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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Neurology and behaviour of growth-retarded neonates. Relation to biochemical placental function tests in late pregnancy.

Serial estimations of maternal urinary oestriol, serum cystine aminopeptidase (S-CAP), and human chorionic somatomammotrophin (S-HCS) were done in a prospective study on 29 pregnancies in which intrauterine growth retardation was diagnosed in the third trimester by the gravidogram method and/or serial ultrasound measurements of the fetal biparietal diameter. The series was divided into 2 growth-retarded groups: (i) severe growth retardation with birth weight less than -2 SD from the mean for gestational age (N = 14); (ii) moderate growth retardation with birth weight between -1 and -2 SD from the mean for gestational age (N = 15). These were compared with a control group of 18 normal pregnancies and infants. A modified Prechtl neurological examination and the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale (NBAS) were done in the neonatal period at full-term age. Both categories of growth-retarded infants showed lower muscle tonus than the controls. The severely growth-retarded infants showed fewer optimal items in the neurological examination; they also showed poorer capacity for orientation to external stimuli, inferior motor function, and less physiological stability in NBAS than the controls. The abnormal biochemical placental tests were significantly correlated to low Apgar scores (urinary oestriol), to low excitability (S-CAP) and to poor motor function (S-HCS). The neurological and behavioural condition of the neonate seemed to be more closely associated to the extent of growth retardation than to the occurrence of abnormal biochemical placental tests.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic and clinical outcome of neurogenic tumours in the head and neck area.

A retrospective analysis of diagnostic procedures and clinical outcome of patients with neurogenic tumours of the head and neck region was performed. There were 25 patients - 16 with neurinoma, 5 with neurofibroma and 4 with neurogenic sarcoma - who presented with a mass in the head and neck area. In 13 patients, the neurinoma originated from the facial nerve, 2 of them were located in the middle ear and mastoid and showed facial palsy. Four patients presented with neurofibromatosis type 1. Twenty-three patients were operated on to remove the tumorous masses. Eighteen tumours were assigned intraoperatively to a cranial nerve main trunk, whereas 7 tumours originated from small branches or showed diffuse growth in neurofibromatosis. All benign neurogenic tumours were removed totally without relapse. One of 2 auricular nerve autografts in middle-ear facial nerve neurinoma resulted in a sufficient muscle tonus of the face. Three patients with malignancies died within 12-24 months showing local recurrencies (n = 1) and/or pulmonary metastasis (n = 2). As expected, neurogenic tumours are unusual neoplasms of the head and neck regions. On the other hand, neurogenic malignancies exhibit diagnostic problems as well as uncertain chances for long-term survival. Tumour staging, determined by extension and critical for treatment decisions, is well evaluated by CT scan and MRI. A multimodal therapy regimen with operation and radiation is recommended for neurogenic sarcoma also when developing in neurofibromatosis. However, in main trunk neurinomas, nerve autografting with interposition is the therapy of choice with a good chance of functional recuperation.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed1976

Central nervous system damage as a possible component of unexpected deaths in infancy.

A longitudinal study of 1553 infants, designed to provide early indicators of gross developmental problems by using a behavioral assessment scale, included 12 infants who later died suddenly and unexpectedly. In a retrospective examination of neonatal records, considerable evidence of central nervous system damage was found. Anoxic conditions and even possible seizure activity were implicated. Abnormalities of muscle tonus, skin color and cry were found, together with some visual problems. These findings on behavioral assessment in the neonatal period appear to identify a population which is at greater risk of sudden death in infancy. The need for oxygen therapy as a high-risk indicator of sudden unexpected death has been reported in a previous study and is further substantiated by the present findings: they are also compatible with thos of Naeye (1973), who found long-term hypoxic conditions in autopsy studies on the sudden infant death syndrome. It is suggested that the possibility of central nervous system involvement in the aetiology of the sudden infant death syndrome should be more thoroughly investigated.

Apnea↗
PubMed1992

Distinguishing acute and tardive akathisia by monitoring microvibration: a pilot study.

One acute and one tardive akathisia patients, respectively, and 10 neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients were injected with biperiden 5 mg or saline and the response to anticholinergics was monitored by microvibration (MV) as an indicator of muscle tonus. These data were subjected to the Fast Fourier Transform and an averaged power spectrum was computed. The biperiden injection markedly reduced the power spectral values of MV in acute akathisia. In contrast with acute akathisia, the biperiden injection significantly increased the power spectral values of MV in tardive akathisia. The subjective feelings of akathisia patients were parallel to the power spectral values of MV. Control patients were not affected by such treatment. The present findings show that the subjective symptoms of akathisia can be well defined by the objective, differential response to anticholinergics in a manner similar to the visible extrapyramidal symptoms (dystonia, dyskinesia) induced by neuroleptics.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

[Noninvasive determination of viscoelastic properties of human finger arteries under various tonus conditions affecting vascular smooth muscle].

The amplitude of the volume pulse in relation to transmural pressure and the compliance as a viscoelastic property of the digital arteries were determined noninvasively in 9 male subjects (mean age 16 years). The amplitude of the volume pulse was measured impedance-plethysmographically and the amplitude of the pressure pulse sphygmomanometrically. The registration of the pulses was performed under different conditions (sitting-control), lying, 3-min forearm ischaemia, concentration-performance test, hyperventilation, 0.8 mg Nitrangin sublingual) to provoke different states of the vessel wall. The amplitude of the volume pulse under concentration-performance test (0.054 +/- 0.015 ml), hyperventilation (0.045 +/- 0.015 ml) and Nitrangin (0.142 +/- 0.034 ml) is significantly (p = 0.025) different from control (0.086 +/- 0.016 ml). The amplitude of the volume pulse and the compliance increase with decreasing transmural pressure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[A method for differentiation between the participation of the smooth and the cross-striated anal sphincter muscles in resting tonus].

By means of simultaneous recordings of the external anal sphincter EMG activity and the anal resting pressure with at least ten voluntary sphincter contractions, it is possible to estimate by correlation calculation the resting pressure exerted by the internal anal sphincter. The value of the method had been proved by comparing investigations in conscious and curarized patients under general anesthesia. In patients with hemorrhoids and chronic constipation, the amount of internal pressure found in the resting tonus (91% in hemorrhoids, 55% in chronic constipation) was significantly different when compared with a health group. The comparison of only the resting pressure did not show a significant difference.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed1976

[Tonus of respiratory muscles in acetycholine hypotonia (author's transl)].

The importance of respiratory muscles in relation to circulation and ventilation was investigated in acute hypotonia after acetylcholin injection. The tonus of respiratory muscles was assessed by measuring the circumference of chest and abdomen. Changes of volume of the body cavities were examined by body plethysmography. A significant relation between the increase of circumferences of the chest and abdomen and increase of lung volume was registered. The authors conclude, that the tonus of the respiratory muscles determines the volume of chest and abdomen and influences the distribution of blood.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1985

Modulatory effects of proctolin on a crab ventilatory muscle.

Proctolin enhances nerve-evoked, phasic contractions of a selected respiratory muscle of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, but has no effect on muscle tonus. Proctolin also increases the work and power output of this muscle. These effects are functionally appropriate in view of previous reports that proctolin stimulates the ventilatory rhythm. They also suggest that proctolin exerts coordinated modulatory control at the central and peripheral levels of the gill ventilatory system. In contrast, serotonin, dopamine and octopamine have no effect on this muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Stress and kinematic analysis of the head and neck in frontal collision. A comparison of voluntary probands and postmortem human test cadavers].

Investigations comparing dynamics and kinematics in volunteers and postmortem human subjects (PMHS) under the same collision conditions are rare, although such results are of elementary importance in order to estimate the suitability of PMHS as injury indicators in crash tests. Under this aspect, a report on 12 experimental frontal collisions has been made where PMHS were loaded and restrained by a 80 mm broad double shoulder lap-step belt. The impact velocity amounted 60 km/h, the mean vehicle decelerations were at 11 g and 15 g. In the Naval Biodynamics Laboratory in New Orleans, the comparing collective of 9 volunteers in the age range of 18 to 22 years has been investigated by a mean deceleration of 11 g at otherwise comparable conditions. Optical targets have been fixed at the 1st thoracic vertebra, the occiput and the top of the head in the PMHS, the collision phase has been documented by a laterally to the sled mounted high-speed camera with a frame rate of 1000 p/s. The accelerations have been measured tri-axial at the top of the head, at the clivus and the 1st thoracic vertebra. For the simulation of the muscle tonus of the volunteers, formaldehyde has been injected into the neck muscles. In the PMHS as well as in the volunteers no thoracic- or abdominal injuries occurred during the above mentioned loads. However, the spinal column of the PMHS remained uninjured only in 3 cases, in 7 cases hemorrhages in the intervertebral disc, lacerations of the ligamentum flavum or hemorrhages in the vertebral joints were observed.

Acceleration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Physiopathology and clinical evaluation of spasticity].

The spasticity is a motor alteration of the muscle tonus caused by the spinal reflex hyperactivity, related to the increasing of the muscle reaction to the stretching. It is very frequent in the upper motor neuron lesional.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

A reliable method for sustaining a pre-defined pre-innervation level.

Numerous experimental approaches are based on evaluating electromyographically recorded muscle activity. Some experiments require a certain level of pre-innervation in a muscle or muscle group whereas others must avoid this. Measured parameters, such as the time to onset of the muscle response to an electrical stimulus, etc., depend critically on the level of pre-innervation. The pre-innervation level is most commonly estimated from parameters such as the force generated by this muscle or the upright posture of a human subject. These methods, however, are indirect and may yield erroneous results. This paper describes an inexpensive method developed for a wide range of applications in muscle-tonus-based experiments, in which the tonus is precisely controlled. A simple electronic circuit is presented by which the level of muscle pre-innervation is directly recorded, monitored and - depending on the experimental approach - also fed back to the subject. Physiological experiments on the flexion reflex in healthy human subjects document the reliability of our electronic device.

Electromyography↗
PubMed2003

[Diagnosis and conservative therapy of anal fecal incontinence].

The main diagnostic tool for patients with anal incontinence is the anorectal physiology. The anorectal sphincter can be reliably tested. Due to the fact that an obstetric damage is the most common cause of anal incontinence, the transanal endosonography is the imaging method of choice for detecting a muscle defect. With high frequency ultrasound probes (preferable 10 Mhz) the pathomorphology of the sphincter can be studied in details. If conservative treatment is failing, the neurophysiology testing is helpful in deciding which surgical method (sphincter repair in case of an intact nervus pudendus, artificial sphincter or sacral stimulation in case of neuropathy). The conservative treatment includes increasing the internal sphincter muscle tonus by applying Phenylephrine locally or Loperamid per os. The biofeedback is basically a physical muscle training of the external sphincter with a visual or acoustic feedback of the muscle function to the patient. However, newer studies show that by this method the sensory function and the coordination of the anal sphincter are improving as well. With these conservative treatment options most of the patients suffering from anal incontinence can be treated satisfactorily.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed1999

[Hepatic involvement in a case of lysosomal glycogen storage disease with normal acid maltase].

A 19-year-old man, who could run only slowly since childhood and who walked on his toes since 12 years of age, noted difficulty in climbing upstairs at 17 years of age. He was admitted to Kyushu University Hospital because of elevated AST, ALT and CK levels. On admission, the liver was palpable two fingerbreadths beneath the right costal margin. A neurological examination revealed a low IQ on WAIS-R, a decreased muscle tonus in his four limbs, moderate weakness of the neck flexor and bilateral tibialis anterior muscles, contracture of the ankle joints, and bilateral pes cavus. The serum CK was elevated to 1,124U/l. Hepatic enzymes, such as AST, ALT, LDH and gamma-GTP were also moderately increased in the sera. A needle EMG disclosed myogenic patterns in the limb muscles. Biopsied biceps brachii muscle showed a mild variation in the fiber size and multiple tiny vacuoles in 5-10% of the muscle fibers. PAS and acid phosphatase were strongly positive in some vacuoles. On electron microscopy, numerous autophagic vacuoles containing glycogen granules were observed. The acid maltase activities were, however, normal in the peripheral blood lymphocytes, the biopsied muscle, and the cultured skin fibroblasts. He was thus diagnosed to have lysosomal glycogen storage disease with normal acid maltase. A histological examination of the biopsied liver revealed the portal and central veins to be slightly sclerotic. In addition, mild fatty changes and frequent nuclear vacuolization were present in the hepatocytes. On electron microscopy, enlarged mitochondria with irregular cristae were also observed. Due to the fact that the cardiac function was well preserved, these hepatic lesions were thought to result from the metabolic abnormalities underlying in this disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Efficacy of paromomycin sulfate against human cestodiasis and its pharmacological action on tapeworm in vitro].

Recently, it has been reported that paromomycin sulfate has marked anthelmintic efficacy against tapeworm infections in man. In the present study this drug was used in the treatment of 14 cases of diphyllobothriasis latum and 1 case of taeniasis saginata. Also, the actions of paromomycin sulfate on Diphyllobothrium ditremum and D. erinacei were examined pharmacologically using Magnus apparatus and biochemical methods. The results obtained were as follows. For the treatment, a total of 50 mg/kg of paromomycin sulfate divided into 2 doses was given orally at intervals of 30 minutes. Two hours after medication, 20 g of magnesium sulfate dissolved in 200--300 ml of water was given as purgative. One or 2 worms were found in the stools of 11 cases with D. latum and 1 case with T. saginata within 24 hours after medication, but scolex was found in only 2 of them. All cases were negative for the eggs or segments in stool examinations at 1 and 3 months after treatment. Except 1 case complained mild and transient vomiting no side effects were noticed. All cases showed no abnormality in blood examination, liver function test and urinalysis. Both of the proglottids of D. ditremum and D. erinacei showed muscle relaxation in Tyrode solution containing 10(-4) g/ml of paromomycin sulfate. In D. ditremum the recovery of muscle tonus was observed within 10--15 minutes after affection of this drug, while the persistence of muscle relaxation was seen in D. erinacei. The activity of phosphoglucose isomerase was slightly inhibited by 10(-3) M paromomycin sulfate while those of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were not inhibited. In phosphoenolpyruvate-succinate pathway, the activity of fumarate reductase was slightly inhibited 10(-3) M paromomycin sulfate while those of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and malate dehydrogenase were not inhibited.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A therapeutic splint for hypertonic flexed elbow in upper motor neuron diseased patients.

Change in muscle tonus is characteristic of upper motor neuron disease. Upper limb hypertonus is mostly experienced in the flexor muscles group, causing abnormal fixed flexion of the elbow. This in turn leads to functional impairments in daily life (especially in stability while standing and walking, and in activities such as dressing), often accompanied by chronic pain. Extension of the spastic elbow is therefore a significant target goal of the rehabilitation process of these patients. This study presents the development of a simple, cheap and easy-to-use splint aimed at keeping the elbow extended. The splint is made out of cloth and plastic strips with longitudinal pockets sown into a double layer cloth surface. The splint is then wrapped and tightened around the extended elbow. The splint was applied to 30 patients with hypertonic flexed elbow. Patients were asked to keep the splint wrapped around their elbows between one to five hours a day, for a period of three weeks. They were instructed to shorten the time of use whenever they felt pain, discomfort or extended pressure on the arm. Most of the patients completed the trial as instructed and expressed their wish to carry on using it. The reported "side effects" included discomfort, feeling of pressure at the critical points and difficult self-application of the splint. The final splint model was developed based on this feedback. Its efficacy in keeping the elbow in an extended position, its low cost price and easy use makes this splint a viable and simple tool for the rehabilitation process of upper motor neuron disease patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Effect of long-term cryotherapy on the Hoffmann reflex].

Investigations about Hoffmann reflex of M. triceps surae on both extremities were carried out on 10 young volunteers before and after cryoapplication of ten minutes on the left leg. Determination of H/M ratio indicates the influence of cold application on muscle tonus, which was decreased on the treated side without any influence on the contralateral. The results support the view that muscle relaxation depends on decrease of muscle temperature.

Adolescent↗