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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Coronary endothelium expresses a pathologic gene pattern compared to aortic endothelium: correlation of asynchronous hemodynamics and pathology in vivo.

Coronary arteries are the most disease prone arteries in the circulation and are characterized by unique hemodynamic features, wherein wall shear stress (WSS) induced by blood flow and circumferential strain (CS) driven by pressure are highly out-of-phase temporally (asynchronous hemodynamics). To investigate whether there is a correlation between asynchronous hemodynamics and pathology in vivo, we examined endothelial cell (EC) gene expression and nuclear morphology in two distinct hemodynamic regions of male New Zealand rabbits: coronary arteries (left anterior descending artery cLAD), and aorta (aortic arch inner curvature, outer curvature, and straight descending aorta). En face imaging showed strong similarities in EC nuclear length:width ratio and angle of orientation in the cLAD and aorta. Real-time RT-PCR, however, showed that coronary arteries had significantly reduced (>5-fold) eNOS mRNA levels compared to all aortic regions, while ET-1 showed an opposite trend ( approximately 2.5-fold). Coronary arteries with characteristic asynchronous hemodynamics displayed pro-atherogenic eNOS and ET-1 gene expression profiles while the EC nuclei morphology did not differ from non-atherogenic regions in the aorta. This study demonstrates a correlation between asynchronous hemodynamics and pro-atherogenic gene expression patterns in vivo that is induced by hemodynamics inherent to the circulation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Pathological anatomy and molecular pathology.

The incidence of malignant mesotheliomas in Germany has increased since about the mid 1980s, and a further increase is expected until about 2020 due to the peak in asbestos processing in Germany between 1965 and 1980. About 90% of the mesotheliomas recorded in the files of the German Mesothelioma Registry in Bochum are asbestos-related and therefore possibly due to an occupational exposure. In 2003, 717 mesotheliomas were newly diagnosed at the German Mesothelioma Registry. Mesotheliomas are very heterogeneous in terms of histological appearances and of prognosis. At present, the diagnostic gold standard is conventional histology in combination with additional immunohistochemical analysis. We were not able to confirm a promising report that described telomerase reverse transcriptase catalytic subunit (TERT) for the differentiation between reactive and neoplastic mesothelial lesions, which can be extremely difficult. DNA cytometric analysis may also help differentiate between reactive and neoplastic mesothelial lesions. There are some characteristic patterns of chromosomal imbalances as detectable by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), but at present, specific chromosomal or genetic defects that give rise to a mesothelioma are not known. A reliable pathological diagnosis is the basis for therapeutic, prognostic, and medicolegal consequences. In general, it can be achieved by thoracoscopic inspection with specifically directed biopsy. Furthermore, a description of the peculiarities of each mesothelioma by the pathologist might be the key to a more individual therapy in the future.

Asbestos↗
PubMed2002

Physiologic and pathologic myocardial hypertrophy--physiologic and pathologic regression of hypertrophy?

Hypertrophy of the left ventricle is an adaptive phenomenon of ambiguous biological value. It enables improvement of the heart performance without substantial enhancement of energetic demands. On the other hand, pathologic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is characterized by increased fibrosis, diminished coronary flow reserve and protein remodeling, resulting in increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Achievement of LVH regression is thus considered a principal therapeutic aim. However, the reversal of LVH is a very complex process in which both hemodynamic and non-hemodynamic alterations participate. Reversal of LVH does not mean the re-expression of the original genotype and normalization of myocardial structure and function. It does not guarantee that the heart will be normal in all aspects. Regression of hypertrophy induced by different therapeutic means may exhibit different properties and patterns, with variable biological implications. Physiologic growth stimulators seem to induce LVH without prognostically undesirable alterations. It is a challenge to determine which approach to treatment of hemodynamic overload and concomitant LVH is optimal.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Mechanisms of calpain proteolysis following traumatic brain injury: implications for pathology and therapy: implications for pathology and therapy: a review and update.

Much recent research has focused on the pathological significance of calcium accumulation in the central nervous system (CNS) following cerebral ischemia, spinal cord injury (SCI), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Disturbances in neuronal calcium homeostasis may result in the activation of several calcium-sensitive enzymes, including lipases, kinases, phosphatases, and proteases. One potential pathogenic event in a number of acute CNS insults, including TBI, is the activation of the calpains, calcium-activated intracellular proteases. This article reviews new evidence indicating that overactivation of calpains plays a major role in the neurodegenerative cascade following TBI in vivo. Further, this article presents an overview from in vivo and in vitro models of CNS injuries suggesting that administration of calpain inhibitors during the initial 24-h period following injury can attenuate injury-induced derangements of neuronal structure and function. Lastly, this review addresses the potential contribution of other proteases to neuronal damage following TBI.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The significance of cortical pathology in progressive supranuclear palsy. Clinico-pathological data in 10 cases.

Several observations suggest that the cortical lesions of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) play a role in the clinical symptoms and signs of the disease, although direct evidence for this is lacking. We addressed the significance of these lesions in a series of 10 cases of definite PSP. Tau positive cortical lesions were constant, and the mean density of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) was highest in the precentral and angular gyri. Their cortical distribution was singular: they were mainly located in the deepest cortical layers, affecting small as well as large neurons. They were weakly and rarely labelled with anti-ubiquitin antibodies. The tau metabolism impairment appeared more diffuse than previously thought, since neuropil threads, tau positive astrocytic tangles and oligodendroglial inclusions were also seen in the cortex and the subcortical structures. A factorial analysis of NFT density in cortex and subcortex isolated two factors, cortical and subcortical, both linked to the pedunculopontine nucleus. This suggests a prominent role of this nucleus in the spread of the lesions. A pathological subgroup exhibited mild lesions in the pedunculopontine nucleus, which were always associated with mild cortical density of NFTs. In this subgroup, the clinical data were unusual: absence of oculomotor palsy and axial rigidity in one case, of dementia in another, and presence of tremor at rest in the third case. The presence of cortical NFTs could be related to the selective involvement of cortical pathways perhaps connected with the pedunculopontine nucleus.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

The effects of multiple administrations of sevoflurane to cynomolgus monkeys: clinical pathologic, hematologic, and pathologic study.

The effect of multiple administrations of sevoflurane was evaluated by several measures of toxicity. Cynomolgus monkeys assigned to a control group and three treatment groups were anesthetized with sevoflurane at 1.0, 1.6, and 2.0 times the minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) for 3 h/day, 3 days/wk for 8 wk. Reductions in total erythrocyte and leukocyte counts and increases in serum enzymes were the only changes noted. The increases in the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatinine kinase (CK), occurred at Week 1 at all three concentrations of sevoflurane. These increases were dose-related, and returned to baseline by Week 2 for 1.0 MAC. All serum enzyme concentrations had returned to baseline by the end of the study. There were no gross pathologic, histopathologic, or ultrastructural differences found in any of the four groups of monkeys. At 2.0 MAC, three deaths occurred. The multiple administrations of 1.0 and 1.6 MAC sevoflurane anesthesia were well tolerated by the monkeys. The techniques of this study did not detect adverse effects from the above enzyme changes.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1996

Histopathologic study of coexistent pathologic states in pancreatic fibrosis in patients with chronic alcohol abuse: two distinct pathologic fibrosis entities with different mechanisms.

The distribution and clinicopathologic features of pancreatic fibrosis were studied histopathologically in 137 autopsy cases of chronic alcohol abuse. Fibrosis was observed in 90 of the cases and was classified as perilobular sclerosis (PS) and intralobular sclerosis (IS). Fibrosis of the PS type was irregular and sometimes patchy and extended into the intralobular area in advanced cases. In some advanced cases, complete replacement of the pancreatic tissue by extensive fibrosis was seen. Fibrosis of the IS type was uniformly distributed. The tissues in some cases showed prominently periacinar fibrosis. In these cases, the pancreatic parenchyma had not been completely replaced by extensive fibrosis. Clinicopathologic comparisons revealed the following results: accompanying liver cirrhosis was greater in the IS than in the PS of fibrosis. However, a higher frequency of protein plugs, pancreatic stones, extensive fibrosis replacement, peripancreatic fibrosis, splenic vein involvement, choledochus involvement, pseudocyst, and ductal hyperplasia was found in the PS type compared to the IS type. In conclusion, the findings on the perilobular and intralobular distribution of fibrosis and differences in various components or accompanying diseases in pancreatic fibrosis suggest that this entity shows two distinct pathologic patterns with differing mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Pathologic findings in pathologic myopia.

A retrospective study was conducted of 308 eyes with pathologic myopia obtained from 202 patients (23 surgical eyes; 285 post mortem eyes) over a 67-year period. Histopathologic findings and percentage of eyes affected, in decreasing order of frequency, were myopic configuration of the optic nerve head, 37.7%; posterior staphyloma, 35.4%; degenerative changes of the vitreous, 35.1%; cobblestone degeneration, 14.3%; myopic degeneration of the retina, 11.4%; retinal detachment, 11.4%; retinal pits, holes, or tears, 8.1%; subretinal neovascularization, 5.2%; lattice degeneration, 4.9%; Fuchs spot, 3.2%; and lacquer cracks, 0.6%. The reasons for enucleation in the surgically obtained eyes included, in decreasing order of frequency: degeneration after retinal detachment; secondary glaucoma; endophthalmitis; postsurgical epithelial ingrowth; expulsive hemorrhage; degeneration after cataract extraction; and presumed intraocular tumor. Clinicopathologic correlations are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A statistical analysis of computerized pathologic autopsy data in Japan from 1974 through 1993. The Information Management Committee of the Japanese Society of Pathology.

A computerized nationwide autopsy database was analyzed to assess the main pathologic diagnoses and primary sites of malignancies in Japan from 1974 to 1993. The data contained more than 689,000 cases, which corresponds to about 5.0% of deaths in Japan during that time. Cases were analyzed in four 5-year periods. The distribution of the diseases and tumor primary sites for age and sex was listed. The histologic types of pulmonary and gastric malignancies and the frequencies of primary sites in brain metastases were used as examples.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Eosinophilic gastritis. Radiologic-pathologic correlation (RPC) from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP).

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis may involve the gastrointestinal tract locally ofr diffusely. When localized to the stomach, the preferred terminology is "eosinophilic gastritis". Pathologically, this entity is characterized by a high eosinophil count (which closely follows the symptomatology) and diffuse infiltration of the antral wall by eosinophils. Typical roentgenographic manifestations include gastric antral rigidity, thickened folds, and mucosal nodules. The differential diagnosis is discussed. Correct diagnosis is vital because of the benign nature of the disease and good response to conservative therapy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

From the archives of the AFIP. Paragangliomas of the head and neck: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

Paragangliomas of the head and neck are ubiquitous in their distribution, originating from the paraganglia or glomus cells within the carotid body, vagal nerve, middle ear, jugular foramen, and numerous other locations. The typical patient is middle-aged and presents late in the course of the disease, with a painless slow-growing mass. Clinical manifestations include hoarseness of voice, lower cranial nerve palsies, pulsatile tinnitus, and other neuro-otologic symptoms. The overall prognosis of patients with a cervical paraganglioma is favorable, whereas its temporal bone counterpart often results in recurrence, residual tumor, and neurovascular compromise when in the advanced stage. Pathologic examination reveals a characteristic biphenotypic cell line, composed of chief cells and sustentacular cells with a peripheral fibrovascular stromal layer that are organized into a whorled pattern ("zellballen"). Imaging hallmarks of paragangliomas of the head and neck include an enhancing soft-tissue mass in the carotid space, jugular foramen, or tympanic cavity at computed tomography; a salt-and-pepper appearance at standard spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging; and an intense blush at angiography. Imaging studies depict the location and extent of tumor involvement, help determine the surgical approach, and help predict operative morbidity and mortality. Surgical treatment is definitive. Radiation treatment is included as a palliative adjunct for the exceptional paraganglioma not amenable to surgery.

Angiography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

From the archives of the AFIP. Infiltrative renal lesions: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

Most renal masses exhibit an expansile growth pattern characterized by radial tumor enlargement that displaces normal renal parenchyma and forms spherical, often exophytic, lesions. These expansile masses have pushing margins that impress adjacent normal renal parenchyma but do not infiltrate it; this behavior results in a well-defined, encapsulated appearance at both radiologic and gross pathologic examination. In contrast, certain disease processes involve the kidney in an infiltrative fashion by using the normal renal architecture as scaffolding for interstitial growth. These infiltrative renal lesions lack a sharp border of demarcation with the normal parenchyma and therefore demonstrate ill-defined zones of transition between the lesion and normal parenchyma. Although infiltrative lesions frequently enlarge the kidney, its reniform shape is usually maintained. Cross-sectional imaging can often help distinguish infiltrative from expansile growth patterns through analysis of the parenchymal interface between the process and the kidney, the effect of the lesion on the collecting system and renal sinus, and the overall renal morphology. A wide variety of neoplastic and inflammatory conditions characteristically involve the kidney by cellular infiltration. Although considerable overlap of the imaging features exists among the various infiltrative processes, the correct diagnosis may be suspected when the clinical data and associated radiologic findings are considered together.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1980

Traumatic splenic cyst: radiologic-pathologic correlation from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

Traumatic splenic cyst is one of many diagnostic choices when a mass is found in the left upper quadrant. In the appropriate clinical setting, demonstration of an intrasplenic, unilocular, avascular, homogeneous, fluid-filled mass with a smooth, sharply marginated wall should suggest a splenic cyst. On pathological examination, an epithelial lining implies a developmental origin. More commonly, no such lining is found and old trauma is assumed to be the etiology.

Cysts↗
PubMed1988

Clinico-pathologic studies in dementia: nondemented subjects with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease.

We compared neuropsychological findings in 28 longitudinally evaluated elderly subjects with their postmortem neuropathology, including senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle counts from standardized sections. Nine of the subjects were not demented when evaluated just prior to their death. Numerous cortical senile plaques and other changes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) occurred in six of nine nondemented old-old subjects. Five of these six subjects had shown decline on yearly neuropsychological tests but their cognitive impairment was too mild to meet clinical criteria for dementia. Whereas cortical senile plaque count did not distinguish well between demented and nondemented subjects, every subject with numerous cortical neurofibrillary tangles was demented. The nondemented subjects with Alzheimer pathology may have had "preclinical" AD, or numerous cortical plaques may occur in some elderly subjects who would never develop clinical dementia.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

[A clinico-pathological study of primary carcinoma in situ of the upper urinary tract: urinary cytology and pathological study of cases reported in Japan, including our three cases, by mapping].

We herein report three cases of primary carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the upper urinary tract. The significance of urinary cytology and pathological study by means of mapping of isolated specimens was investigated in cases reported in Japan, including our cases. 1. The most common clinical symptom of CIS of the upper urinary tract was hematuria. Particularly, gross hematuria showed a high incidence. 2. In cases of CIS involving the ureter, hydronephrosis frequently resulted from ureteral stenosis and obstruction. 3. Urinary cytology was a useful diagnostic examination, in particular, the cytology of catheterized urine or washings increased the diagnostic accuracy. It appeared that for definite diagnosis, positive urinary cytology should be obtained repeatedly. 4. The mapping analysis of isolated specimens revealed that it was characterized that CIS was multiple and coexistent with dysplasia. 5. Total nephroureterectomy is the treatment of first choice. An investigation of the distribution of CIS and dysplasia by mapping and grading of CIS seemed to be useful for following up the postoperative course.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Controversies and uncertainties concerning the pathologic features and pathologic diagnosis of asbestosis.

Asbestos is a fibrous silicate mineral that has been known for decades to cause pulmonary scarring, referred to as asbestosis. The simplest definition of asbestosis is the presence of pulmonary fibrosis as a result of accumulation of airborne asbestos in the lungs. Not infrequently, the terms "asbestos" and "asbestosis" are used incorrectly (interchangeably) by medical personnel, and sometimes pleural fibrosis caused by asbestos is incorrectly referred to as asbestosis. The earliest lesion of asbestosis, as defined by the CAP-NIOSH Committee is peribronchiolar fibrosis, although controversy exists as to how specific this lesion is with respect to causation by asbestos, and whether this lesion progresses to grade 4 asbestosis. In addition, some authorities in the field suggest that the term "asbestosis" be used only for diffuse interstitial fibrosis. The mechanism by which asbestos causes interstitial fibrosis remains poorly understood, and in recent years, pathologic changes such as organizing pneumonitis-bronchiolitis obliterans, and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, have been described in persons occupationally exposed to asbestos, suggesting that the pulmonary lesions caused by asbestos represent a wider spectrum than had previously been appreciated. By defining areas of uncertainty, medical science will eventually clarify areas of disagreement concerning asbestosis which will eventually lead to a better understanding of this disease.

Asbestos↗
PubMed2006

[Melancholy between medicine and religion: from a pathology of religious behaviour to a pathological practice of religion].

By proposing in 1621 to create the completely separate category of religious melancholy, Burton inaugurated the medicalisation of religious controversy which developed considerably after the English Civil Wars. While religious melancholy was a useful critical and polemical weapon for all the defenders of Anglican orthodoxy trying to present fanatics (enthusiasts) and atheists as sick people suffering from a humoural imbalance, it finally came in the early 18th century to designate a certain way of practising religion or alternatively the behaviour of those who devoted their lives to religion. The present article examines this transition from a medical interpretation of nonconformist religious behaviour to the identification of a pathological practice of religion.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed2006

Differences in esophageal corpus motility in patients with pathological and non-pathological gastroesophageal reflux.

BACKGROUND: First- and second-order esophageal contractions are important factors responsible for esophageal clearance of refluxed gastric content. The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of acid reflux on second-order esophageal peristalsis. MATERIAL/METHODS: Simultaneous 24-h esophageal pH-metry and 24-h motility monitoring was performed in 213 patients with non-cardiac chest pain. Pathological gastroesophageal acid reflux (pGER) was defined as pH <4 for more than 4.5% of the total monitoring time. RESULTS: The group of pGER patients (n=65, 31%) had a lower percentage of complete and effective peristalsis, a higher percentage of incomplete peristalsis, and a lower mean contraction amplitude than the group of patients with normal esophageal acid exposure (nGER). Analysis of motility parameters in three periods, i.e. during acid reflux and 2 min before and 10 min after episodes (second-order peristalsis), showed that the pGER group had a lower percentage of effective peristalsis (20.6 +/- 13.3 vs. 29.6 +/- 16.2%, p = 0.002) and a higher percentage of ineffective peristalsis both during and after acid reflux, a lower mean contraction amplitude (56.5 +/- 30.3 vs. 70.0 +/- 32.8 mmHg, p=0.025), and a lower contraction frequency during acid reflux (1.6 +/- 0.7 vs. 2.6 +/- 3.1/min, p=0.001) and 10 min after (1.9 +/- 1.9 vs. 20.6 +/- 30.2/min, p=0.002), which indicated a lack of esophageal peristalsis acceleration after acid reflux in the pGER group. CONCLUSIONS: (1) pGER patients had ineffective esophageal peristalsis more frequently than nGER patients. (2) Impaired second-order peristalsis in pGER patients may be an important factor determining prolonged exposure of the esophageal mucosa to gastric content in addition to lower esophageal sphincter function.

Adult↗