert into concrete action the conviction of his right to self-determination which is equally characterized for the therapeutic philosophy of Moreno as well as for attending the incurably ill.
Initiation ceremonials in traditional Papua New Guinea and North American Indian cultures serve important psychohygienic functions in establishing the youth's final identity and thereby warding off the frustration, anxiety, and depression which are associated with anomie and role confusion. Inititations in Papua New Guinea are presented as a process of social learning in which group consciousness and loyalty are established through revelation of ancestral secrets, testing by ordeals, and ego-stregthening rewards. Structually patterned archetypal collective symbols gain direct access to the young person's unconscious when skillfully transmitted in the initiatory psychodrama of death and rebirth. Medical complications occuring during initiation procedures are rare accidents which have to be weighed against the psychological and social benefits for individual and group. Initiation ceremonials help the young to achieve a sense of sexual and socio-cultural identity from which feelings of emotional security and social belonging are derived.
The observation of a young north african afflicted with a tic disorder suggests an underlying meaning in the apparently confused motoric discharges, thanks to psychodrama and to ethnopsychoanalytic consultations with the family. Thus, at a time when the Gilles de La Tourette syndrome is described as a neurological disorder, while recognizing the limited utility of chemotherapy, we believe that neurobiological studies, whatever their merit, do not exempt us from thinking about the specific psychopathology of tics and their evolving relationship with neurotic symptoms. That is, to go from motor discharge to the elaboration of conflicts.
The authors report their experience with a special form of psychodrama for the treatment in small groups of neurotic children aged five to fifteen. The acting out of ambivalent, partly unconscious and restrained tendencies and inclinations by playing, i.e., by taking roles in spontaneous performances, is followed by alternation of identification in the group and, possibly, careful indirect verbalization by the therapeutist and/or group, of which the purpose is to arrive at a reorientation of the attitudes of patients and a consolidation of the newly won attitude.
The author presents a psychoanalytical perspective on psychodrama as a passage from alienation to desire, the cure and relational modifications acting as supplementary benefit. The psychodramatic project is explained in four summarized directions: 1. the subject's assumption of his history in a process of symbolization through language, and this through game and group; 2. the renunciation to the master of language and the recognition of desire as unknown and nonsense; 3. the renunciation to alienating identifications and imaginary questing; 4. the obstacle of the other's desire and the recognition of its radial and separate identity.
Integrated group therapy was originally introduced at Sterkfontein Hospital in 1957, and reintroduced 6 years ago in an effort to overcome difficulties in communication with approximately 100 Black male and female mental hospital patients. This therapy consisted mainly of song and dance activation, sociodrama, psychodrama and behavioural modification methods. These techniques are flexible, and can be carried out by proxy therapists working with doctors and psychologists.
The mental health program for the deaf at St. Elizabeths Hospital offers comprehensive services to adolescents and adults who were born deaf or who became deaf early in life. A staff of 49, six of whom have impaired hearing, provide services to about 33 inpatients and about 71 outpatients. Activity therapies that do not require oral communication, such as occupational therapy, art therapy, dance therapy, and psychodrama, play an important role in the program, as does group psychotherapy. The program provides training, field experience, and consultation for workers throughout the U.S. and from foreign countries. Some guidelines for communicating with the deaf are given.
The purpose of this article is to elucidate the concept of encounter within the realm of psycotherapy, either individual or group, with its inter and intrapersonal connotations. Its importance is emphasized and means for its achievement are suggested. A double course is followed to attain this end: on the one hand, the tracing of the concept in the contemporary philosophic anthropology (the positions of M. Buber and of K. Jaspers are briefly examined) and in the views of several psychotherapists who have placed it as a significant issue in their treatments (the therapists considered are K. Binswanger, C. Rogers, J. L. Moreno and E. Pichon-Rivière), and on the other hand, some clinical means, and very special attitudes, are indicated as particularly favourable for the promotion of that enlargement of subjectivity leading to the encounter of one-self as well as the other person. Some fragments of sessions are presented demonstrating that in general the "how" of the attitude prevailing in the therapeutic relation is more effective than the "what" of the specific technical resources employed. However, some of these are commendable as a more direct way to bring about the experience of encounter. This leads me to psychodrama, with its techniques of the double, the inversion of roles, the mirror, and most of all with the general group sharing that closes the sessions, and to the gestalt methods, which involve in many instances physical contacts with other people, with the precise object of achieving a maximum insight, or, in the already classical expression, awareness, which is basically an encounter with oneself. Implicit in all the above considerations lies the conviction that man must share his existence with others not only for biological reasons; it is an indispensable requirement for his full development as an individual, a requirement for being himself. If one of the goals of psychological treatments is to promote personal growth and proximity to oneself, an intense encounter with the therapist or with the copatients, as the case may be, must be a part of the process of therapy. Also in this context, the fundamental fact in human existence is, using the formulation of Buber, the relation I and Thou, which, in the words of Jaspers now, must be an amorous battle.
The authors, a psychologist (Renate Siedow) and a male nurse (Jürgen Bombosch) both of whom are co-workers in the Department of Social Psychiatry of Berlin Free University, conducted for the first time a group meeting of relatives of psychiatric patients for a period of ten study units of two hours each. This programme was carried out within the framework of the Adult Education Programme of Berlin Free University. The methods used consisted of psychodrama and group discussions. The family was considered as a unit system. The interaction between the families is shown by means of two examples. The personal situation of the group leaders and their relation to each other are explained and interrelated. The course of the group discussions is described.
This paper begins with the summary of a therapeutic group session within the setting of psychoanalytic psychodrama. It corresponds to a stage in which the therapist had to take the decision of dissolving it. The authors tell us their thoughts about the indication to dissolve the group and the right moment for it, as well as about the conditioning causes, the relationship with the group and individual background, the possibility of passing pathogenetic and normal elements from one group to another. They also discuss the feelings, sensations, fantasies and theories not only of the patients but particularly those of the cotherapist. Some conclusions are extended to other therapeutic process, lots of questions are posed and some preventive and curative criteria are stated. Finally, they present various attitudes that the therapists may have before death diving them into those which favour the process of working through and those which hinder it.
This paper describes an experience carried out at Braulio Moyano Psychiatric Hospital between 1972 and 1976. Two psychodramatic groups were formed. One, according with Moreno's theories; the other, following the doctrines of the "Grupo Experimental Psicodramático Latino-americano". The experience proved to be fruitful. Psychodrama allows, by means of the use of "intermediate objects" the patient to discriminate several entities: reality from dramatization, dramatic spaces from real spaces, inner world from outer world. As soon as the patient is in position to discriminate the images and fantasies that pervade his inner world leading it to chaos, he becomes able to interrelate with other people and to include himself into the real world. Several examples are given of particular cases and the effects of psychodramatic techniques on them, within the limitations of a psychiatric institution. The results show the possibility to lessen psychotic segregation and to improve the possibilities to establish relationships with the outer world.
The author discusses psychic conflict in the context of Freudian drive theory and its relationship to primal fantasies and repression. Freud's metaphor of the "Mystic Writing Pad" is reviewed, with particular attention to psychotic perception, especially the lack of ability to differentiate between self and object. Psychoanalytic psychodrama is proposed as an effective treatment modality in such cases, and an illustrative clinical example is presented.
A deep strain of individualism permeates American culture, rooted in the political-economic ideology of capitalism. The ideal of a self-governing individual is promoted, independent from social, historical, and cultural forces, whose thoughts and emotions are located within the construct of a masterful self, ready to be filled and expanded. This article traces the influence of self-liberatory ideology in American group psychotherapy through the religious revivalist and Mental Hygiene movements. The "progressivism" of pioneering group theorists is examined in terms of revisionist psychology and self-liberatory practice. Psychodrama and T-groups are demonstrated to be precursors to the encounter group movement in which the belief in self-liberation reached its zenith. Early group analytic approaches are seen to eschew transpersonal and group dynamic processes.
J.L. Moreno's fundamental and pioneering contributions to be development of group therapy, encounter, transactional analysis, and especially psychodrama are well known. However, most family therapists seem unacquainted with the fact that from his earliest writings in 1923 J.L. Moreno developed an interactional view of psychotherapy that in 1973 already resulted in formulations of a true systems orientation and very concrete ideas about marital therapy, family therapy, and network therapy. He probably is the first (1937!) therapist that actually involved a husband's lover in conjoint marital therapy. His general theoretical formulations about the pathology of interpersonal relations as well as his practical suggestions for the therapy of the interpersonal relations seem to be insufficiently known to workers and researchers in the field of family therapy.