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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Hypospadias: a critical analysis of cosmetic outcomes using photography.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the cosmetic outcome of hypospadias surgery using photography, rather than the classical assessment by reoperation rate secondary to fistula, diverticulum, stenosis and residual penile curvature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 181 consecutive patients with hypospadias who underwent surgery between 1997 and 1999. Distal hypospadias (47) was repaired using either the 'meatal advancement and glanuloplasty' or the glans approximation procedure. Proximal hypospadias (68) was repaired using the onlay island-flap technique with preservation of the urethral plate. Penile curvature when present was corrected by dorsal plication ( approximately 20%). Two patients with perineal hypospadias required a two-stage repair. Complex repeat repairs (36) were defined as those patients who had undergone previous surgery 1-7 times and required a new urethroplasty by a secondary onlay island-flap technique. The follow-up ranged from 6 months to 3 years. Photographs of the penis were taken before, immediately and 3-12 months after surgery; these were assessed to document objectively the cosmetic outcome. The final photographs were evaluated for overall appearance, a mucosal collar, the location and configuration of the meatus. The standard was to create a penis that would pass cosmetically as a normal circumcised penis. RESULTS: The patients who had chordee without hypospadias (15) and fistula repair (13) did not undergo glanuloplasty and therefore were not included in the final photographic analysis; this left 153 patients with follow-up photographs. There were five cases of urethral fistula (7%) and one of meatal stenosis (1%) in the proximal group, and three of fistula (8%) and two meatal stenosis (6%) in the complex group. The distal group had one complication (haematoma) and the two-stage group had no complications. Analysis of the photographs showed that most patients had the appearance of a normal circumcised penis. Not unexpectedly, the patients who had undergone previous surgery had the least satisfactory results (60% appearing normal) compared with the proximal and distal groups (76% and 82% appearing normal, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Hypospadias can be repaired safely with few complications in a single stage in most patients. Classical complications such as fistula and stenosis occur in < 10% of patients, including those undergoing complex revisions. Cosmetic outcomes are generally good and photography is an objective means to document the appearance.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed2003

A comparative evaluation of digital imaging, retinal photography and optometrist examination in screening for diabetic retinopathy.

AIMS: To compare the respective performances of digital retinal imaging, fundus photography and slit-lamp biomicroscopy performed by trained optometrists, in screening for diabetic retinopathy. To assess the potential contribution of automated digital image analysis to a screening programme. METHODS: A group of 586 patients recruited from a diabetic clinic underwent three or four mydriatic screening methods for retinal examination. The respective performances of digital imaging (n=586; graded manually), colour slides (n=586; graded manually), and slit-lamp examination by specially trained optometrists (n=485), were evaluated against a reference standard of slit-lamp biomicroscopy by ophthalmologists with a special interest in medical retina. The performance of automated grading of the digital images by computer was also assessed. RESULTS: Slit-lamp examination by optometrists for referable diabetic retinopathy achieved a sensitivity of 73% (52-88) and a specificity of 90% (87-93). Using two-field imaging, manual grading of red-free digital images achieved a sensitivity of 93% (82-98) and a specificity of 87% (84-90), and for colour slides, a sensitivity of 96% (87-100) and a specificity of 89% (86-91). Almost identical results were achieved for both methods with single macular field imaging. Digital imaging had a lower technical failure rate (4.4% of patients) than colour slide photography (11.9%). Applying an automated grading protocol to the digital images detected any retinopathy, with a sensitivity of 83% (77-89) and a specificity of 71% (66-75) and diabetic macular oedema with a sensitivity of 76% (53-92) and a specificity of 85% (82-88). CONCLUSIONS: Both manual grading methods produced similar results whether using a one- or two-field protocol. Technical failures rates, and hence need for recall, were lower with digital imaging. One-field grading of fundus photographs appeared to be as effective as two-field. The optometrists achieved the lowest sensitivities but reported no technical failures. Automated grading of retinal images can improve efficiency of resource utilization in diabetic retinopathy screening.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Image analysis and Sheimpflug photography of anterior segment of the eye--a review].

BACKGROUND: Light scattering properties of the cornea and lens change in relation to age. This process is influenced by noxious factors which may induce the formation of cataracts. Four different camera types based on the Scheimpflug principle have been developed for documentation and evaluation of light scattering in the eye. Topcon SL-45. Zeiss SLC, Oxford CASE 2000, Nidek EAS 1000. Only the SL-45 and EAS 1000, however, have found a wider application in clinical and experimental studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Documentation of the eye with a Scheimpflug system is performed in a dark room after mydriasis induction. The rotating axis of the camera is aligned to the optical axis of the eye with fixation devices. Four meridians have been found appropriate for routine documentation. Image analysis is based on peak height and distance evaluation of 2 layers in the cornea and 10 layers in the lens. Standardization devices allow correction of technical differences in the recording process. RESULTS: Evaluation of the ageing properties of the lens has evidenced typical density developments for each individual layer, the cortex increasing in density earlier than the nucleus. Cataract classification using a Scheimpflug camera provides an objective characterization of cataract type and progression. The outcome of surgical procedures changing the refractive power of the eye can be evaluated with a Scheimpflug camera as well. Its application in studies dealing with the ocular effects of Quinolones and HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors, has demonstrated that Scheimpflug photography is the method of choice for establishment of a safety profile for a new drug. CONCLUSIONS: Scheimpflug photography has proven to be ideal for objective documentation of the anterior eye segment in human and animal eyes, although both documentation and image analysis demand technical expertise to be reproducible.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Medical photography in orthopedics then and now--a historical overview].

An historical overview is given about the medical photography especially in orthopaedic surgery from the beginning until modern times. Orthopaedic surgeons early found out the advantage of this method for documentation of clinical cases. More and more photography was used from the end of the 19. century until now because of its remarkable advantages. In the last years three dimensional photographic measurement has established and is acknowledged to be useful in diagnosis and follow up of deformities, especially of scoliosis. Cinematographic methods for analysis of human movement are helpful tools for diagnosis and therapy of pathologic movement.

Europe↗
PubMed1983

[Clinical application of Scheimpflug photography in the anterior segment].

Scheimpflug photography gives increased depth of field, enabling a sharp optical section through the whole anterior segment of the eye to be obtained without leaving any structures out of focus. With the Topcon SL-45 the Scheimpflug optical section can be reproduced exactly. It is the method of choice for observing lens opacities. In addition, Scheimpflug photography offers an improved method of monitoring natural courses and/or the effects of treatment in, e.g., keratoconus, lenticonus, aphakia and pseudophakia.

Anterior Chamber↗
PubMed1999

Standardized photography in facial plastic surgery: pearls and pitfalls.

Photographic images in facial plastic surgery play a critical role in photodocumentation, patient education, preoperative planning, and self-education. Consistent, uniform, high-quality photography allows the best opportunity for critical self-assessment and self-education. The purpose of this article is to review important elements in the production of standardized, uniform photographs with a 35-mm camera or with a digital camera. Equipment, lighting and background, film selection, and a standardized photographic technique are detailed. Principles of intraoperative photography are also reviewed.

Face↗
PubMed2001

IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation and recovery monitored by time-lapse photography.

BACKGROUND: Mast cells are long-lived resident cells that are of great importance in an allergic reaction. It has previously been suggested that after IgE-mediated degranulation mast cells can undergo regranulation. Such a process is probably of great importance with respect to the severity and perpetuation of the allergic response. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to investigate whether mast cells recover from degranulation and whether they still have the potential to release a granule-associated mediator and upregulate certain cytokine genes. METHODS: Mouse mast cells were repeatedly activated by IgE and specific antigen with a 24-hour or 48-hour interval. During each of the 2 activation stages, release of beta-hexosaminidase was measured by means of enzymatic colorimetric analysis, and IL-13 and IL-6 mRNA was detected by ribonuclease protection assay. Both scanning electron microscopy and time-lapse photography were used to reveal the process of mast cell recovery. RESULTS: We found that re-activation of degranulated mast cells in response to high-affinity IgE-receptor cross-linkage triggers beta-hexosaminidase release and upregulation of IL-13 and IL-6 gene expression levels similar to what is seen in the initial activation. Scanning electron microscopy documented cells at various stages during the recovery process 30 minutes after the activation. With time-lapse photography, a single cell that had undergone degranulation could be visualized consecutively during its recovery process. CONCLUSION: Mast cells can recover after an IgE-mediated activation and can repeatedly release beta-hexosaminidase and express IL-6 and IL-13 mRNA after re-activation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Colours in black and white: the depiction of lightness and brightness in achromatic engravings before the invention of photography.

What is it like to see the world in black and white? In the pioneer days of cinema, when movies displayed grey worlds, was it true that no 'colours' were actually seen? Did every object seen in those projections appear grey in the same way? The answer is obviously no--people in those glorious days were seeing a world full of light, shadows, and objects in which colours were expressed in terms of lightness. But the marvels of grey worlds have not always been so richly displayed. Before the invention of photography, the depiction of scenes in black-and-white had to face some technical and perceptual challenges. We have studied the technical and perceptual constraints that XV-XVIII century engravers had to face in order to translate actual colours into shades of grey. An indeterminacy principle is considered, according to which artists had to prefer the representation of some object or scene features over others (for example brightness over lightness). The reasons for this lay between the kind of grey scale technically available and the kind of information used in the construction of 3-D scenes. With the invention of photography, photomechanical reproductions, and new printing solutions, artists had at their disposal a continuous grey scale that greatly reduces the constraints of the indeterminacy principle.

Art↗
PubMed2001

Maintaining standard scales of reproduction in patient photography using digital cameras.

The use of standard representational photography of patients and the control of the variables in that process, have long been the factor that separates the professional medical photographer from the DIY enthusiast. The published recommendations on how standard representational photography can be set up and maintained have been based on the use of 35-mm film cameras. The common use of digital cameras in departments of medical illustration have brought with them new problems, one of which is the variability of size of the CCD fitted to these cameras. As CCDs are, at the time of writing, smaller than the 35-mm frame size, established protocols need to be changed. This problem can be compounded if a department uses more than one type of camera, each with a different CCD. This paper sets out a method for calculating and calibrating the new scales of reproduction required for digital cameras.

Analog-Digital Conversion↗
PubMed2003

Applying quality management tools to medical photography services: a pilot project.

The Medical Photography Department at Peterborough Hospitals NHS Trust set up a pilot project to reduce the turnaround time of fundus fluorescein angiograms to the Ophthalmology Department. Quality management tools were used to analyse current photographic practices and develop more efficient methods of service delivery. The improved service to the Ophthalmology Department demonstrates the value of quality management in developing medical photography services at Peterborough Hospitals.

Ancillary Services, Hospital↗
PubMed2003

The design and construction of an interactive website concerning biomedical photography.

The purpose of this communication is to make readers aware of what the authors believe is an important online resource about medical and scientific photography for doctors, scientists and students. It is a website freely accessible and its URL is http://msp.rmit.edu.au. The site is designed as a resource base: it is not meant to be a 'course' but the reader will find much practical information about technique and applications of scientific imaging methods. The site is currently a comprehensive collection of resources relating to invisible radiation photography but there are plans to expand the site to a range of clinical recording topics, and other potential contributors are asked to join the project. It contains a vast collection of photographs from many photographers as well as graphs, diagrams, tables and references. This paper also discusses some of the important issues surrounding the 'publication' of such a site such as currency and access versus credibility; technological obsolescence, site design and usage.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2004

Modernizing medical photography, part 1.

Government, media and public focus on waiting times in the National Health Service in the United Kingdom has forced the organization to look closely at the process by which a patient progresses through an increasingly complex and ever changing system. In an effort to streamline the patient journey or care pathway, modernizers have turned to business and manufacturing for solutions. Whilst medical photographers need to recognize their role in this context, they are also facing major technological modernization through the development of digital photography. Part 1 of this paper looks at the origins of some of the techniques presently being used to modernize the patient journey. Part 2 shows how these tools of modernization can be utilized to harness the advantages of digital technology to provide a modern and appropriate medical photography service in a large, disparate teaching hospital.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Modernizing medical photography, part 2.

Part 1 of this paper explored the origins of process activity mapping, one of the major tools currently being used to modernize patient pathways in the National Health Service in Great Britain. Within medical photography the current notion of modernization is inextricably linked to the development of digital technology. Whilst the core principle of capturing light on a sensitive medium remains as clear and relevant as ever, the mechanisms by which the image is processed and presented to the client have changed profoundly. Part 2 shows how the principles of lean thinking and process activity mapping can be utilized to harness the advantages of digital technology to provide a modern and appropriate medical photography service in a large disparate teaching hospital.

Forecasting↗
PubMed2005

Standardization in clinical photography at Addenbrooke's Hospital.

Most, if not all, medical illustration departments in the UK provide medical photography as a principal service. The author believes that all work undertaken by qualified medical photographers must be of a uniformly high standard, and argues that departmental protocols exemplify the quality of work expected of staff, and help to ensure uniformity throughout a department. This paper outlines the procedure followed by staff within the Medical Photography Department at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge.

Clinical Protocols↗
PubMed1999

Operating theatre photography for personal injury cases.

Photography, including records taken in theatre, has an important role to play in the legal settlement of personal injury claims. Photographs taken immediately prior to an operation in the anaesthetic room or during the operation provide valuable evidence for civil litigation. The type of operations at which personal injury photographs should be taken range from emergency surgery and minor operations to exploratory or reparative surgery. The value of pre-operative photography is demonstrated in two examples of orthopaedic surgery for personal injury claims.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A randomized controlled trial using instant photography to diagnose and manage dermatology referrals.

BACKGROUND: Fifteen percent of GP consultations are for dermatological conditions; 4% of these are referred to a dermatologist. There are long waiting lists for dermatology appointments. This study examines the value of instant photography in managing dermatology referrals. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to compare outcomes of referral for dermatology appointments between patients whose referral letters do or do not include instant photograph(s). METHODS: Patients (136), referred to a dermatologist by GPs in two urban health centres, were randomly allocated to study and control groups. Instant photographs, taken by the GP, were included in the referral letters. Control group patients were given out-patient appointments in the usual way. The numbers of study group patients needing an appointment for diagnosis or management and with a changed diagnosis after face-to-face consultation were recorded. Waiting time from referral to appointment or management plan was recorded for both groups. RESULTS: For 63% of the study group (45/71), a diagnosis and a management plan were made without the patient requiring an appointment. This included 38% (27/71) who, after diagnosis and initial management, needed an appointment and 25% (18/71) who did not. The remainder of the study group (37%; 26/71) required a face-to-face consultation. The mean time for formulation of a management plan for patients without an appointment was 17 days (SD = 11); waiting times for appointments in study and control groups were similar (mean 55 days; SD = 40). CONCLUSIONS: Instant photography is helpful in managing dermatology referrals and offers the potential to reduce numbers requiring an out-patient appointment by 25%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Topographic analysis of the redox state of rat brain by NADH fluorescence photography of cross sections.

Two-dimensional changes of the redox level of NADH were measured by fluorescence photography with the aid of computer-processing in cross sections of rat brain that had been frozen in situ in liquid nitrogen. Structure-related heterogeneity was noted in the distribution of the redox level in normal brain of conscious rats. Using 2-deoxy-[14C]glucose autoradiography, the area showing relatively high NADH fluorescence was found to be the area of high glucose utilization. Quantitatively, however, the fluorescence intensity did not parallel the rate of glucose uptake. Increase of NADH fluorescence was observed specifically in the nucleus caudatus putamen and the thalamus when the rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital. Chemical determination of the NADH content was also performed simultaneously, and the results were consistent with those obtained by fluorescence photography.

Animals↗