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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Chromosome painting: a useful art.

Chromosome 'painting' refers to the hybridization of fluorescently labeled chromosome-specific, composite probe pools to cytological preparations. Chromosome painting allows the visualization of individual chromosomes in metaphase or interphase cells and the identification of both numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations in human pathology with high sensitivity and specificity. In addition to human chromosome-specific probe pools, painting probes have become available for an increasing range of different species. They can be applied to cross-species comparisons as well as to the study of chromosomal rearrangements in animal models of human diseases. The simultaneous hybridization of multiple chromosome painting probes, each tagged with a specific fluorochrome or fluorochrome combination, has resulted in the differential color display of human (and mouse) chromosomes, i.e. color karyotyping. In this review, we will summarize recent developments of multicolor chromosome painting, describe applications in basic chromosome research and cytogenetic diagnostics, and discuss limitations and future directions.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

High-pressure paint-gun injury of the finger simulating giant cell tumor of tendon sheath.

High-pressure paint guns deliver paint at approximately 3000 pounds per square inch. At this pressure, paint will penetrate the skin and spread quickly through fascial planes and tendon sheaths. The present case is that of a lesion from the finger of a 35-year-old white male in whom a history was initially unavailable. Histologic examination revealed diffuse fibrohistiocytic proliferation and giant cells, with numerous darkly pigmented, uniformly small-sized particles throughout the lesion. The initial impression was that of a giant cell tumor of tendon sheath. However, the pigment particles were negative for Perls stain, and polariscopic examination revealed clear refractile fragments. These findings raised the possibility that the lesion was the result of a traumatic event. On further inquiry, it was revealed that the patient had sustained a high-pressure paint-gun injury 1 year earlier. The simulation, histopathologically, of a giant cell tumor of tendon sheath by a high-pressure paint-gun injury has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously, nor has the histologic finding of small, uniformly sized pigment particles and polarizable refractile fragments in this particular type of injury.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A canine X chromosome painting probe applied to four canid species: close relationship of a heterochromatic-like sequence between the dog and the blue fox.

Microdissection of chromosomes is an invaluable tool to physically isolate single chromosomes, chromosome-arms or chromosome-bands and, subsequently generate painting probes with which numerical or structural aberrations of chromosomes can be studied. In addition, such painting probes can be used to compare karyotypic relationships among mammalian species. For the present study a canine whole X chromosome painting probe was prepared by means of conventional microdissection and degenerate-oligonucleotide-primed PCR. The application of this paint to the chromosomes of the domestic dog, red fox, blue fox and Chinese raccoon dog revealed hybridization to the entire X chromosome and the pseudo-autosomal region of the Y chromosome in all four species analysed. In the blue fox the same paint revealed additional strong hybridization signals on the heterochromatic arms after low-stringent posthybridization washes. The present study indicates the existence of an ancient canid heterochromatic-like DNA sequence, which survived in the proximal part of the X chromosome of all species studied and, in addition, was involved in the formation of heterochromatic arms in the blue fox.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Respiratory effects of exposure of shipyard workers to epoxy paints.

Epoxy resin systems have been associated with occupational asthma in several case reports, but medical publications contain little on the potential adverse respiratory effects of these chemicals in exposed worker populations. To further evaluate the association of workplace exposure to epoxy paints and respiratory dysfunction, the cross workshift changes in pulmonary function and symptoms of 32 shipyard painters exposed to epoxy paints were compared with 28 shipyard painters not exposed to epoxy paints. The prevalence of lower respiratory tract symptoms was significantly higher among painters exposed to epoxy paints compared with controls. Among exposed painters the mean cross workshift change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (-3.4%) was greater than the decrement in the non-exposed group (-1.4%). A significant linear relation was seen between % decrement in FEV1 and hours of exposure to epoxy paints. This study suggests that epoxy resin coatings as used by shipyard painters are associated with increased lower respiratory tract symptoms and acute decrements in FEV1. Adequate respiratory protection and medical surveillance programmes should be established in workplaces where exposure to epoxy resin systems occurs.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Toxic reaction to inhaled paint fumes.

An acute confusional state was observed to follow heavy exposure to polyurethane gloss paint fumes in a previously healthy 60 year old man. This state remitted over a 3-day period, but was followed by transient bone marrow suppression and evidence of liver cell damage. The corroborated absence of other toxins and the temporal association of exposure to paint fumes suggest that a volatile paint component was responsible. White spirit is the major volatile solvent in polyurethane gloss paint. Ingestion of related aliphatic hydrocarbons has been reported to cause nausea, drowsiness and hepatotoxicity, but these symptoms have not previously been documented following excessive inadvertent inhalation of paint fumes.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1984

Tail painting technique as an aid to oestrus detection in cattle.

The value of heat detection by tail painting was assessed by simultaneous visual observation and regular plasma progesterone assay in grazing animals; 88.1 per cent of all heats were accompanied by a positive tail paint record and 30.1 per cent of positive tail paint records occurred in dioestrous animals. Conception rates to the first insemination were 57.6 per cent and 57.9 per cent for heifers and cows, respectively. Of seven animals which showed behavioural oestrus but had intact tail paint, three conceived following insemination. These results suggest that tail paint may be a useful aid in heat detection.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Complete homology maps of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and human by reciprocal chromosome painting.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to construct a homology map to analyse the extent of evolutionary conservation of chromosome segments between human and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus, 2n = 44). Chromosome-specific probes were established by bivariate fluorescence activated flow sorting followed by degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR (DOP-PCR). Painting of rabbit probes to human chromosomes and vice versa allowed a detailed analysis of the homology between these species. All rabbit chromosome paints, except for the Y paint, hybridized to human chromosomes. All human chromosome paints, except for the Y paint, hybridized to rabbit chromosomes. The results obtained revealed extensive genome conservation between the two species. Rabbit chromosomes 12, 19 and X were found to be completely homologous to human chromosomes 6, 17 and X, respectively. All other human chromosomes were homologous to two or sometimes three rabbit chromosomes. Many conserved chromosome segments found previously in other mammals (e.g. cat, pig, cattle, Indian muntjac) were also found to be conserved in rabbit chromosomes.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Dog chromosome-specific paints reveal evolutionary inter- and intrachromosomal rearrangements in the American mink and human.

Forty chromosome-specific paint probes of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris, 2n = 78) were used to delineate conserved segments on metaphase chromosomes of the American mink (Mustela vison, 2n = 30) by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Half of the 38 canine autosomal probes each painted one pair of homologous segments in a diploid mink metaphase, whereas the other 19 dog probes each painted from two to five pairs of discrete segments. In total, 38 canine autosomal paints highlighted 71 pairs of conserved segments in the mink. These painting results allow us to establish a complete comparative chromosome map between the American mink and domestic dog. This map demonstrates that extensive chromosome rearrangements differentiate the karyotypes of the dog and American mink. The 38 dog autosomes could be reconstructed from the 14 autosomes of the American mink through at least 47 fissions, 25 chromosome fusions, and six inversions. Furthermore, comparison of the current dog/mink map with the published human/dog map discloses 23 cryptic intrachromosomal rearrangements in 10 regions of conserved synteny in the human and American mink genomes and thus further refined the human/mink comparative genome map.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Lead poisoning from paint--still a potential problem.

Regulations were introduced in the UK in the 1970s to limit the lead content of paints. This has greatly reduced the number of children poisoned by ingesting leaded paint. However, it is argued that old paintwork is still a lead poisoning hazard in some older UK properties. Paint collected from a children's nursery classroom in a London school included samples with lead concentrations exceeding suggested safety levels. Lead poisoning from paint is a problem which should not be forgotten in the UK, and may be a more serious problem in countries with less stringent lead in paint regulations.

Child↗
PubMed2003

The high cost of improper removal of lead-based paint from housing: a case report.

The costs of lead-based paint hazard control in housing are well documented, but the costs of cleanup after improper, inherently dangerous, methods of removing lead-based paint are not. In this article we report a case of childhood lead poisoning and document the costs of decontamination after uncontained power sanding was used to remove paint down to bare wood from approximately 3,000 ft(2) of exterior siding on a large, well-maintained 75-year-old house in a middle-income neighborhood. After the uncontrolled removal of lead-based paint, interior dust lead levels ranged from 390 to 27,600 micro g Pb/ft(2) (on floors and windowsills) and bare soil lead levels ranged from 360 ppm in the yard to 3,900 ppm along the foundation to 130,000 ppm in the child's play area, well above applicable U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards. The hard costs of decontamination were over $195,000, which greatly exceeds the incremental cost of incorporating lead-safe work practices into repainting. This case report highlights the need to incorporate lead-safe work practices into routine repainting, remodeling, and other renovation and maintenance jobs that may disturb lead-based paint.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2005

Forensic analysis of architectural finishes using fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, part II: white paint.

White household paints are commonly encountered as evidence in the forensic laboratory but they often cannot be readily distinguished by color alone so Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microscopy is used since it can sometimes discriminate between paints prepared with different organic resins. Here we report the first comparative study of FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy for forensic analysis of white paint. Both techniques allowed the 51 white paint samples in the study to be classified by inspection as either belonging to distinct groups or as unique samples. FT-IR gave five groups and four unique samples; Raman gave seven groups and six unique samples. The basis for this discrimination was the type of resin and/or inorganic pigments/extenders present. Although this allowed approximately half of the white paints to be distinguished by inspection, the other half were all based on a similar resin and did not contain the distinctive modifiers/pigments and extenders that allowed the other samples to be identified. The experimental uncertainty in the relative band intensities measured using FT-IR was similar to the variation within this large group, so no further discrimination was possible. However, the variation in the Raman spectra was larger than the uncertainty, which allowed the large group to be divided into three subgroups and four distinct spectra, based on relative band intensities. The combination of increased discrimination and higher sample throughput means that the Raman method is superior to FT-IR for samples of this type.

Architecture↗
PubMed1999

Insecticidal paint and fumigant canisters for Chagas' disease control: community acceptance in Honduras.

This study assessed public acceptance for two new vectorial control techniques for Chagas' disease: insecticidal paint and fumigant canisters. The study compared the two with traditional fenitrothion insecticide spraying. An experimental field study was performed in an endemic area of central Honduras from August to November 1992, a year after the initial application of the treatments. The objectives of the study were to determine the acceptability of the tools on the part of the population whose homes were treated, and on the part of the personnel applying the treatments. The sample size was drawn up according to a uniform protocol applied in six Latin American countries. For this study a total of 651 persons were surveyed in 15 rural communities. Along with the surveys, focus groups were used to collect information to learn the reasons for accepting or rejecting particular treatments. The survey was done with heads of households. Focus groups were done with heads of households and also with the field operators who applied the treatments. The research showed that insecticidal paint had a low level of community acceptance (28.8%). Field operators strongly disliked the paint because of problems with its transport, application, unpleasant smell, and very low effectiveness against triatomines and pest insects. The traditional insecticide was more acceptable to the community (93.9%) and to the field operators, especially for its strong effect against the triatomines and pest insects. The results showed that in order to increase the public acceptance for insecticidal paint, it would be necessary to make the paint easier to transport and apply and to increase its effectiveness. Because of their very low effectiveness, fumigant canisters did not represent an acceptable alternative for triatomine vector control. A public educational effort should be a component of any new control method developed.

Chagas Disease↗
PubMed2002

Suitability of FISH painting techniques for the detection of partial-body irradiations for biological dosimetry.

Peripheral blood was irradiated with 2, 3, 4 or 5 Gy of X rays and was mixed with nonirradiated blood at five different dilutions to simulate partial-body irradiations. Analysis by FISH was performed using whole-chromosome painting probes for chromosomes 1, 4 and 11 in combination with a pancentromeric probe. Chromosome aberrations affecting the painted fraction were classified according to the PAINT nomenclature; other unstable aberrations affecting the unpainted material were also recorded. To evaluate the suitability of painting for dose assessment in partial-body irradiations, the ability of the u test and a proposed s test to detect the expected overdispersion and the similarity between the real doses and the doses estimated using Dolphin's approach were considered. For short-term biodosimetry, compared with solid-stained dicentric analyses, the suitability of FISH painting techniques for the detection of partial-body exposures is reduced, because of the decrease in the frequency of aberrations detected by FISH and in the number of cells with two or more aberrations. For reconstruction of past doses, when only complete apparently simple translocations in cells free of unstable aberrations were considered, the detection of the overdispersion and the accuracy of dose estimations were dramatically reduced. In a partial-body exposure, as the original dose increased, the whole-body dose estimated a long time after irradiation would tend to be lower, and the difference from the original dose would tend to be greater.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Residential lead-based-paint hazard remediation and soil lead abatement: their impact among children with mildly elevated blood lead levels.

OBJECTIVES: This prospective study describes the impact of residential lead-based-paint hazard remediations on children with mildly elevated blood lead levels. METHODS: Changes in blood lead levels were observed following paint hazard remediation alone and in combination with soil abatement. RESULTS: After adjustment for the confounding variables paint hazard remediation alone was associated with a blood lead increase of 6.5 micrograms/dL (P = 0.5), and paint hazard remediation combined with soil abatement was associated with an increase of 0.9 microgram/dL (P = 36). CONCLUSIONS: Lead-based-paint hazard remediation as performed in this study, is not an effective secondary prevention strategy among children with mildly elevated blood lead levels.

Boston↗
PubMed1999

Breathing zone particle size and lead concentration from sanding operations to remove lead based paints.

The relationship between lead concentration in the dry film of lead based paints applied to steel bulkheads aboard ship, the lead concentration found in the air when the paint is removed by mechanical means, and blood lead concentrations of workers involved in lead based paint removal has not been well characterized. Intuitively a direct relationship must exist but confounding factors confuse the issue. Simultaneous sampling procedures from the same paint removal operation may differ by several orders of magnitude. The process from dried film to aerosol (airborne dust) exposure, and on to dose can be separated into two major phases; (1) generation of the dust and its transport through the air to the worker and (2) uptake and dose related factors within the body. Both phases involve complex interactions and there are a number of factors within each phase that significantly affect the potential lead dose for the worker. This study attempts to clarify the mechanisms involved in the generation and transportation of the dust to the worker by evaluating the relationship of a number of key factors on particle size and lead distribution within the aerosol dust generated when lead based paint is removed by sanding. The study examined the relationship between particle size in the dust and grit size of the abrasive. It also examined the distribution of lead within selected particle sizes. The Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD) was used as an indicator of change in the particle size distribution. Particle size distributions were evaluated using a TSI Aerodynamic Particle Sizer, a five stage cyclone and scanning electron microscopy. Lead distribution was determined using the five stage cyclone, and personal or area samples analyzed using inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Mass concentrations were evaluated using a MIE Mass Concentration Analyzer and gravimetric analysis of filter samples collected in the breathing zone. Student's t-tests were used to evaluate changes in MMADs, mass concentrations and other indices for inter and intra-grit size samples. Correlation coefficients (Pearson's r) were used to determine the relationship between factors. Findings of the research indicated that the particle size distribution in the dust is directly related to the grit size of the abrasive (i.e. inversely related to the abrasive grit number). Particulate mass concentrations of dust varied directly with abrasive grit number. The distribution of lead did not appear to be affected by grit size of the abrasive in that the lead distribution within the particle size ranges remained homogeneous and consistent with the lead concentration in the dried film. Mass concentrations of lead in air samples varied directly with lead concentration in the bulk coating. Results of this project, coordinated with deposition modeling and bioavailability studies will be useful in the development of a model to characterize lead dose to workers based on known parameters within the work specifications.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1998

Mortality and cancer incidence among Swedish paint industry workers with long-term exposure to organic solvents.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this update on a cohort of male paint industry workers was to determine whether an excess of mortality and incidence of lymphatic and hematopoietic tumors, particularly multiple myeloma, still exists, and, if so, to determine if it is due to exposures occurring before the mid-1950s, when benzene disappeared as a solvent in the Swedish paint industry. METHODS: The cohort of 411 men who had worked in the Swedish paint industry and had been exposed to organic solvents for at least 5 years during 1955-1975 was followed from 1961 to 1994 for causes of death in the mortality register and from 1961 to 1992 for cases of cancer in the Swedish cancer register. RESULTS: The number of paint industry workers who had died, plus the number of deaths in the major disease groups and the number of cancers reported to the cancer registry, was close to the expected. The incidence of prostatic cancer increased somewhat [standardized incidence ratio (SIR) 1.5, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.0-2.2]. Among the workers first employed in 1956 or earlier, there was an increase in both the incidence and mortality from all lymphatic and hematopoietic tumors [SIR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0-2.2; standardized mortality ratio (SMR) 2.0, 95% CI 0.7-4.4]. The excess was particularly marked for multiple myeloma (SIR 3.8, 95% CI 0.8-11; SMR 4.4, 95% CI 0.9-13). CONCLUSIONS: Employment in the Swedish paint industry before 1957 may have entailed some excess risk of lymphatic and hematopoietic tumors, particularly multiple myeloma. A significant excess of prostatic cancer was not linked to any particular employment period and deserves further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Pyrolysis-gas chromatographic analysis of black paints.

Samples of 79 black paints from 27 manufacturers in the United States were examined to determine the extent to which paints can be distinguished by pyrolysis-gas chromatography. Evaluation by a Carbowax column showed some differences among paints from different manufacturers and among batches of paints from the same manufacturer. However, it was not possible to conclude that paints with identical chromatograms had a common origin.

Automobiles↗
PubMed2006

Toxic solvents in car paints increase the risk of hearing loss associated with occupational exposure to moderate noise intensity.

Solvents in car paints are a recognised source of occupational toxicity. In particular, they can cause DNA damage and occupational rhinobronchitis. However, little is known about their toxic effect in noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in humans. In this study, a 160 pure tone audiometric test was performed in workers in two independent factories to investigate whether toxic solvents in car paints can result in noise-induced hearing loss in workers exposed to moderate noise levels of less than 85 decibels (dB). It is shown that toxic solvents in car paints increase the risk associated with moderate noise exposure of less than 85 dB, with levels of NIHL being similar to those in workers exposed only to loud noises between 92.5 dB and 107 dB. Tinnitus and spells of dizziness were associated symptoms in all workers with NIHL, and asthma was an associated disease in workers with NIHL exposed to car paints and moderate noises simultaneously. These results may indicate that toxic solvents in car paints act in synergism with moderate noise exposure, damaging the cochlear hair cells. The results also constitute firm grounds for monitoring the hearing of these workers and adherence to strict regulations about wearing special gowns and filtered masks during working hours to protect against this preventable occupational disease.

Adult↗