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PubMedDate not supplied

Diphenylamine, an antihyperglycemic agent from onion and tea.

Diphenylamine has been isolated as one of the active antihyperglycemic agents of onion. It was identified by ir, uv, cmr, pmr, and mass spectra. It attained the highest percentage in mature onion bulbs; other onion organs contained diphenylamine in lower percentages. Green and black teas were found to contain relatively high percentages of diphenylamine, being higher in the former. Cooking was found to decrease the diphenylamine content.

Aniline Compounds↗

PubMed1996

Consumption of onions and a reduced risk of stomach carcinoma.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Results from case-control studies and laboratory tests indicate that consumption of allium vegetables may considerably reduce the risk of stomach cancer. The association between onion and leek consumption, garlic supplement use, and the incidence of stomach carcinoma was studied. METHODS: The association was investigated in the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer, which started in 1986 with 120,852 men and women ranging in age from 55 to 69 years. Dietary data were available for 139 stomach carcinoma cases diagnosed during 3.3 years of follow-up and for 3123 subjects of the randomly selected subcohort. RESULTS: The rate ratio for stomach carcinoma in the highest onion consumption category (> or = 0.5 onions/day) was 0.50 (95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.95) compared with the lowest category (0 onions/day) after adjustment for other risk factors. The reduction in risk was restricted to carcinoma in the noncardia part of the stomach (P = 0.002) and was also found among subjects without a history of stomach disorders (P = 0.01). The consumption of leeks and the use of garlic supplements were not associated with stomach carcinoma risk. CONCLUSIONS: The Netherlands Cohort Study provides evidence for a strong inverse association between onion consumption and stomach carcinoma incidence.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Carbon onions: carriers of the 217.5 nm interstellar absorption feature.

Ultraviolet-visible absorption measurements of high purity and well separated carbon onion samples are reported. The results show that, after purification, absorption features from carbon onions match well with the interstellar UV spectrum. The measurements show that the absorption peak position remains constant at 4.55+/-0.1 microm(-1), and the width varies from 1.2-1.6 microm(-1), a key feature of the interstellar spectrum. The similarities between the experimental and observed absorption spectra indicate that carbon onions are very strong candidates for the origin of the UV interstellar absorption peak at 4.6 microm(-1).

Journal Article↗

PubMed1976

Production of guard cell protoplasts from onion and tobacco.

Guard cell protoplasts (GCP) from young cotyledons of onion and tobacco were isolated in culture microchambers where optimal isolating and culture conditions could be determined in situ. The digestion course was quantified by following under polarized light the loss of.retardation of the birefringent cellulose of the guard cells. The assay showed that driselase has a 5-fold higher cellulytic activity than cellulysin. Driselase is, however, harmful to the GCP. Calcofluor staining was less adequate for establishing digestion courses because it increases sharply after exposing guard cells to cellulysin.Osmotic conditions were crucial for GCP survival. Onion guard cells fragment in the presence of strong plasmolyticum (>0.45 m) indicating cytoplasmic connections between neighboring guard cells and/or cytoplasmic attachments to the wall. Tobacco guard cells plasmolyzed with 0.7 m mannitol revealed several areas of strong attachment to the wall which resulted in severe damage to the cells. Healthy tobacco GCP are obtained by an initial digestion with 4% (w/v) cellulysin in 0.23 m mannitol for 2 to 3 hours followed by an increase in the osmoticum to 0.7 m to stabilize the forming protoplasts.Onion GCP were obtained by digesting paradermal slices with 4% (w/v) cellulysin in 0.23 m mannitol. Protoplasts can be osmotically released by replacing the enzyme solution with 0.23 m mannitol at early stages of digestion. They are also available after prolonged digestion (6-12 hours). Paradermal slices also yield mesophyll and epidermal cell protoplasts but they can be selectively washed away if a pure preparation of GCP is desired. Onion GCP have been kept alive in a simple culture solution for up to 10 days.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1983

Metabolic effects of onion and green beans on diabetic patients.

A comparative study, using a crossover design, was carried out on 260-well controlled diabetic out- patients to investigate the metabolic effects of the A (50% cal carbohydrate, 30% cal fat, and 20% cal protein) and the B-diets (Study I), since the adherence of diabetic patients to the A-diet is very poor, and uncontrolled diabetes ensues. In Indonesian rural areas traditional medicines are still widely preserved; onion and green beans represent two of the frequent ones. Being faced with such facts, two separate randomized crossover studies were performed on 20 cooperative diabetic outpatients each; paired t-test was used for statistical analysis. Half of the patients were assigned to the B-diet (68% cal carbohydrate, 20% cal fat, 12% cal protein) plus 3 X 20 g fresh onion per day (Study II), or plus 3 X 200 g green beans per day (Study III) in the first week, and the B-diet only in the second week; the other half was assigned the other way around. Well and poorly controlled diabetics were used as experimental patients of Study II and Study III, respectively. Study I demonstrated that the B-diet showed potent hypocholesterolemic effect (31.75 mg%, p less than 0.001), maintained diabetic state, and did not raise the fasting serum triglyceride level. Study II resulted in significant decrease in blood sugar level (4.37 mg%, p less than 0.05) in the onion treated group, however, no blood lipid levels-changes occurred during both diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cholesterol↗

PubMed1999

[A case of adult cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) accompanying typical hypertrophic neuropathy with marked onion-bulb formation].

We report a case of adult cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). His illness started with minimally unsteady gait and slight difficulty in speaking at age 43; then mental deterioration progressed rapidly within two years, which was the characteristic clinical feature of this case. He had not shown any signs and symptoms of spastic paraparesis and adrenal dysfunction. Sural nerve biopsy revealed marked demyelination and moderate loss of nerve fibers, showing typical hypertrophic neuropathy with marked onion-bulb formation, while trilaminar inclusions considered as pathognomonic to X-ALD were not detected in our case. Although onion-bulb formation has sometimes been referred to in the peripheral nerve specimens from X-ALD patients, such a remarkable onion-bulb formation as seen in this case is extremely rare. It suggests that severe destruction of myelin in the peripheral nerve have persisted for a fairly long period without drawing any attention from medical staff.

Adrenoleukodystrophy↗

PubMed1992

Susceptibility to onion-induced hemolysis in dogs with hereditary high erythrocyte reduced glutathione and potassium concentrations.

The hemolytic effect of onion consumption in dogs with hereditary high erythrocyte reduced glutathione and potassium concentrations (designated HK dogs) was compared with that in clinically normal dogs. Twelve hours after oral administration of boiled onions (200 g/dog), hemoglobin concentration decreased to 84.4% of the initial value in HK dogs; it decreased only to 90.5% in clinically normal dogs. At 24 hours, methemoglobin concentration was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in HK dogs than in clinically normal dogs. The concentration of erythrocyte oxidized glutathione increased about fivefold at 10 hours in HK dogs, whereas it did not change during the experimental period in clinically normal dogs. In addition, at 12 hours, the proportion of erythrocytes containing Heinz bodies increased to 24.4% in HK dogs, but increased only to 1.2% in clinically normal dogs. Thus, results indicated that HK dogs were more susceptible to the oxidant action of onions than were clinically normal dogs.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2006

[Cold tolerance and wintering cultivation effect of different Welsh onion varieties].

With Welsh onion Zhangqiu as the contrast, this paper measured the physiological indices including electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde content, protective enzyme activity, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and root vitality of two introduced Welsh onion varieties Chunwei and Changhao, and identified their cold tolerance and wintering cultivation effect. The results showed that during wintering cultivation, all test Welsh onion varieties suffered low temperature stress, which led the electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content arrived at the maximum, while the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate dropped to the bottom at 15 January. At this time, the function data of physiological indices were 0. 452, 0. 364, and 0. 226 for Chuowei, Changbao and Zhangqiu, respectively, suggesting that Chunwei had stronger cold tolerance, followed by Changbao, and Zhangqiu. The bolting rate of Chunwei, Changbao and Zhangqiu when harvested was 0, 35.2% and 81.0% , respectively. Although the biological yield of Changbao was 25.67% and 52. 94% higher than that of Chunwei and Zhangqiu, respectively, the economic yield of Chunwei was the highest (5.49 kg m2) , with an increment of 18. 57% than Changbao, and that of Zhangqiu was only 0. 86 kg x m(-2) It could be concluded that Chonwei was fit to cultivate in low tunnel in winter, while Zhangqiu was weaker in cold tolerance and not fit to wintering cultivation.

Allium↗

PubMed1979

Detection of Salmonella in onion and garlic powders: collaborative study.

The relative efficiency of trypticase soy broth with added 0.5% K2SO3 and lactose broth as pre-enrichment media for recovering Salmonella from onion powder and garlic powder was collaboratively studied. For each spice, 13 collaborators each received 5 duplicate samples; 4 of the 5 replicate samples were inoculated with 1 of 4 levels of S. thompson ranging, at initiation of analysis, from greater than 3 to 93 organisms/g onion powder and greater than 3 to 43 organisms/g garlic powder. Salmonella growth was inhibited in each of these spices as evidenced by a rapid decline of most probable number values in samples determined immediately after and 7 days following inoculation. Collaborative results of cultural analyses demonstrated superiority of the modified tripticase soy broth for recovering Salmonella in each of the 2 spices. The improved method of detecting Salmonella in onion and garlic powders has been adopted as official first action.

Condiments↗

PubMed1984

Aqueous extracts of onion, garlic and ginger inhibit platelet aggregation and alter arachidonic acid metabolism.

Aqueous extracts of onion, garlic and ginger inhibited platelet aggregation induced by several aggregation agents, including arachidonate (AA), in a dose-dependent manner. While onion and garlic extracts were found to be weak inhibitors of platelet thromboxane synthesis, ginger extract inhibited the platelet cyclooxygenase products and this effect correlated well with its inhibitory effects on the platelet aggregation induced by the above aggregation agents. These two effects were dose-dependent. Although the three aqueous extracts inhibited the biosynthesis of 6-keto-F1 alpha in rat aortic rings from labelled AA, they did not reduce prostacyclin production from endogenous AA pool in aortic rings. Aqueous ginger extract was extracted into three organic solvents in order of increasing polarity (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate). An analysis of the n-hexane extract revealed at least three clearly separated TLC bands containing materials that inhibited platelet thromboxane generation simultaneously increasing lipoxygenase products (HETE). The results indicate that if the same were happening in vivo, onion, garlic and ginger could be useful as natural antithrombotic materials.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMed1994

The oligosaccharide units of the xyloglucans in the cell walls of bulbs of onion, garlic and their hybrid.

Xyloglucans were isolated from the 24% KOH-soluble fraction of the cell walls of bulbs of onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum) and their hybrid. The polysaccharides yielded single peaks upon gel filtration with average molecular weights of 65,000 for onion, 55,000 for garlic and 82,000 for the hybrid. Compositional analysis of the oligosaccharide units after digestion with an endo-1,4-beta-glucanase from Streptomyces indicated that the polysaccharides were constructed of four kinds of repeating oligosaccharide unit, namely, a decasaccharide (glucose/xylose/galactose/fucose, 4 : 3: 2 : 1), a nonasaccharide (glucose/xylose/galactose/fucose, 4 : 3 : 1 : 1), an octasaccharide (glucose/xylose/galactose, 4 : 3 : 1), and a heptasaccharide (glucose/xylose, 4 : 3). The xyloglucan from the hybrid contained highly fucosylated units that resembled those from onion rather than from garlic. The analysis also revealed that the xyloglucans from Allium species contain highly substituted xylosyl residues with fucosyl-galactosyl residues, suggesting that these monocotyledonous plants resemble dicotyledons in the structural features of their xyloglucans.

Allium↗

PubMed2000

Quality changes of onion (Allium cepa L.) as affected by the drying process.

Thin layer drying experiments of sliced onion were carried out under different controlled conditions using a laboratory dryer. Quality changes of the dried product were evaluated by analysis of colour, pyruvate, chemical and sensory parameters. The results obtained proved that drying temperatures above 65 degrees C exert a pronounced influence on colour changes. The pyruvate content decreased with increasing of temperature and slice thickness. The sugar content was also found to be significantly influenced by the drying temperature. The rate of ascorbic acid degradation decreased with increasing temperature and slice thickness. Significant correlations were obtained between chemically determined pyruvate content and sensory evaluated odour of the dried onion.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed2004

Isolation of allicepin, a novel antifungal peptide from onion (Allium cepa) bulbs.

From the bulbs of the onion Allium cepa, a novel antifungal peptide distinct from the antimicrobial peptide previously reported from onion seeds was isolated. The antifungal peptide, designated allicepin, was purified with a procedure that involved aqueous extraction, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel and FPLC-gel filtration on Superdex 75. Allicepin was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel. The molecular weight of allicepin was estimated to be 10 K by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration on Superdex 75. Allicepin exerted an inhibitory activity on mycelial growth in several fungal species including Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Mycosphaerella arachidicola and Physalospora piricola.

Antifungal Agents↗

PubMed2005

Development of a codominant PCR-based marker for allelic selection of the pink trait in onions (Allium cepa), based on the insertion mutation in the promoter of the anthocyanidin synthase gene.

Bulb color in onions (Allium cepa) is an important trait and is inherited in a complex manner. However, the mechanism of color inheritance is poorly understood at the molecular level. A previous study showed that pink bulb color in onions is inherited as a single recessive trait. This trait is attributable to a significantly reduced transcription of the anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) gene. In this study, we developed a PCR-based marker for an allelic selection of the ANS gene to avoid the laborious progeny tests traditionally employed. To identify polymorphisms between pink and red alleles of the ANS gene, promoter sequences of both alleles were isolated. There was 97% nucleotide sequence identity between the promoter sequences of the two alleles. A 390-bp insertion was identified 632 bp upstream from the putative transcription start site in the pink allele. A pair of primers was designed on the flanking sequences of the inserted region and utilized as a PCR-based marker for allelic selection of the ANS gene. The reliability of the marker was tested using parents, F1 hybrids, and F3 lines whose genotypes had been identified by progeny tests. The marker was also used to evaluate the distribution of the pink allele in white and yellow breeding lines. The results indicated that a majority of the breeding lines tested were homozygous recessive.

Alleles↗

PubMed2005

Development of a co-dominant, PCR-based marker for allelic selection of the pink trait in onions (Allium cepa), based on the insertion mutation in the promoter of the anthocyanidin synthase gene.

Alleles↗

PubMed2026

Curtobacterium uvaldense sp. nov., Falsirhodobacter allii sp. nov., Pseudomonas texasensis sp. nov., Three Novel Species Isolated from Onions in Texas, USA.

Bacterial strains 20TX0008T and 20TX0035T were isolated from the symptomatic onion foliage in 2020, and a bacterial strain 21TX0197T was isolated from the symptomatic onion bulb in 2021. Pathogenicity assays confirmed the two strains isolated from foliage to be non-pathogenic, while the strain 21TX0197T was found to be pathogenic. Phylogenetic analysis using the 16 S rRNA gene revealed the closest resemblance of 20TX0008T, 20TX0035T, and 21TX0197T to the genera Curtobacterium, Falsirhodobacter, and Pseudomonas, respectively. For the respective genus, strains 20TX0008T showed the greatest 16 S rRNA sequence similarity with Curtobacterium caesinilyticum GDMCC 1.2667T (99.7%), 20TX0035T with Falsirhodobacter deserti W402T (99.1%), and 21TX0197T with Pseudomonas uvaldensis 20TX0172T (99.4%). In the phylogenetic trees based on whole genome sequences, all three strains formed a distinct, well-supported branch that separated them from their closely related species within the same genus. The genomic similarity, based on average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), revealed that the novel strains had values below the species delineation thresholds (ANI < 95% and dDDH < 70%), confirming the novelty of all these strains. Based on genomic and phenotypic characteristics, we propose three novel species, Curtobacterium uvaldense sp. nov. (type strain 20TX0008T =LMG 33207T =NCIMB 15480T), Falsirhodobacter allii sp. nov. (type strain 20TX0035T =LMG 33208T =NCIMB 15477T), and Pseudomonas texasensis sp. nov. (type strain 21TX0197T =LMG 33210T =NCIMB 15479T).

Phylogeny↗

PubMed2003

The association of peroxisomes with the developing cell plate in dividing onion root cells depends on actin microfilaments and myosin.

We have investigated changes in the distribution of peroxisomes through the cell cycle in onion ( Allium cepa L.) root meristem cells with immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, and in leek ( Allium porrum L.) epidermal cells with immunofluorescence and peroxisomal-targeted green fluorescent protein. During interphase and mitosis, peroxisomes distribute randomly throughout the cytoplasm, but beginning late in anaphase, they accumulate at the division plane. Initially, peroxisomes occur within the microtubule phragmoplast in two zones on either side of the developing cell plate. However, as the phragmoplast expands outwards to form an annulus, peroxisomes redistribute into a ring immediately inside the location of the microtubules. Peroxisome aggregation depends on actin microfilaments and myosin. Peroxisomes first accumulate in the division plane prior to the formation of the microtubule phragmoplast, and throughout cytokinesis, always co-localise with microfilaments. Microfilament-disrupting drugs (cytochalasin and latrunculin), and a putative inhibitor of myosin (2,3-butanedione monoxime), inhibit aggregation. We propose that aggregated peroxisomes function in the formation of the cell plate, either by regulating hydrogen peroxide production within the developing cell plate, or by their involvement in recycling of excess membranes from secretory vesicles via the beta-oxidation pathway. Differences in aggregation, a phenomenon which occurs in onion, some other monocots and to a lesser extent in tobacco BY-2 suspension cells, but which is not obvious in the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., may reflect differences within the primary cell walls of these plants.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗

PubMed1998

An onion isolate of tobacco rattle virus: reactivity with an antiserum to Hypochoeris mosaic virus, a putative furovirus, and molecular analysis of its RNA 2.

A tubular virus from onion was found to react with an antiserum to Hypochoeris mosaic virus (HyMV), a putative furovirus. Sequence analysis of its genomic RNAs and further serological tests, however, indicated it to be a tobravirus rather than a furovirus. The reactivity of the HyMV antiserum with several isolates of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) suggests that HyMV itself may be a tobravirus. The deduced amino acid sequences of the putative proteins encoded on RNA 2 of the onion virus isolate (ON) suggest close evolutionary relationships to the TRV isolate TCM from tulip. However, RNA 2 of the ON isolate contains a shorter RNA 1-like sequence on its 3'-end and an additional small ORF upstream of its RNA 1-like part. The sequence of its 315 5'-terminal nucleotides is more similar to that of RNA 2 of the PLB isolate from potato than to that of TCM RNA 2.

Amino Acid Sequence↗