Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Neurosciences”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Neuroscience workshops for fifth-grade school children by undergraduate students: a university-school partnership.

The National Science Education Standards recommend that science be taught using inquiry-based approaches. Inspired by the Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives, we examined whether undergraduate students could learn how to conduct field research by teaching elementary school children basic neuroscience concepts in interactive workshops. In an inquiry-based learning experience of their own, undergraduate psychology students working under the close supervision of their instructor designed and provided free, interactive, hour-long workshops focusing on brain structure and function, brain damage and disorders, perception and illusions, and drugs and hormones to fifth-graders from diverse backgrounds, and we assessed the effectiveness of the workshops using a pretest-post-test design. The results suggest that the workshops enhanced the children's knowledge of neuroscience concepts as measured using pre- and post-open-ended assessments. The undergraduates also found their learning experience engaging and productive. The article includes detailed descriptions of the workshop activities, procedures, the course in which the undergraduates implemented the workshops, and guidance for future university-school collaborations aimed at enhancing science literacy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

An online, interactive approach to teaching neuroscience to adolescents.

Most of today's students are skilled in instant messaging, Web browsing, online games, and blogs. These have become part of the social landscape and have changed how we learn and where we learn. The question becomes how to harness the attractiveness and ubiquity of electronic venues toward the goal of teaching neuroscience. At the Rice University Center for Technology in Teaching and Learning, a central focus is the creation of innovative materials that appeal to middle school students. A recent project was undertaken through a Science Education Drug Abuse Partnership Award (R25 DA15063) from the National Institute on Drug Abuse to inform adolescents about the neurobiology of substance abuse and the current research dealing with a class of drugs known as club drugs. Problem-based learning, multimedia pedagogy, and the National Science Content Standards were integrated to produce The Reconstructors, an episodic series available via the World Wide Web at http://reconstructors.rice.edu. A field test of students from five schools assessed the retention of content after "playing" The Reconstructors series titled Nothing to Rave About. Gain scores indicated that middle school students' knowledge about club drugs and the basic neuroscience concepts that explain their effects improved significantly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Integrating neuroscience and psychological approaches in the study of early experiences.

Rodent maternal separation and primate rearing environment paradigms demonstrate that early disturbances in caregiving that sensitize stress-responsive neurocircuits may play a role in the etiology of mood disorders. Psychosocial studies document the importance of adverse early experiences in the risk for psychopathology. The time is ripe for integrating the animal neuroscience and human psychosocial research on early experiences and stress. Based on work by the National Institute of Mental Health Early Experience, Stress Neurobiology Prevention Science research network, findings in the human literature that are consistent with those in animal models are reviewed. In addition, however, anomalous findings and the challenge they pose in translating the basic neuroscience findings to human development are also discussed.

Caregivers↗
PubMed2005

Herophilus of Chalcedon: a pioneer in neuroscience.

A review of the history of ancient medicine reveals that most of the knowledge is concentrated in the studies of a few scientists. The best-known names include Hippocrates, Rufus of Ephesus, Celsus, and Galen. The survival of their works throughout the ages has been the most important factor contributing to their popularity. However, there are other scientists who made great contributions to science, but whose writings have been lost or destroyed over the course of time. As a result, their names are not as well known as those of others and the value of their contributions is not appreciated. With the improvement of communication technology in the past 50 years, links between the studies of ancient science can be made more effectively and scientists who have remained hidden under the shade of time have begun, after thousands of years, to receive the appreciation they deserve. In the field of neuroscience, the historical record focuses on Galen of Pergamon. But, when his marvelous works are carefully studied, it is interesting to note two names he frequently referenced: Herophilus (335-280 BC) and Erasistratus (310-250 BC). These two scientists were the first to place scientific value on the dissection of the human body. Herophilus is considered the father of scientific anatomy, and Erasistratus was the first experimental physiologist. Attracted by the prospect of material advancement and eminent students, both migrated from their homes in Asia Minor to Alexandria. The works of Herophilus and Erasistratus have been lost entirely, but some details of their teachings may be recovered from the writings of Galen. In this study, we focus on Herophilus, a master of ancient medicine, whose important discoveries about the human body formed the basis for positive science and the foundation for neuroscience.

History, Ancient↗
PubMed2004

Neuroscience and education.

Neuroscience is a relatively new discipline encompassing neurology, psychology and biology. It has made great strides in the last 100 years, during which many aspects of the physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology and structure of the vertebrate brain have been understood. Understanding of some of the basic perceptual, cognitive, attentional, emotional and mnemonic functions is also making progress, particularly since the advent of the cognitive neurosciences, which focus specifically on understanding higher level processes of cognition via imaging technology. Neuroimaging has enabled scientists to study the human brain at work in vivo, deepening our understanding of the very complex processes underpinning speech and language, thinking and reasoning, reading and mathematics. It seems timely, therefore, to consider how we might implement our increased understanding of brain development and brain function to explore educational questions.

Brain↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of microarray studies performed in the neurosciences.

The application of microarray technology to basic and applied fields of science has been progressing rapidly and broadly since its initial description. The field of neuroscience stands to benefit particularly, as nervous tissue is the most transcriptionally active system within most biological organisms. Moreover, large numbers of cell and animal models have been created that mimic many biochemical and behavioral features of neurological states and diseases. In the present study, data on study designs, tissue sources, technology platforms, bioinformatic tools, and results obtained from 448 published microarray studies were collected. The data were then summarized to determine overall usage statistics of microarrays. Future directions and applications for microarrays in the neurosciences were then inferred from the data analyzed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Nurses specialized in neuroscience. A necessity?].

A specialization in nursing seems to be a preoccupation of several professional as a means to improve the professional practical. Specifically, the neuroscience nursing expression makes thought in a possible area which the nurses could develop and specialize themselves. The present report shows some enlightenment on what neuroscience nursing is, the actuation possibilities for the nurses and what could be developed in a specialization course, based in american literature.

Health Services Needs and Demand↗
PubMed2000

Neuroscience education of undergraduate medical students. Part II: outcome improvement.

OBJECT: Because of political and economic pressures, primary care physicians are now charged with greater responsibility for the care of patients with disease processes definitively managed by neurosurgeons. The goal of this study was to establish the feasibility and efficacy of a neurosurgical curriculum designed to teach future primary care physicians about these diseases. METHODS: A compact, seven-lecture curriculum was developed to teach 3rd-year medical students about degenerative spine disease, stroke, tumor- and hydrocephalus-related raised intracranial pressure, head and spine injury, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. This curriculum was given as part of a 6-week pilot course that included neurology, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, and rehabilitation medicine components. This course was administered to two groups of 18 medical students, and an examination was administered at the end of the pilot course. The same examination was administered to an additional 19 students immediately after their completion of the neurology course currently required. Students enrolled in the pilot neuroscience course performed significantly better (p<0.001) on the examination than those who had completed the standard neurology course. Striking improvements were noted in the recognition and management of head injury, hydrocephalus, and radiculopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Inclusion of a short neurosurgery-related curriculum in a combined neuroscience course significantly improved student performance on an examination focusing on the recognition and management of common neurosurgical disorders. Because primary care physicians are responsible for the initial recognition and management of these disorders, the knowledge gained may lead to improved patient care.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1999

Computational analyses in cognitive neuroscience: in defense of biological implausibility.

Because cognitive neuroscience researchers attempt to understand the human mind by bridging behavior and brain, they expect computational analyses to be biologically plausible. In this paper, biologically implausible computational analyses are shown to have critical and essential roles in the various stages and domains of cognitive neuroscience research. Specifically, biologically implausible computational analyses can contribute to (1) understanding and characterizing the problem that is being studied, (2) examining the availability of information and its representation, and (3) evaluating and understanding the neuronal solution. In the context of the distinct types of contributions made by certain computational analyses, the biological plausibility of those analyses is altogether irrelevant. These biologically implausible models are nevertheless relevant and important for biologically driven research.

Biology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A pilot program to promote professional growth for neuroscience nurses.

A pilot program was developed as a strategy to increase professional growth on a neuroscience unit. The primary objective of the program was to allow staff nurses to participate in activities that interface with the neuroscience patient population. Nurses could choose an area of interest that related to their unit responsibilities. This experience provided the participants with the unique opportunity to participate in patient care from the perspective of another discipline. The staff were enthusiastic about the experience and shared it eagerly with their peers. Participants' evaluation of the program was overwhelmingly favorable. The data suggest that this program was an effective means of increasing professional growth and staff development.

Education, Nursing, Continuing↗
PubMed2005

The 'whole-animal approach' as a heuristic principle in neuroscience research.

Neuroscience embraces a heterogeneous group of disciplines. A conceptual framework that allows a better articulation of these different theoretical and experimental perspectives is needed. A 'whole-animal approach is proposed as a theoretical and hermeneutic tool. To illustrate the potential of this point of view, an overview of the research that has been performed in the extinction of fear-conditioned responses from Pavlov to the present is discussed. This is an example of how a whole-animal-based approach may help to organize and integrate basic and clinical neuroscience research. Our proposal is in agreement with recent statements calling for more integrative approaches in biological and neuropsychiatric research.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The molecular medicine revolution and psychiatry: bridging the gap between basic neuroscience research and clinical psychiatry.

Recent years have witnessed a considerable increase in both fundamental knowledge and available experimental techniques in the basic neurosciences. Unfortunately, clinical translation of these findings vis-à-vis a direct benefit to patients who suffer from psychiatric diseases has not been as rapid. It is likely that this will change in the near future. We discuss some of the knowledge and expanding techniques of basic neuroscience, focusing on those that may be most promising regarding the future impact of the current molecular medicine revolution in psychiatry. Some of the more exciting findings (basic mechanisms, techniques, and clinical methodologies) that are expected to have a major impact on both our understanding of the biological underpinnings of psychiatric diseases and the development of novel and/or improved therapies include genetics, epigenetics, transcriptomics/proteomics, neuroimaging, animal models, and improved psychiatric endophenotypes.

Diagnostic Imaging↗
PubMed1999

Neurosciences - A neurosurgeon's perspective.

The advancements in the field of science in the past fifty years have highlighted the need to integrate all fields of human endeavours and have emphasised interdependency of various disciplines. The separation of humanities, therefore, from neurosciences is a preposterous practical joke on all thinking men. With the human genome project on the anvil, biotechnology is making significant headway holding out promise for organ regeneration. Macro evolution is over, but micro-evolution continues in the brain. Neural Darwinism thus, continues to evolve as long as individual remains conscious and has memory. In the milieu of widely varying internal physiological mechanisms and external stimuli, an alternative theory to preprogrammed directionalism is proposed by three mechanisms namely developmental variation and selection, experiential selections and reentrant signalling. Reentrant signalling reorients and correlates the external inputs leading to psychic development preceding the development of consciousness. The cholinergic and aminergic neuro-modelling systems are well suited to serve as value systems. The main achievement of consciousness is to bring together the many categorizations involved in perceptions into a SCENE. Another part of evolution involved capacity of reentrant signalling to be guided by a value system where it is provided with a lot of choices. With 10(13) neurons and 10(16) connections, freedom of choice may manifest into a 'Buddha' or a 'Hitler'. As part of the evolutionary process, it was interesting how capacity to categorize the need to worship by referring to environment outside evolved into a search within our minds. As the next stage of evolution, neuroscience may, thus, serve as the next gateway to understanding the mind and soul.

Buddhism↗
PubMed1998

Virtual reality in neuroscience: a survey.

Some research projects have begun to test the possibility of using Virtual Environments (VEs) for research in neuroscience, neurosurgery and for the study and rehabilitation of human cognitive and functional activities. In fact, VEs let users navigate and interact with computer-generated 3-D environments in real time, allowing for the control of complex stimulus presentations. VEs enable the neuroscientist to present a wide variety of controlled stimuli and to measure and monitor a wide variety of responses made by the user. This paper highlights recent and ongoing research related to the applications of VEs in the neuroscience arena. In particular it focuses on the European and US applications in this field.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1999

Neuroscience nursing practice in a new millennium.

Neuroscience nursing practice in the 21st century is considered from two perspectives: 1) scope of care and roles within a collaborative interdisciplinary model of care; and 2) patient-focused care within the challenging health care system. The implications of illness trends for neuroscience nursing practice are discussed, as are the developing changes in the health care delivery system driven by economics. The article focuses on the futuristic role of disease management in shaping practice and the models for practice which will prevail in this new health care environment.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Trends in European computational neuroscience.

Understanding the complex structure and function of the central nervous system requires the integration of many scientific disciplines and descriptive levels, and the development and application of adequate research tools. The fast growing field of computational neuroscience plays an important role within this integrative effort. In Europe, an active community is emerging that investigates structure-function relationships in the nervous system at subcellular, cellular, network, and behavioural levels. An increasing number of courses and conferences are offering opportunities for development and exchange of ideas between scientists interested in computational neuroscience. Thus, it is timely to present a spectrum of European activities in this field and to foster the communication between scientists across disciplines towards joint efforts.

Computational Biology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis (1757-1808): an early nineteenth century source for the concept of nervous energy in European behavioral neurosciences.

The nineteenth century witnessed many advances in neuroscientific concepts. Among the notable are Charles Bell's (1774-1842) and François Magendie's (1783-1855) identification of sensory and motor pathways, Thomas Henry Huxley's (1825-1895) elaboration of evolutionary theory in the context of comparative neuroanatomy, and Emile Du Bois-Reymond's (1818-1896) and Hermann von Helmholtz's (1821-1894) work in experimental neurophysiology and on the concept of nervous energy. In Germany, the idea that the nervous system consisted of two elements, one that generated nervous energy and another that conducted it throughout the body, had wide currency in mid-nineteenth century. In France, Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis (1757-1808), physician, philosopher, and one of the founders of modern psychophysiology, argued that the brain is the part of the body in which electricity is stored. In his Rapports du Physique et du Moral de l'Homme, published between 1796 and 1802 (translated into German under the title Verhältnis der Seele zum Körper (1808)), Cabanis proposed new ideas on brain function, on the brain's own sensibility, on the concept of will, and on the chemical basis of nervous activity. In the Rapports Cabanis proposed a theory of how brain and nerves relate to thought and behavior. Foreshadowing later developments in neuropsychology, he suggested that different parts of the nervous system have separate functions. Despite the fact that Cabanis had many interesting ideas about brain function, he has been largely ignored by historians of neuroscience; e. g., he is mentioned briefly in Clark and Jacyna (1989), in only two footnotes in Neuburger (1897/1981), and not at all in Finger (1994). Cabanis's far-reaching theory of how the brain works helped shape understanding of the general notion of nervous energy in nineteenth-century European neuroscience.

Brain↗
PubMed2001

The emergence of social cognitive neuroscience.

Social cognitive neuroscience is an emerging interdisciplinary field of research that seeks to understand phenomena in terms of interactions between 3 levels of analysis: the social level, which is concerned with the motivational and social factors that influence behavior and experience; the cognitive level, which is concerned with the information-processing mechanisms that give rise to social-level phenomena; and the neural level, which is concerned with the brain mechanisms that instantiate cognitive-level processes. The social cognitive neuroscience approach entails conducting studies and constructing theories that make reference to all 3 levels and contrasts with traditional social psychological and cognitive neuroscientific research that primarily makes reference to 2 levels. The authors present an introduction to and analysis of the field by reviewing current research and providing guidelines and suggested directions for future work.

Forecasting↗