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PubMed2002

The incremental validity of passive-aggressive personality symptoms rivals or exceeds that of other personality symptoms in suicidal outpatients.

We examined the incremental validity of passive-aggressive and other personality symptoms, by determining personality syndromes' ability to account for unique variance in distress and impairment as indexed by several Axis I-related symptoms. Two hundred fifty young adults, referred for suicidal behavior or ideation, completed the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (Millon, 1983) as well as several other symptom measures. The personality syndromes varied considerably in their ability to account for unique variance in Axis I-related symptoms. Several syndromes, including schizoid, schizotypal, and compulsive symptoms, showed relatively low incremental validity, whereas the incremental validity of passive-aggressive symptoms exceeded all others. The criterion of incremental validity represents an inclusive and persuasive means to evaluate personality disorder validity. On this criterion, passive-aggressive symptoms display high validity, and passive-aggressive personality disorder, in some form, may deserve inclusion on Axis II of future editions of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association).

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Differential diagnosis between borderline personality disorder and organic personality disorder following traumatic brain injury.

Organic personality disorder (OPD) is the traditional diagnostic category used to account for personality disturbances after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The recent use of Axis-II personality disorders, notably borderline personality disorder (BPD), has appeared in the TBI literature as an alternative to OPD. This would presumably offer a better description and understanding of the multiple clinical manifestations of these personality changes and disorders. This article offers a view that it is possible and fruitful to use both diagnoses in a complementary manner. An accurate recognition of the respective phenomenologies of both BPD and OPD is a key factor in achieving a differential diagnosis, including, if required, a dual diagnosis. The phenomenology of both conditions in reference to DSM-IV criteria is compared and illustrated through two clinical vignettes.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed2005

Temperament, personality, and developmental psychopathology as childhood antecedents of personality disorders.

To contribute to the case for a dimensional conceptualization of psychopathology in general and maladaptive personality or personality disorders in particular, the present paper reviews the evidence for a dimensional representation of childhood temperament and personality. The review of temperament and variable-centered as well as person-centered approaches to childhood personality leads us to propose five broadband dimensions that capture individual differences in children and adolescents: extraversion, emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness/intellect. Our analysis of the CBCL (Achenbach, 1991) and the DIPSI (currently under development at Ghent University), two dimensional models for childhood psychopathology, suggests two common broadband factors, internalizing and externalizing. The relations between the dimensional representation of childhood temperament/personality and psychopathology are documented with data from general population and clinical samples of children and adolescents. The article concludes with a proposal on how the higher-order dimensions emerging from studies of adaptive and maladaptive individual differences in childhood could be integrated in a common dimensional model.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Personality self-perceptions of male heart patients and their wives: issues of congruence and "coronary personality".

This study examines personality self-ratings of 283 married men who had recently experienced a first myocardial infarction and who previously had been free from major disease. Similar data were collected from their "non-cardiac" wives. Results indicated that several traits often identified as descriptive of "coronary-prone" personality had high mean ratings in both husband and wife populations. In addition, factor analysis revealed a similar pattern of factors in each group. However, inspection of correlations showed for individual items, men with so-called "coronary-prone" personality traits did not generally have wives with these traits. Husbands and wives tended to agree regarding each other's personality self-ratings. Implications of these husband-wife data are discussed in regard to questions on the role of "coronary-prone" personality in heart disease.

Female↗
PubMed2004

[Affective phases in dynamics of personality disorders (on a model of borderline personality disorder)].

Affective phases developing in personality disorder (index-sample--98 patients) were compared to those in cyclothymia (85 patients--control group). A preference of phase dynamics in the group of abnormalities relating to ICD-10 item "Borderline personality disorder" was confirmed. In line with a concept considering personality disorders as clinical syndromes, patients of the index-group have personality disorders with the signs of psychopathological diathesis determined by vulnerability to affective disorders. Affective phases are interpreted not only as an expression of a specific type of personality disorders dynamics but as an emergence of affective pathology, which is alternative to endogenous one both by modus of constitutional predisposition and clinical parameters (egosyntonic moderating of the phase, domination of negative affectivity in its structure, amphitymic duality of pathologically altered affect).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Living with a psychopathic personality: case history of a successful anti-social personality.

Anti-social personalities may be successful in life to a great extent. This is obscured by the tendency to study only those anti-social personalities who are imprisoned, in hospital, or undergoing therapy. We present a case history of Tom, a successful anti-social personality. He was 21 years old when the author lived with him for about 1 year. Tom used his skills to manipulate others and never went to prison nor was he ever ordered into therapy, although he did seek it out voluntarily for a brief period of time. Perhaps what kept him out of trouble with the law was that Tom stole only from friends and acquaintances, and not from strangers. He appeared to be an anti-social personality, but one who was fairly successful at it. Of course, the failure to develop non-manipulative close attachments to others means that the antisocial personality loses out by not having the kind of love, closeness, or stability of friendships that normal people can have.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Premorbid personality in patients with uni- and bipolar affective disorders and controls: assessment by the Biographical Personality Interview (BPI).

The relationship between premorbid personality and subtypes of affective disorder was investigated by means of the Biographical Personality Interview (BPI) and by a self-rating scale. Interviewer and rater (BPI) were blind to diagnosis. A total of 52 patients with unipolar depression or bipolar II disorder (D/Dm), 32 bipolar-I patients (DM) and 39 control subjects (C) were examined. Expert rating of "typus melancholicus" features (BPI) were found to be more pronounced in D/Dm than in DM and C. "Typus manicus" features were also distinguished between both clinical groups, whereas anxious-insecure features were not significantly different between the groups of patients. In contrast to the expert-rated personality variants, self-rating of personality features did not reveal any significant differences between the two clinical groups. Potential sources of the discrepancies between the questionnaire data and the interview data are discussed. It is concluded that premorbid features of "typus manicus" and "typus melancholicus" predicted, respectively, a predominant manic and a predominant depressive course of an affective disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

On the usefulness of measures of normal personality for clinical assessment: evidence of the incremental validity of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory.

As a means of examining the incremental validity of a normal personality measure in the prediction of selected Axis I and II diagnoses, 1,342 inpatient substance abusers completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory--2 (MMPI-2) and were assessed with structured clinical interviews to determine diagnostic status. Results demonstrated that scores from the NEO-PI-R (a) were substantially related to the majority of diagnoses, accounting for between 8% and 26% of the variance in the diagnostic criteria; (b) explained an additional 3% to 8% of the variability beyond 28 selected MMPI-2 scale scores; (c) increased diagnostic classification an additional 7% to 23% beyond MMPI-2 scale scores; and (d) were significantly more useful when examined at the facet trait level than at the domain trait level. Implications for incorporating measures of normal personality into clinical assessment batteries are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

How social was personality? The Allports' "connection" of social and personality psychology.

This paper investigates three conflicting reconstructions of the historical relationship between personality and social psychology and addresses questions they raise regarding the subdisciplinary status of personality in the 1920s and the way in which the field gradually emerged as a separate area of psychology. Contesting claims that Floyd Allport first connected social psychology to a separate "branch" of personality psychology in the 1920s, I argue that he drew upon earlier work of psychologists and sociologists who treated personality as a central topic of social psychology. I compare Floyd Allport's views with those of Gordon Allport, who endeavored to establish personality as a separate subdiscipline.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1993

Developing a systems approach to caring for persons with borderline personality disorder.

Most community mental health centers have not established a treatment approach for seriously ill persons with borderline personality disorder that is multi-focused, coordinated, comprehensive, and continuous. The authors propose that the systems approach to caring for persons with schizophrenia (Stein, Diamond, & Factor, 1990) be modified and tested for its efficacy in helping seriously ill persons with borderline personality disorder. The rationale for proposing this model of care and its underlying principles and clinical components is described in this paper.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1985

Perceptions of disability of persons with cerebral palsy, their close relatives and able bodied persons.

The insider-outsider view of disability is applied to the perception of problems associated with cerebral palsy. Twenty-five persons with cerebral palsy, 22 close relatives and 70 able bodied members of the public were asked to rate the severity of 48 problems likely to confront a cerebral palsied adult between the ages of 18 and 35 years. Results, analysed using the Kruskall-Wallis analysis of variance, provided support for predictions that persons with cerebral palsy would perceive problems as being less severe than would their relatives or able bodied persons. Two explanations are preferred for emerging differences: the greater optimism of the disabled sample can be interpreted as support for the 'insider' concept but could also reflect expectations and standards at variance with those of other groups sampled in the study. Qualified support was received for the third prediction that relatives would perceive problems as less severe than would able bodied persons. Relatives tended to emphasize problems associated with everyday management of the disability, restrictions in functioning and concern about the future, whilst 'outsiders' emphasized psychological problems and areas of personal interaction. The latter also seemed aware of their attitudes as a source of handicap for the disabled. It was concluded that greater interaction between disabled and able bodied people could bring into closer harmony their views of life with a disability. However evidence suggests that levels of contact between the two are still relatively low.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Differing reports of pain perception by different personalities in a patient with chronic pain and multiple personality disorder.

There have been several reports of patients with chronic pain (CP) and dissociative or multiple personality disorder (MPD). This report describes a patient with MPD in whom 4 different personalities reported different perceptions of pain. Psychological testing was used to confirm the diagnosis of MPD. Visual analogue scales (VAS) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) were used on each of the 4 personalities. Each personality completed pain drawings to indicate currently perceived pain and resulting disability, and had EMG recordings of muscle tension. These studies documented a difference in pain perception, location, and estimates of secondary functional impairment between different personalities in the same patient.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1994

Brief hospital treatment plans for persons with borderline personality disorder: perspectives of inpatient psychiatric nurses and community mental health center clinicians.

Despite growing recognition of the challenges inherent in helping persons with borderline personality disorder, systematic investigation of caring for this population in specific treatment situations is lacking. In this study, an innovative hospital treatment program for persons with borderline personality disorder was evaluated. Using an interpretive phenomenological approach, a team of researchers analyzed data from in-depth, individual interviews with inpatient psychiatric nurses and community mental health center clinicians (n = 13) and thereby identified a constitutive pattern, the paradoxes of helping. At a time when innovation in caring for persons with this disorder is sought, an examination of these paradoxes will help identify those practices to be abandoned, those to be extended, and those to be preserved.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Components of personal competence and community integration for persons with mental retardation in small residential programs.

This study identifies components of personal competence and community adjustment in a national sample of persons with mental retardation living in residential facilities of six or fewer residents. Factor analysis of 65 variables yielded an 8 principal component solution that accounted for approximately half the total variance in the observed variables (49%). The eight identified components of personal competence and community adjustment were labeled (1) Self Care and Functional Personal Living Skills, (2) Community Living Skills, (3) Home Living Skills, (4) Problem Behavior, (5) Community Training Goals and Objectives, (6) Recreation/Leisure Activity, (7) Family Contact/Relationships, and (8) Community Assimilation and Acceptance. The implications of reducing potentially hundreds of indicators of personal competence and community adjustment into relatively few broad internally consistent composite constructs are discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

Depressive personality: associations with DSM-III-R mood and personality disorders and negative and positive affectivity, 30-month stability, and prediction of course of Axis I depressive disorders.

The authors addressed 5 issues bearing on the validity of the construct of depressive personality disorder (DPD): its relationship with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) mood and personality disorders and normal personality dimensions of negative and positive affectivity, its stability over 30-months, and its impact on the course of Axis I depressive disorders. Two samples were used: 156 outpatients with mood disorders, personality disorders, or both, and 267 of their 1st-degree relatives. The association between DPD and dysthymia was fairly modest, whereas the associations with major depression and the personality disorders were quite low. DPD was moderately correlated with both negative and positive affectivity; however, it contributed unique information beyond that available from the 2 emotional superfactors. Finally, DPD was moderately stable over a 30-month period and was associated with a poorer course of depression.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Reliability of personality disorder symptoms and personality traits in substance-dependent inpatients.

The authors compared the internal consistency, 1-year temporal stability, and self-informant agreement of ratings of personality trait (NEO Five-Factor Inventory; NEO-FFI; P. T. Costa & R. R. McCrae, 1992) and personality disorder symptom severity (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders Questionnaire; SCID-II-Q; R. L. Spitzer, J. B. W. Williams, M. Gibbon, & M. First, 1990) in 131 substance-dependent inpatients. Internal consistency coefficients were acceptable to very good for most NEO-FFI and SCID-II-Q scales, and temporal stability correlations were significant for all measures. Agreement between patient and informant ratings was more modest. Substance abuse and depression symptom severity moderated the temporal stability and self-informant agreement of several personality trait and disorder ratings. The authors did not find that the five factors were more reliable than the Axis II symptoms. Issues related to the reliability of personality assessment in multiply diagnosed patients are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Influence of personal and universal failure on the subsequent performance of persons with type A and type B behavior patterns.

We conducted this experiment to compare the task performance of Type A and Type B persons following failure on a task in which no one succeeded (universal failure) versus failure on a task in which others had succeeded (personal failure). Postfailure performance was measured in terms of speed of completion of anagrams. Initial analyses indicated that the failure manipulation was effective in influencing the subjects' perceived cause of their failures, and that subjects were more anxious and depressed following personal failure than universal failure. More important, we found that Type A subjects performed better following personal rather than universal failure, whereas type of failure had no effect on the performance of Type B subjects. The results suggest that contrary to what is usually thought, Type A persons do not struggle for success indiscriminately. The results are discussed in terms of need for control and self-esteem.

Achievement↗
PubMed2004

Child personality and parental behavior as moderators of problem behavior: variable- and person-centered approaches.

Parenting x Child Personality interactions in predicting child externalizing and internalizing behavior were investigated in a variable-centered study and a person-centered study. The variable-centered study used data from a 3-year longitudinal study of 600 children 7 to 15 years old at Time 1 and 512 children 10 to 18 years old at Time 2. Parents rated child personality (five factor model), negative control, positive parenting, and child problem behavior, whereas children rated parental behavior. Hierarchical moderated regression analyses showed significant Parenting x Child Personality (benevolence and conscientiousness) interactions, principally for externalizing behavior. The interactions were largely replicable across informants and across time. The person-centered study, which classified participants into 3 types, showed that negative parental control was more related to externalizing behavior for undercontrollers than for resilients. Negative parental control enhanced internalizing behavior for overcontrollers.

Adolescent↗