Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Ownership”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Germplasm Ownership: Related Corn Inbreds.

Corn (Zea mays L.) germplasm ownership methods are unwieldy and limit progress. Agronomic performance in hybrids better identifies inbreds for distinctness, i.e., independent varieties (IVs) or for dependency, i.e. essentially derived varieties (EDVs) than do molecular methods alone. Our objectives were to assess hybrid agronomic performance of some popular, closely related inbreds on the basis of molecular methods, and to offer thoughts on developing inbreds and on germplasm ownership. Significant agronomic differences were detected between the following: two hybrids in the same genetic group on the basis of 21 isozymic loci; two closely related inbreds (B73 and LH119) with 88.6% (62/70) RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) similarity; and two closely related inbreds (Mo17 and LH51) with 88.2% (60/68) RFLP similarity. We suggest raising dependency standards for patenting inbreds to 90% or more, allowing the right to use and also paying a small royalty for only 5 yr on EDVs to the owner of the IV, and maintaining a research exemption to provide elite inbreds for developing new inbreds and experimental hybrids to all breeders. This will help maintain genetic gain for corn grain yield and serve the common good.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Domestic dog ownership in Iran is a risk factor for human infection with Leishmania infantum.

One explanation proposed for the widespread failure to control zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis by culling infected domestic dogs is that wild canids or humans play significant roles in transmission. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of domestic dogs as the reservoir hosts of visceral leishmaniasis in northwest Iran. A random sample of 3,872 children and 199 dogs in 38 villages was surveyed by the direct agglutination test. Dog ownership details among these households were collected by questionnaire. Parasites isolated from 16 patients and 12 dogs were characterized as Leishmania infantum MON-1. Average seroprevalence in dogs (21.6%) was much higher than in children (7%). Child seropositivity increased significantly with village dog density in absolute terms (P < 0.001) and in relation to dog/human ratios (P = 0.028). Dog ownership within villages also was a significant risk factor for child seropositivity (P = 0.003).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perceived goal ownership, regulatory goal cognition, and health behavior change.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the links among perceived goal ownership, regulatory goal cognition, and health behavior change. METHODS: A sample of 390 college students completed measures of (a) perceived goal ownership for a goal related to a health behavior that they, their dating partner, or both were seeking to change, (b) 9 aspects of regulatory goal cognition, and (c) health behavior change. RESULTS: As compared to participants with self-set and joint-set goals, participants with partner-set goals reported less adaptive regulatory goal cognition and were less likely to report positive changes in health behavior. CONCLUSION: Efforts to change dating partner's health behaviors should be framed as joint-set goals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Impact of pet ownership on elderly Australians' use of medical services: an analysis using Medicare data.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether pet ownership by elderly people is associated with lower use of health services. DESIGN: Survey of physical and mental health, and retrospective 12-month review of Medicare records of the number of general practitioner and specialist services. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Elderly people living in Canberra (Australian Capital Territory) and Queanbeyan (New South Wales), surveyed in 1994 for the second stage of a larger longitudinal study. RESULTS: Elderly pet owners did not differ from non-owners on any of the physical or mental health measures or in use of health services. CONCLUSION: Given the high use of health services by older people, our findings suggest that the claim that pet ownership leads to savings in health services should be viewed with caution.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Nonprofit ownership and quality in Medicaid's longterm care program for persons with developmental disabilities.

To assess ownership-related differences in the Intermediate Care Facility Program for persons with Mental Retardation (ICF/MR) Industry, this article analyzes a nationally representative sample of data on Medicaid certified facilities from the Health Care Financing Administration On-line Survey and Certification Reporting System. This study found that nonprofit providers provided a higher level of quality than for-profit facilities when organizational size and facility-mix were controlled. The size and case-mix composition of these facilities were also influenced by nonprofit ownership type. Nonprofit providers offered smaller facilities, on average, and were more likely to enroll heavy case-mix residents than their for-profit counterparts.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii and cat ownership in Nova Scotia.

In this survey, 998 children and adolescents between 7 months and 17 years of age who attended a hospital diagnostic center in the city of Halifax, Nova Scotia, for routine evaluation were tested for Toxoplasma gondii antibody. The 5.2% prevalence rate of antibody for children living in the outlying rural areas was significantly higher than the 1.1% rate among the urban children (P = .0006). Seroprevalence increased with age for both rural and urban children. Cat ownership was associated with antibodies to Toxoplasma among rural children but not urban children. Rural children who lived in a house with more than one cat were two times more likely to be infected than children who had one cat and three times more likely to be infected than children with no cats. The geometric mean titer was also significantly higher among the rural children with more than one cat, 1:152, than rural children with one or no cats, 1:63 (P = .02). In light of these findings for children and adolescents, the association of Toxoplasma infection with cat ownership needs to be thoroughly evaluated among pregnant women in rural areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Gun ownership and counseling of Alabama pediatricians.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the personal behavior of primary care pediatricians in Alabama with respect to a gun control policy. The American Academy of Pediatrics supports removal of handguns from homes, safe gun storage in homes with guns, and counseling patients about gun safety practices. DESIGN: Survey. SETTING: Primary care pediatricians. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Population-based sample. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The proportion of pediatricians who were gun and handgun owners was examined. In addition, the safety behaviors and counseling practices reported by pediatricians were examined. RESULTS: The response rate for pediatricians was 67%. Fifty percent of pediatricians reported owning a gun. Thirty-four percent of pediatricians had a handgun in their household. Eleven percent of pediatricians had unsafe gun practices, where unsafe was defined as having a loaded gun in the home or car at least some of the time. The most common reason for owning a handgun or having a loaded gun in the home or car was personal protection. Only a third (33%) of pediatricians routinely counseled their patients about gun safety. Long gun owners were less likely to counsel patients about bike helmet safety and were less likely to use car seats and bike helmets for their own children. CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of Alabama pediatricians are gun owners, but most store weapons safely. Although long gun owners were less likely to use car seats or bike helmets and less likely to counsel patients regarding bike helmet use, no effect of gun ownership on counseling about gun safety was identified.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Does the profit motive make Jack nimble? Ownership form and the evolution of the US hospital industry.

We examine the evolving structure of the US hospital industry since 1970, focusing on how ownership form influences entry and exit behavior. We develop theoretical predictions based on the model of Lakdawalla and Philipson, in which for-profit and not-for-profit hospitals differ regarding their objectives and costs of capital. The model predicts for-profits would be quicker to enter and exit than not-for-profits in response to changing market conditions. We test this hypothesis using data for all US hospitals from 1984 to 2000. Examining annual and regional entry and exit rates, for-profit hospitals consistently have higher entry and exit rates than not-for-profits. Econometric modeling of entry and exit rates yields similar patterns. Estimates of an ordered probit model of entry indicate that entry is more responsive to demand changes for for-profit than not-for-profit hospitals. Estimates of a discrete hazard model for exit similarly indicate that negative demand shifts increase the probability of exit more for for-profits than not-for-profits. Finally, membership in a hospital chain significantly decreases the probability of exit for for-profits, but not not-for-profits.

Efficiency, Organizational↗
PubMed2006

The consumer welfare implications of the hospital ownership mix in the US: an exploratory study.

This paper offers an empirical test concerning how hospital ownership mix affects consumer welfare in the US. The test compares the market benefits and costs resulting from an increased presence of nonprofit hospitals by observing empirically how the nonprofit market share impacts hospital care utilization at the margin. The empirical results suggest that too many not-for-profit and public hospitals exist in the inpatient care segment of the typical hospital services industry of the US. In contrast, the empirical findings indicate that too many for-profit hospitals operate in the outpatient care portion of the hospital services industry. The policy implication is that more quality of care per dollar might be obtained by promoting increased for-profit activity to inpatient care and more nonprofit activity to outpatient care in some market areas. This conclusion, however, is tempered with several caveats. We discuss these and also make recommendations for further research.

Efficiency, Organizational↗
PubMed2005

The impact of donkey ownership on the livelihoods of female peri-urban dwellers in Ethiopia.

This paper is based on an impact assessment of a donkey provision programme in Ethiopia. The work was carried out in 2001 as part of a DFID Livestock Production Programme project 'Use and management of donkeys by poor societies in peri-urban areas in Ethiopia'. In order to establish whether donkey ownership was a cause or an effect of improved livelihoods, an investigation was carried out that compared non-donkey-owning households with households that had owned no donkey until they were given one by a local NGO. Indicators that poor people use to express their well-being, wealth and health status (components of their livelihoods) were identified and used to compare communities. Guidelines were prepared for project managers for carrying out livelihood indicator identification and impact assessment. The results showed that the informants used a range of indicators to assess their livelihoods. A selection of these were investigated in depth, including number of children per household attending school, number of people per household earning an income, type and quantity of staple foods bought, and ability to save. A trend was identified that demonstrated that donkey owners' livelihoods were improved compared to non-donkey owners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Maternal request CS--role of hospital teaching status and for-profit ownership.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether hospitals' for-profit (FP) ownership and non-teaching status are associated with greater likelihood of maternal request cesarean (CS) relative to public and not-for-profit (NFP) and teaching status, respectively. METHOD: Retrospective, cross-sectional, population-based study of Taiwan's National Health Insurance claims data, covering all 739,531 vaginal delivery-eligible singleton deliveries during 1997-2000, using multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Adjusted for maternal age and geographic location, FP district hospitals (almost all non-teaching), followed by ob/gyn clinics were significantly more likely to perform request CS (OR=3.5-2.3) than public and NFP teaching hospitals. Among non-teaching and teaching hospitals, FPs were more likely to perform request CS than public and NFP hospitals (OR=2.3 and 2.5, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are consistent with greater propensity of physicians in FP institutions to accommodate patient requests involving revenue-maximizing procedures such as request CS. This effect is moderated by teaching hospitals' preference for complicated cases, consistent with their teaching mission and hi-tech infrastructure.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Association of hospital ownership with patient transfers to outpatient care under a prospective payment system in Taiwan.

Case payment, a prospective payment system akin to diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) has in-built incentives for hospitals to transfer inpatients to their own ambulatory care units following early discharge. This study used nation-wide inpatient claims data on a total of 100,730 patients treated in 2000 in (Taiwan): cesarean section (59,364 cases), femoral/inguinal hernia operation (18,675 cases), and hemorrhoidectomy (22,691 cases), all reimbursed by case payment, to explore the relationship between hospital ownership and patient transfers to outpatient treatment. For all three diagnoses, for-profit (FP) hospitals not only had lower lengths of stay (LOS) compared to public hospitals, but also showed very high odds of patient transfer to their own outpatient units, after controlling for institutional variables, (hospital level, teaching status, and geographic location), hospital competitive environment (the Herfindal-Hirschman index), and patient variables (gender, age, length of stay, and number of secondary diagnoses, a proxy for severity of illness). Similar, though slightly lower odds were observed with not-for-profit (NFP) hospitals relative to public hospitals. The findings support the property rights theory, suggesting that in Taiwan, institutional profit maximization motives may be driving patient transfers under the case payment diagnoses, rather than medical care needs. In NFP hospitals, their physician compensation mechanism, driven largely by care volumes provided by each physician, appears to be driving the disproportionately greater likelihood of patient transfer to outpatient care.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The Norwegian hospital reform of 2002: central government takes over ownership of public hospitals.

Starting in January 2002, the majority of the Norwegian Parliament transferred the ownership of all public hospitals from the county governments to the central state. This round of reforms represents the most recent attempt by the central government to resolve major problems in the Norwegian health care system. In this paper, we describe these reforms and the problems they are intended to remedy. We also indicate further proposals that we believe need to be accomplished to ensure that the reforms become successful. The main lesson to be learned from the Norwegian experiment is that central government involvement in local and county government decision-making can lead to ambiguous responsibilities and a lack of transparency. This appears to be particularly the case when central government involvement implies shared responsibilities for the financing of particular services.

Health Care Reform↗
PubMed2002

Asymmetric information, ownership and quality of care: an empirical analysis of nursing homes.

Theoretically, when asymmetric information exists, nonprofit organizations, due to the attenuation of the property right, provide better quality of service than do the for-profits. Despite extensive theoretical examination of the behavior of nonprofits, there has been very little empirical testing of the plausibility of these theories. This article addresses the effect of ownership type on the quality of service in the nursing home industry, an environment particularly conducive to identifying the existence of asymmetric information. The study shows that the differences between for-profit and nonprofit homes do become manifest when asymmetric information is present.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

The orthodontic practice ownership transition.

Any orthodontist contemplating a transfer of ownership interests would be well served ensuring that the decision-making process is handled objectively and analytically and that appropriate advice is acquired before entering into an arrangement. Boiler plate agreements and rules of thumb do not work any more effectively than developing a single diagnosis and treatment plan for all patients.

Economics, Dental↗
PubMed1990

What do mortality studies reveal about hospital volume, teaching status, and ownership?

Numerous recent studies use risk-adjusted patient mortality rates to measure hospital performance, focusing on such hospital characteristics as volume of patients, teaching status, and ownership. This article summarizes the empirical findings of these studies, critiques their methods and models, and offers recommendations for overcoming several obstacles to meaningful correlation of patient outcomes and provider performance.

Health Services Research↗
PubMed2002

Ownership of human tissue and the law.

Genetic researchers and medical practitioners often need to obtain access to stored human tissue without consent from the people concerned. But the laws that relate to the ownership of, and control over, stored human tissue are at present unclear, especially in the light of recent cases and inquiries. Here, I discuss how the law might be clarified, and argue that the law should allow stored human tissue to be used without consent, providing that this occurs with ethical approval and that the confidentiality of the donor is protected.

Autopsy↗
PubMed2003

Data storage and DNA banking for biomedical research: informed consent, confidentiality, quality issues, ownership, return of benefits. A professional perspective.

The purpose of this paper is to formulate a professional and scientific view on the social, ethical, and legal issues that impact on data storage and DNA banking practices for biomedical research in Europe. Many aspects have been considered, such as the requirements for data storage and DNA banking in the public and private sectors in Europe and the issues relating to DNA banking, that is to say the consent requirements for the banking and further uses of DNA samples, their control and ownership, and the return of benefit derived from DNA exploitation to the community. The methods comprise primarily the review of the existing professional guidelines, legal frameworks and other documents related to the data storage and DNA banking practices in public and private sectors in Europe. Then, the issues related to DNA banking were examined during an international workshop organized by the European Society of Human Genetics Public and Professional Policy Committee in Paris, France, 07-08, April, 2000. A total of 50 experts from 12 European countries attended this workshop. It came out that DNA banking for medical and research purposes is indispensable. It facilitates the constitution of large collections, sharing of samples, multiple testing on the same samples, and repeating testing over the years. However, banking organization is complex, requires multiple actors, and concerns are expressed in various countries. International standardization of ethical requirements and policies with regard to DNA banking has been recommended. Such standardization would facilitate a greater protection of individuals as well as future international cooperation in biomedical research.

Biomedical Research↗