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PubMed1997

Insulin-like growth factors in poultry.

A large amount of research, primarily in mammals, has defined to a great extent the pleiotropic effects of the IGF system on growth, development, and intermediary metabolism. Similar elucidations in poultry were hindered to some extent by the absence of native peptides (IGF-I and IGF-II) until their purification, followed by the production of recombinant chicken IGFs. In many ways IGF physiology in birds is similar to that in other species, including but not limited to the fact that IGF-I synthesis is both GH- and GH-independent, and that autocrine-paracrine IGF action is evident. However, it is clear that several unique differences in IGF physiology exist between birds and mammals. For example, more IGF is present in the free form in chickens, and the biological responses to the IGFs is different in several metabolic pathways in birds compared to mammals. To date, no unique IGF-II receptor has been identified in birds. Despite an increasing understanding of the IGFs in aves, several important questions remain to be answered. What is the role of IGF-II in embryo development and posthatch growth? Does an IGF-II receptor entity exist in nonmammalian species? How does nutrition affect IGF-I and IGF-II gene expression, and can this information be used to enhance poultry production? What is the biochemical composition of the IGFBPs, and what are their roles in birds? Can the genetic variation present in poultry be used to positively modify IGF gene expression and physiology? How do the IGFs regulate intermediary metabolism? What is the role of the IGFs in the etiology of several disease states associated with rapid growth in poultry, including tibial dyschondroplasia, obesity, ascites, and spiking mortality syndrome? Answers to these questions are relevant to our understanding of the basic mechanisms of IGF physiology as well as possibly assisting in the amelioration of problems found in modern poultry production.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Poultry-borne salmonellosis in Scotland.

Between 1980-5, 224 outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with poultry-meat were reported in Scotland. In total 2245 persons were affected, 12 of whom died. Twenty-one salmonella serotypes were identified from those affected, while 33 serotypes were isolated from poultry during routine monitoring and disease investigation. Existing measures to prevent the spread of salmonellae within poultry flocks and processing plants are failing. It is suggested that irradiation of poultry-meat may be the only effective method of reducing the public health problem of poultry-borne salmonellosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Determination of arsenic speciation in poultry wastes by IC-ICP-MS.

The aromatic organoarsenic compounds 4-hydroxy 3-nitrobenzenearsenic acid (Roxarsone, ROX) or 4-aminoben-zenearsenic acid (p-arsanilic acid, p-ASA) are used as feed additives in the poultry industry for disease control and enhanced feed efficiency. While federal regulations govern acceptable As concentrations in edible tissue, elevated As concentrations occur in poultry litter, which raises concerns over repeated land application of poultry litter in agriculture. As a precursor to studying the fate of these organoarsenic compounds in soils, three speciation methodologies were developed to separate ROX and p-ASA from the more common and more toxic As species arsenate, arsenite, dimethyl arsenic acid (DMA), and monomethyl arsenic acid (MMA). The six arsenic species were separated on a Dionex AS14 column using a PO4 eluant, an AS16 column using a OH- eluant, and an AS7 column using a HNO3 eluant. While all three methods provided detection limits below 0.5 microg L(-1) for all species, detection limits were lowest for the AS16 and AS7 columns, where all detection limits were generally < 0.05 microg L(-1). The major arsenic species in a water extract of a poultry litter sample was identified as ROX by all three methods with trace concentrations of DMA and As(V) also detected. The AS14 and AS16 separations also revealed a number of unidentified As species present at low concentrations, presumably metabolites of ROX. This methodology should prove useful in identifying organoarsenic compounds and the more toxic inorganic species in soils subject to poultry litter application.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of application of poultry manure to crude oil polluted soils on maize (Zea mays) growth and soil properties.

An investigation of the effects of application of poultry manure to crude oil polluted soils on the growth of maize and soil properties was carried out under natural conditions at the Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria. Potted maize plants were treated to crude oil pollution at four different levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 mL) and amended with poultry manure at four rates of application (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha(-1)) two weeks after pollution. Results obtained showed that percent survival rate, plant height and dry matter yield decreased with increase in crude oil contamination. For example % seed germination decreased from 93 to 0% as crude oil increased from 0 to 75 mL without poultry manure application while plant height decreased from 97 to 20 cm. However when amended with poultry manure, statistical analysis showed that the highest rate of crude oil application (75 mL) and the 150 kg ha(-1) rate poultry manure application affected maize growth, dry matter yield and soil properties significantly. For example at the 75 mL crude oil application, plant height increased from 20 to 149 cm as level of manure applied increased from 0 to 150 kg ha(-1) while dry matter yield increased from 27 to 58 g.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Genetic characterization of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci of human and animal origin from mixed pig and poultry farms.

Glycopeptide resistant enterococci (GRE) isolated from animals and humans were characterised using both AFPL typing and genetic characterisation of the glycopeptide resistance transposon Tn1546. All isolates were collected in 1997 when the glycopeptide avoparcin was still being used as growth promoter. All investigated animal isolates were from mixed pig and poultry farms in the Netherlands and the human isolated from the farmers of these farms. A total of 24 isolates were investigated. AFLP and Tn1546 typing revealed that both pig and poultry related enterococcal and vanA transposon genotypes were found among the human isolates indicating spread of glycopeptide resistance from both pig and poultry to the farmers. These findings contradict previous finding that showed that GRE recovered from the general population were genotypically undistinguishable from GRE isolated from pigs but are in line with other studies that demonstrated spread of GRE from poultry to farmers in poultry farms.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1999

Genetic diversity in Helicobacter pullorum from human and poultry sources identified by an amplified fragment length polymorphism technique and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

Helicobacter pullorum was first isolated from the faeces and carcasses of poultry and has been associated with human gastroenteritis. The aim of this study was to examine interstrain genetic diversity within H. pullorum. Two fingerprinting techniques were used: amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and pulsed field gel electrophoretic (PFGE) analysis. The 20 strains examined were from four countries and comprised 13 human isolates and seven poultry isolates. Their identity was confirmed by a species-specific PCR assay. The human and poultry isolates had distinct genotypes and most strains showed a high degree of genetic diversity. Genotyping also indicated a clonal origin for two strains from the same poultry flock, and established a close relatedness between three chicken carcass isolates from a processing plant. It is concluded that these two genotyping techniques will provide a useful basis for future epidemiological investigations of H. pullorum in poultry, and may provide a link with its possible causal role in human gastrointestinal infections.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Continuing high prevalence of VanA-type vancomycin-resistant enterococci on Norwegian poultry farms three years after avoparcin was banned.

Avoparcin was used as a feed additive in Norwegian broiler and turkey production from 1986 until 1995. It was banned due to the selection of VanA-type vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in animal husbandry and to reduce the potential for human exposure to VRE. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of VRE carriage in Norwegian poultry farmers and their poultry three years after avoparcin was banned. Corresponding faecal samples from poultry and humans on farms where avoparcin had previously been used (exposed farms, n = 73) and farms where avoparcin had never been used (unexposed farms, n = 74) were analysed for the presence of VRE. For each farm, one sample from the poultry house and one sample from the farmer were obtained. VRE were isolated from 72 of 73 (99%) and eight of 74 (11%) poultry samples from exposed and unexposed farms, respectively. VRE were isolated from 13 of 73 (18%) and one of 74 (1%) farmer samples from exposed and unexposed farms, respectively. All VRE isolates were highly resistant to vancomycin and possessed the vanA gene, as shown by PCR. The high prevalence of VRE is in accordance with previous Norwegian studies, and shows a remarkable stability of the VanA resistance determinant in an apparently non-selective environment.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Poultry, pig and the risk of BSE following the feed ban in France--a spatial analysis.

A spatial analysis was carried out in order to analyse the reason why the risk of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) was spatially heterogeneous in France, during the period following the feed ban of Meat and Bone Meal to cattle. The hypothesis of cross-contamination between cattle feedstuff and monogastric feedstuff, which was strongly suggested from previous investigations, was assessed, with the assumption that the higher the pig or poultry density is in a given area, the higher the risk of cross-contamination and cattle infection might be. The data concerned the 467 BSE cases born in France after the ban of meat and bone meal (July 1990) and detected between July 1st, 2001 and December 31, 2003, when the surveillance system was optimal and not spatially biased. The disease mapping models were elaborated with the Bayesian graphical modelling methods and based on a Poisson distribution with spatial smoothing (hierarchical approach) and covariates. The parameters were estimated by a Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation method. The main result was that the poultry density did not significantly influence the risk of BSE whereas the pig density was significantly associated with an increase in the risk of 2.4% per 10 000 pigs. The areas with a significant pig effect were located in regions with a high pig density as well as a high ratio of pigs to cattle. Despite the absence of a global effect of poultry density on the BSE risk, some areas had a significant poultry effect and the risk was better explained in some others when considering both pig and poultry densities. These findings were in agreement with the hypothesis of cross-contamination, which could take place at the feedstuff factory, during the shipment of food or on the farm. Further studies are needed to more precisely explore how the cross-contamination happened.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Plasmid diversity of multi-drug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from children with diarrhoea in a poultry-farming area in Kenya.

Biotin-labelled DNA probes and restriction-endonuclease digestion (RED) with HindIII were used to study the diversity of resistance plasmids (R-plasmids) from 414 Escherichia coli isolates: 168 from children living in close contact with antibiotic-fed poultry and 246 from the chickens. Full sensitivity to all 10 antimicrobials tested was more common in the isolates from poultry than in those from the children (36.2% v. 9.5%; P < 0.001). Multi-drug resistance, to at least two of the antimicrobials, was relatively common in the isolates from the children (85.5% v. 26.00%; P < 0.001). Overall, 31% of the poultry isolates were resistant to tetracycline alone. Resistance to amoxycillin was due to production of TEM-1 (89%) and TEM-2 (11%). In > 71% of the isolates from children and 79% of those from poultry, resistance was encoded on a 100-110-kb transferable plasmid belonging to incompatibility group FII. However, RED patterns of R-plasmids from the two groups of isolates were highly diverse and not indicative of any close relatedness. This difference in patterns and in the levels of multi-drug resistance indicate that the isolates from the children and those from the poultry represent two distinct pools of resistance plasmids.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2004

Clostridium perfringens in poultry: an emerging threat for animal and public health.

The incidence of Clostridium perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis in poultry has increased in countries that stopped using antibiotic growth promoters. Necrotic enteritis and the subclinical form of C. perfringens infection in poultry are caused by C. perfringens type A, producing the alpha toxin, and to a lesser extent type C, producing both alpha toxin and beta toxin. Some strains of C. perfringens type A produce an enterotoxin at the moment of sporulation and are responsible for foodborne disease in humans. The mechanisms of colonization of the avian small intestinal tract and the factors involved in toxin production are largely unknown. It is generally accepted, however, that predisposing factors are required for these bacteria to colonize and cause disease in poultry. The best known predisposing factor is mucosal damage, caused by coccidiosis. Diets with high levels of indigestible, water-soluble non-starch polysaccharides, known to increase the viscosity of the intestinal contents, also predispose to necrotic enteritis. Standardized models are being developed for the reproduction of colonization of poultry by C. perfringens and the C. perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis. One such model is a combined infection with Eimeria species and C. perfringens. Few tools and strategies are available for prevention and control of C. perfringens in poultry. Vaccination against the pathogen and the use of probiotic and prebiotic products has been suggested, but are not available for practical use in the field at the present time. The most cost-effective control will probably be achieved by balancing the composition of the feed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

A comparison of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis incidence rates in high- and low-poultry-density counties: Michigan 1992-1999.

To compare the incidence of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis in high- and low-poultry-density counties in Michigan between the years 1992 and 1999, an ecological study was conducted in the state of Michigan. A log-linear model was used to compare yearly, seasonal, age, and gender-specific incidence rates between county groupings. Counties with a high poultry density had a higher overall incidence of C. jejuni enteritis, particularly among children and young adults, compared with counties with low poultry density. The findings suggest that living in high-poultry-density counties is associated with higher odds for C. jejuni enteritis. This may be due to occupational exposure among poultry workers in these counties, but the findings in children suggest that indirect or environmental exposures may also play a role. Future studies should be conducted to investigate these issues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The impact of semi-scavenging poultry production on the consumption of animal source foods by women and girls in Bangladesh.

Semi-scavenging poultry production is a potential avenue for increasing poultry production and income, and improving the livelihoods of members of poor rural households. Since 1998, the Participatory Livestock Development Project (PLDP) has used this strategy to increase poultry production and household income in the northwest and north-central regions of Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the PLDP on the food and nutrient intakes of females in the PLDP-adopting households. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted using data for 35 women of reproductive age and 35 girls (5-12 y old) from both the PLDP-adopting and nonadopting households. Data was collected in 1999 on food consumption as well as poultry production, household socioeconomic status and food preferences, using quantitative and qualitative questionnaires. High-yielding parent poultry stock and egg production were significantly higher in the PLDP households (P < 0.001). Intakes of chicken and eggs were similar in both groups and negligible compared to other foods, especially rice, vegetables and fish. Fish intake was higher in the PLDP-adopting women (P < 0.08) and girls (P < 0.06) compared to their nonadopting counterparts. Women had a higher preference for small fish compared to other animal foods. The results of this study suggested that if a project such as the PLDP, which increases animal food production and income in rural Bangladesh, also aims to increase intakes of animal source foods in females, then the accessibility of small fish must be ensured.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Nutrient flows for poultry production in The Netherlands.

Government targets for ammonia emission and for N and P loss per hectare (ha) of agricultural land were used to assess carrying capacity for poultry production in The Netherlands with data from 1990. In addition, the effect of alternative management strategies on carrying capacity was determined. Ammonia emission from poultry production in 1990 [20.5 gigagrams (Gg) N] exceeded the target for 2000 (i.e., 6.9 Gg N). Targets defined for 2000 and 2010 (i.e., 4.6 Gg N) can be achieved, however, without reducing poultry numbers, assuming national introduction of measurements studied. Measures that reduced ammonia emission directly, i.e., introduction of low-emission housing or manure application techniques, were most effective. In 1990, N and P losses equalled 215 kg/ha for N and 31 kg/ha for P. The N loss was slightly lower than the target for 2000 (219 kg N/ha) but exceeded the target for 2010 (144 kg N/ha). Reduction of application of artificial N fertilizer, however, reduced N loss effectively from 215 to 22 kg/ha. National P loss in 1990 exceeded the target for 2000 (15.3 kg P/ha). Reduction of application of artificial P fertilizer reduced P loss most effectively from 31 to 14 kg/ha. To achieve the target for 2010 (8.7 kg P/ha), additional reduction in P excretion by poultry is required. This reduction can be achieved by use of phytase in layer and broiler feed and by use of a coarse Ca source in layer feed. Unlike pig production, carrying capacity for poultry production in The Netherlands is not limited by governmental targets for acidification, eutrophication, or drinking water contamination.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2000

The use of instructional technology in poultry science curricula in the United States and Canada: 1. Demographics of technology and software use.

This paper describes a study conducted in recognition of the increasingly widespread use of computers and the importance of exposure to instructional technologies in all aspects of poultry science curriculum. The study consisted of the distribution and analyses of two cross-sectional surveys to gather detailed information on the use of instructional technology (IT) in poultry science curricula in the US and Canada. One survey was sent to departments to obtain profiles of poultry science degree programs and the availability of IT and general support for its use. A second survey was designed to obtain individual profiles of faculty use of IT and attitudes toward the use of such technologies. Information presented in this paper includes basic demographics, estimates of survey validity, and a cross-section of instructional technologies used in poultry science education. The survey found that poultry science faculty reported higher levels of use for some instructional technologies than was expected from recent reports in the literature for higher education in general. Traditional technologies were widely used for instruction, but computers and the Internet were almost as popular. Reasons for the high levels of use may be due to an increasing user-friendliness of equipment and software applications, as well as the rapid acceptance over the past 2 yr of computers and Internet technologies among the general public. Involvement with IT projects appears to be changing from passive to active, consistent with faculty reports of high interest levels and active experimentation with technology and software.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Quality improvement of kosher chilled poultry.

Pathogens like Listeria monocytogenes are of great concern in the poultry industry. Poultry, which are subjected to the kosher slaughtering and koshering process, may introduce even higher risks than conventially slaughtered poultry due to the potential for microbial cross-contamination at several critical points in the koshering line, particularly in the chillers. The effect of Microgard (MIC) and Nisin (NIS) on reducing total microbial counts, inhibiting L. monocytogenes, and prolonging shelf life was evaluated. In this work we applied dips of poultry into solutions of NIS, active against Gram-positive bacteria, and MIC, which is a bacteriocin mixture that retards growth of Gram-negative bacteria, and a mixture of organic acids. These treatments inhibited both inoculated and naturally occurring L. monocytogenes on poultry, and increased shelf life, at 6 C, from 2 to 4 d (end of shelf life was considered when total aerobic counts reached 7 log cfu/g).

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2003

Effect of minerals on activity of microbial uricase to reduce ammonia volatilization in poultry manure.

Inhibition of microbial uricase in poultry manure is critical to reduce NH3 volatilization, because hydrolysis of uric acid by microbial uricase is the first step in the production of NH3 gas in poultry manure. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of minerals on uricase activity and NH3 volatilization from poultry manure. In Experiment 1, an in vitro enzyme assay was used to evaluate the effects of Zn, Cu, Mg, and Mn on the activity of microbial uricase. There were three treatments: uricase, uricase + minerals, and uricase preincubated with minerals. Uric acid concentration was measured at 293 nm with a spectrophotometer. The results indicated that Zn and Cu greatly blocked the activity of microbial uricase (>90% inhibition), whereas Mg and Mn were less inhibitory. Experiment 2 was designed to evaluate the effect of ZnSO4 on the growth of uric acid-utilizing microorganisms by an in vitro assay. There were three treatments: control, ZnSO4 (10 mM), and ZnSO4 (50 mM). The results indicated that ZnSO4 significantly reduced the number of uric acid-utilizing microorganisms compared to the control. In Experiment 3, an NH3-trapping system was used to evaluate the effect of different levels of ZnSO4 on NH3 volatilization and nitrogen retention in poultry manure. Poultry manure (300 g) was mixed with 0, 0.15, 0.3, 1.5, 3, or 6 g ZnSO4 to create manure concentrations of Zn at 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, or 2% (wt/wt), respectively. The 1 and 2% ZnSO4 treatments significantly increased manure uric acid and total nitrogen retention by reducing NH3 volatilization compared to the control during the 3-wk incubation.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2006

Animal genetic resources conservation in the Netherlands and Europe: poultry perspective.

Increased global use of highly productive breeds of farm animals has been coupled to loss of genetic diversity in most species. In European countries, various governmental, non-governmental, and private organizations try to preserve genetic diversity of livestock in situ (e.g., by stimulating the use of indigenous, rare breeds by farmers; in nature reserves; or in noncommercial farms). In the case of poultry, maintaining in situ populations of the noncommercial (fancy) breeds largely relies on hobby farmers. In addition to in situ conservation, gene banks are being established for ex situ conservation. In at least 2 countries, France and The Netherlands, there are limited collections of frozen semen of rare poultry breeds. Since 2003, the CGN has started with a more systematic effort to collect, freeze, and store semen of indigenous Dutch poultry breeds. At present, the CGN gene bank contains semen of 11 Dutch rare poultry breeds. Also, CGN has performed research on the methodology for cryopreservation of fowl semen. This recent work was focused on finding a suitable replacement for glycerol, which is contraceptive in the hen, as a cryoprotectant. For reasons of hygiene and sample identification, we favored straw freezing, as opposed to the highly effective pellet freezing method. A significant interaction was found between cooling rate and cryoprotectant concentration. Best post-thaw sperm quality was obtained when combining 0.6 mol of dimethylacetamide/L with a cooling rate of +/- 200 degrees C/min. Inseminations twice per week with 0.3 billion sperm per insemination resulted in 97 and 88% fertilized eggs with fresh and frozen semen, respectively. In 2005, CGN has used this straw freezing method to extend the collection of poultry semen in the Dutch gene bank.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Nutritional deprivation increases intracellular phosphate and polyphosphate in poultry litter microflora.

AIMS: To determine if mixed microflora from poultry litter accumulates phosphate when deprived of carbon and energy or nitrogen sources. METHODS AND RESULTS: Microbial enrichments from poultry litter capable of metabolizing ammonia, amino acids, and glucose were subjected to nutritional deprivation and the effects on intracellular phosphate levels were determined. Results indicate deprivation of glucose yields a 38 and 50% increase in intracellular phosphate and polyphosphate levels, respectively. Deprivation of nitrogen sources did not result in significant intracellular phosphate accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: Micro-organisms normally present in poultry litter respond to carbohydrate deprivation by accumulating intracellular phosphate. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Poultry litter typically contains significant levels of phosphate which contribute to environmental pollution when applied to land. Phosphate is highly mobile in soils and often drains into local watersheds following rain events. This study raises the possibility that poultry litter micro-organisms may have the capacity to sequester phosphate, which could delay or diminish phosphate run-off.

Adaptation, Physiological↗