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PubMed1993

Psychosocial support of trauma patients in the emergency department by nurses, as indicated by communication.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that a difference exists between the perception of the nurse and that of the observer regarding the extent of verbal and nonverbal communication that occurs between nurses and trauma victims (and their families) in the emergency setting. DESIGN AND SETTING: Typical descriptive design study completed in a large metropolitan emergency and trauma center in central Michigan. METHODS: Verbal and nonverbal interaction between nurses and trauma victims and their families were observed by one of two researchers and scored with the Moore-Schwartz Data Collection Tool. The nurses then self-reported these same items. RESULTS: Significant differences existed between the researchers' scores and the nurses' self-report scores. This was demonstrated by the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient (0.2361, p = 0.05), the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test (61.50, p = 0.0004), and the test (-3.35, p = 0.01). The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient also demonstrated significant relationships between the nurses' self-report scores and age (0.3716, p = 0.05), gender (-0.360, p = 0.05), and educational level (-0.4209, p = 0.05). No relationship was found between the nurses' self-report scores and the trauma score or age of the patient, or years of emergency department nursing experience. CONCLUSION: Nurses report that they are communicating verbally and nonverbally with trauma victims and their families in the emergency setting, but often were not observed to be doing so. Emergency nurses may not be delivering the holistic care and psychosocial support that they believe they are.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Affective pattern recognition and schizophrenia.

The process by which people extract the emotional nuances of nonverbal communication is treated as a special case of pattern recognition. This process of affective pattern recognition is presumed to involve three conceptually distinct levels: The primary or cue level, the secondary or configurational level, and the propositional or predictive level. It is proposed that schizophrenia arises from defects in either or both the cue and configurational levels and that the hypothesized defects can account for the common cognitive and social-interpersonal phenomena of schizophrenia. Finally, the therapeutic implications of this model of schizophrenia are considered.

Affect↗
PubMed2000

Intuition: a social cognitive neuroscience approach.

This review proposes that implicit learning processes are the cognitive substrate of social intuition. This hypothesis is supported by (a) the conceptual correspondence between implicit learning and social intuition (nonverbal communication) and (b) a review of relevant neuropsychological (Huntington's and Parkinson's disease), neuroimaging, neurophysiological, and neuroanatomical data. It is concluded that the caudate and putamen, in the basal ganglia, are central components of both intuition and implicit learning, supporting the proposed relationship. Parallel, but distinct, processes of judgment and action are demonstrated at each of the social, cognitive, and neural levels of analysis. Additionally, explicit attempts to learn a sequence can interfere with implicit learning. The possible relevance of the computations of the basal ganglia to emotional appraisal, automatic evaluation, script processing, and decision making are discussed.

Basal Ganglia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dance/Movement therapy for children and adolescents with cancer.

PURPOSE: Dance/movement therapy is introduced as a holistic approach to children's health issues, incorporating an array of medical, psychological, social, and spiritual issues. OVERVIEW: Dance/movement therapy, with its unique emphasis on nonverbal communication in assessment and treatment, is presented as an innovative therapeutic approach to address the comprehensive needs of children and adolescents with cancer. Dance/movement therapy assessment and intervention strategies are discussed in the context of cognitive, emotional, and social developmental processes, as well as models of stress and psychological adjustment in pediatric cancer. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The inclusion of dance/movement therapy as part of the interdisciplinary team addressing the psychosocial needs of children and adolescents with cancer facilitates greater integration of factors related to coping. By its very nature, this modality offers constructs that promote holistic approaches to cancer care.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

[Nurses' uniforms as seen by patients, nurses and nursing faculty].

The exact role of the way people dress up on the nonverbal communication is still unknown. Nevertheless, we know that it influences the interpersonal answers and, in some situations, they are the main determinants of those answers. The objective of this study was to determinate differences between the perception os the nurse uniform through the answers of 100 patients, 30 nurses and 15 nursing school faculty. The data were collected by showing nine photographs of hospitals of the city of São Paulo (Brazil). White trousers and blouse was the favorite one among patients, nurses and nursing school faculty regarding personal care. White skirt above knees, white blouse and blazer was the most rejected one by three groups.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2006

On intersubjective engagement in autism: a controlled study of nonverbal aspects of conversation.

Does autism involve a deficit in intersubjective engagement with other persons? We studied nonverbal communication in children and adolescents with and without autism (n = 12 per group), group-matched for chronological age and verbal mental age, during 3 min of a videotaped interview. In keeping with previous studies, there were only subtle but potentially revealing group differences on behavioral ratings. Participants with autism made fewer head-shakes/nods (but not smiles) when the interviewer was talking, and the interviewer made fewer head-shakes/nods when participants were talking. Yet there were marked group differences on reliable 'subjective' ratings of (a) affective engagement and (b) the smoothness of reciprocal interaction. We interpret the findings in terms of a group difference in identification between conversational partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

5-HTTLPR Genotype-Specific Phenotype in Children and Adolescents With Autism.

OBJECTIVE: The serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) is a strong autism candidate gene because of its association with anxiety, aggression and attention, and the effectiveness of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in treating certain behavioral symptoms. In families with individuals with autism, several reports of biased transmission of both alleles (short, long) at the serotonin transporter gene promotor polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) locus of SLC6A4 now exist. The heterogeneity in these reports may be due to clinical heterogeneity. The authors hypothesized that 5-HTTLPR genotypes would be related to variation in specific symptoms in children with autism. METHOD: The authors explored whether variants of two functional polymorphisms of SLC6A4 (5-HTTLPR, intron 2 variable number tandem repeat [2 VNTR]) were related to behavioral characteristics measured by the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Subjects (N=73, age 3-19 years old) met diagnostic criteria for autistic disorder based on both measures. RESULTS: Evidence of genotype-phenotype interactions on the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised was found with the 5-HTTLPR short group of HTTLPR (S/L or S/S genotypes) being rated as more severe on the subdomain "failure to use nonverbal communication to regulate social interaction," and the long group (L/L genotype) being more severe on the subdomain "stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms" and on an aggression measure. In contrast, on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, the long group was associated with greater severity on directed facial expressions and unusual sensory interests. There were no significant relationships between the intron 2 VNTR genotypes and subdomains or domains of symptoms on the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised or the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide initial support for genotype-specific phenotypes for 5-HTTLPR in autism based on ratings from the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The role of 'shared representations' in social perception and empathy: an fMRI study.

Evidence suggests that we use the same mechanisms for both producing and perceiving actions. Such 'shared representations' may also underlie social perception and empathy. However, this idea raises some important and as yet unresolved questions: (i) how do we distinguish other-orientated empathic responses from a self-orientated reactions such as personal distress and (ii) what are the neural substrates underpinning these processes? We employed event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore whether 'shared representations' were recruited to decode dynamic social stimuli in 12 healthy volunteers. We used an adapted version of the Profile of Non-Verbal Sensitivity (Rosenthal, H., Hall, J.A., DiMatteo, M.R., Rogers, P.L., Archer, D., (1979). Sensitivity to nonverbal communication: the PONS test. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore) which taps social perception using brief silent video clips. Participants chose one of two words that best described the state conveyed by the actor, or in the control condition using the same clips, the word describing which parts of the body were visible (non-social labelling). Off-line self-report measures of empathy and personal distress engendered by thoughts about others, were also given along with an experimentally-derived index of the degree of self-other overlap during social perception. Brain activation specific to the main experimental condition was found in the inferior frontal gyrus (BA44) and premotor areas (BA6) consistent with the use of 'shared representations'. Somatosensory areas such as the insula and supramarginal gyrus (BA40) were also activated suggesting that participants constructed a qualitative representation of the target state. Activity in the rostral anterior cingulate was associated with self-reports of personal distress and increased blood flow to the anterior cingulate (BA24) and inferior parietal cortex (BA40) was related to self-other overlap.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Windows on animal minds.

The simple kinds of conscious thinking that probably occur in nonhuman animals can be studied objectively by utilizing the same basic procedure that we use every day to infer what our human companions think and feel. This is to base such inferences on communicative behavior, broadly defined to include human language, nonverbal communication, and semantic communication in apes, dolphins, parrots, and honeybees. It seems likely that animals often experience something similar to the messages they communicate. Although this figurative window on other minds is obviously imperfect, it is already contributing significantly to our growing understanding and appreciation of animal mentality.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1994

Satisfaction, gender, and communication in medical visits.

The authors conducted two studies of routine medical visits, investigating the relation of physician gender, patient gender, and physician age to patient satisfaction, and the correlations between communication behaviors and satisfaction separately for different combinations of patient and physician gender. Study 1 was based on videotaped visits to a hospital-based internal medicine practice (n = 97 visits). Study 2 was based on audiotaped visits to 11 different community and hospital-based practices in the United States and Canada (n = 524 visits). In both studies, patients examined by younger physicians, especially younger female physicians, reported lower ratings of satisfaction. These findings were true for male and female patients; however, in both studies, the lowest satisfaction in absolute terms was among male patients examined by younger female physicians. The effects were not explained by patient and physician background characteristics or by measured communication during the visit. Correlations between verbal and nonverbal communication and satisfaction for different combinations of physician and patient gender suggested that gender-related values and expectations influence patients' reactions to physicians' behavior. There also was evidence that patient satisfaction is reflected in the patient's affective behavior during the visit.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Alexithymia and interpersonal problems.

BACKGROUND: Interpersonal relationships are substantially codetermined by nonverbal communication, e.g. facial affect. Given the deficits of nonverbal affect recognition and expression in alexithymia, we hypothesized that alexithymics had more interpersonal problems than nonalexithymic individuals, and that the various facets of the alexithymia construct are differentially related to interpersonal problems. METHOD: 149 subjects participating in an inpatient group psychotherapy program completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-C) at the beginning of the treatment. The IIP-C was also administered to a subgroup at the end of the treatment. RESULTS: Based on the alexithymia scores, patients were classified as low- (TAS-20 score </=51), moderate- or high-alexithymic (TAS-20 score >/=61). High-alexithymic patients had significantly more interpersonal problems than low alexithymics, particularly in the IIP-C scales indicating hostility and social avoidance. The TAS-20 subscale difficulty describing feelings showed the highest correlations with interpersonal problems (r between 0.23 and 0.55). At the end of the treatment, the high alexithymics still scored highest on the IIP-C, but the magnitude of change in interpersonal problems did not differ across the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the interpersonal style of alexithymic individuals is characterized by a cold and socially avoidant behavior, corresponding to the predominantly insecure attachment pattern found in alexithymia. Additionally, our results indicate that group psychotherapy is as helpful for alexithymic as for nonalexithymic subjects with respect to interpersonal problems. Finally, we propose that alexithymia involves a reduced capacity to use social interactions for affect regulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Speech development in aphonic children.

It has been well established that pre-lingually hearing-impaired children experience difficulties in speech development. Little appears in the literature, however, about speech development in aphonic children. The authors have had the opportunity to manage several children who, for various reasons, were unable to phonate from a pre-lingual age to approximately the age of 5 or 6 years. The children in this report developed various compensatory means of communication, including unusual laryngeal, non-laryngeal and nonverbal communication. Representative cases are reviewed and observations are made regarding the effects of aphonia on speech development.

Aphonia↗
PubMed1981

Improving the MEDLARS search interview: a checklist approach.

An analogy is drawn between searching a computer data base and conducting laboratory research: the crucial process in both is phrasing the question to the system to obtain meaningful and useful results. The searcher must act as an intermediary for the library user in questioning the data base; for this reason every effort must be made to maximize the efficiency with which a query is transferred from requester to searcher. Studies reported in the literature tend to distribute themselves into one of two categories: flowchart analyses or nonverbal communication approaches. Because message transfer in an interview is an entirely human process, the flowchart approach, while perhaps providing a correct analysis, is rejected as a means of improvement. Similarly, emphasis on nonverbal cues and communication inhibitors is assessed as misplaced. Rather, the method recommended is guided practice, using a checklist of areas to be covered in an interview for a MEDLARS search. Topic appropriateness, form design, and postsearch follow-through are included in the discussion.

MEDLARS↗
PubMed1998

Pets as transitional objects: their role in children's emotional development.

Children's use of pets as transitional objects and the contributions of pets to children's emotional well-being were examined. The sample included 94 boys and 80 girls in preschool through Grade 5; 70% were current pet owners, and 30% were not pet owners. Each participant was individually interviewed using a structured interview format of 20 questions for current pet owners and three questions for non-pet owners to assess perceptions about the role of friendships between animals and humans, shared activities between children and pets, ways animals and humans communicate love for one another, types of verbal and nonverbal communication and interactions between animals and humans, and ways animals provide love, security, and emotional support to humans. Analysis indicated that children perceive their pets as special friends, important family members, and providers of social interactions, affection, and emotional support. Results are discussed in terms of the parallels between children's use of inanimate transitional objects and their use of pets as transitional objects.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pain measurement in older adults with head and neck cancer and communication impairments.

The ability to communicate the presence of pain by means of verbal and nonverbal communication is crucial to facilitate the assessment of pain. Patients with communication impairment (CI) are limited in their ability to verbally report their pain and, consequently, mechanisms to elicit information about the pain experience must incorporate simple and valid methods to accomplish this goal. Pain measurement and the impact of the pain experience in older adults with CI are areas that have been studied on a limited basis in nursing. This study compared the effectiveness of 3 pain assessment tools in measuring pain intensity in the older adults with head and neck cancer and with CI. Multivariate repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed that there were no significant differences in the mean pain intensity scores when subjects used the Numeric Rating Scale, the Faces Pain Scale, and the Visual Analogue Scale at 3 different time intervals. The highest correlation coefficients between pain measurement tools were identified during the third time when the pain measurement tools were used to rate pain intensity. Subjects identified the Numeric Rating Scale as the preferred method to rate pain intensity. Canonical correlation analysis demonstrated that among the demographic variables evaluated in the study, education explained the largest variance in composite of the pain measurement scales.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Communication development in Angelman's syndrome.

The communication development in 11 children with Angelman's syndrome is described. The clinical observation that these children appear to have a greater ability with receptive rather than expressive language is investigated and these skills assessed using published communication schedules. In addition the understanding and the use of nonverbal communication such as natural gesture was studied. The data collected highlight the fact that these children have developed very few words and have difficulty in using gestural or sign systems. This has implications for speech and language therapists and the children's remedial programmes. Possible future longitudinal studies are suggested.

Adolescent↗