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PubMed1992

Self-selection and internal migration in the United States.

"Within the conceptual framework of the Roy model, this paper provides an empirical analysis of internal migration flows [in the United States] using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The theoretical approach highlights regional differences in the returns to skills: regions that pay higher returns to skills attract more skilled workers than regions that pay lower returns. Our empirical results suggest that interstate differences in the returns to skills are a major determinant of both the size and skill composition of internal migration flows. Persons whose skills are most mismatched with the reward structure offered by their current state of residence are the persons most likely to leave that state, and these persons tend to relocate in states which offer higher rewards for their particular skills."

Americas↗
PubMed1991

International migration and remittances in a two-country temporary equilibrium model.

"This article examines the effects of international migration and remittances in both the source and host countries within a two-country temporary equilibrium macroeconomic model.... The objective in this article is to determine whether income, trade, and fiscal policies induce or discourage international migration; and evaluate, with emigration-cum-remittances, the analytical implications of such macroeconomic policies on income and welfare in the two countries. All policies are evaluated with respect to their effects on income and welfare of domestic nationals."

Demography↗
PubMed1994

Education selectivity in internal migration in mainland China.

"The purpose of this paper is to study the selectivity in...internal migration in Mainland China with respect to the level of education, based on a sample of young adults (aged 17-29) taken from the micro data of the 1987 one-percent National Population Survey (NPS87)....[We focus first] on the education selectivity in migrations among the city, town and rural strata of the urban/rural hierarchy [and then examine] the education selectivity in migration among metropolitan, coastal and interior regions." (SUMMARY IN CHI)

Asia↗
PubMed2006

The international migration of Indian nurses.

AIM: To identify the factors responsible for the international migration of Indian nurses. METHODS: The paper is based on the responses of 448 nurse practitioners, nurse educators and nurse administrators to a questionnaire administered to them in December 2004-January 2005. Key factors were identified by the analysis of contingency tables. DISCUSSION: Apart from economic factors, dissatisfaction with working conditions and unhappiness with prevalent social attitudes towards nurses were identified as being of crucial importance for the international migration of Indian nurses. It was found that nurses working in the private sector and from some linguistic and religious groups were particularly prone to migration. Nurses working in the government sector seemed to be more worried about being unable to adjust to working conditions abroad, and therefore less keen to migrate. The fact that they enjoyed better pay scales, a more relaxed work atmosphere and more facilities may have also played a part here. What seemed to be vital to the decision to migrate for a large number of government sector nurses belonging to the so-called 'Forward' and 'Middle' Castes was that they were being crowded out of promotional avenues as a result of the government's policy of Reservations in Promotions for Scheduled Castes and Tribes. CONCLUSION: Health policy-makers in India need to take a serious look at the growing migration of nurses to foreign countries. While such migration leads to inflow of foreign exchange, it also implies the loss of medical personnel vital for the fulfilment of national goals.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Short-term forecasting of internal migration.

A new methodological approach to the forecasting of short-term trends in internal migration in the United States is introduced. "Panel-data (or longitudinal-data) models are used to represent the relationship between destination-specific out-migration and several explanatory variables. The introduction of this methodology into the migration literature is possible because of some new and improved databases developed by the U.S. Bureau of the Census.... Data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis are used to investigate the incorporation of exogenous factors as variables in the model." The exogenous factors considered include employment and unemployment, income, population size of state, and distance between states. The author concludes that "when one...includes additional parameters that are estimable in longitudinal-data models, it turns out that there is little additional information in the exogenous factors that is useful for forecasting."

Americas↗
PubMed1998

The demographic underpinnings of current and future international migration in Asia.

"The present paper suggests that one element which needs to be considered in explaining contemporary international migration [in the Asia-Pacific region] but especially in anticipating trends over the next decade are the differential patterns of growth of population within the region. While population growth overall has slowed, the work force age groups will continue to grow rapidly in Asia over the next decade or so and the contrasts between individual countries will increase. The proportion in the peak mobility age groups will thus continue to grow rapidly in particular countries and will be one of the elements contributing to increased levels of international migration within and out of the region."

Asia↗
PubMed1994

The turning point in international migration and economic development in Korea.

"This article aims to analyze the factors which led to the transition in international migration in [the Republic of] Korea. Three issues are explored. First, it is argued that Korea has passed the turning point since Korea needs to accept foreign labor for unskilled jobs for some sectors of the economy. Second, we analyze factors which led Korea to reach this turning point in international migration in the context of demographic change and industrial upgrading. Third, Korea's overseas employment as well as its policy of guestworkers are also discussed in the context of the country's structural adjustment. Then, policy options concerning foreign labor import are suggested."

Asia↗
PubMed1994

Internal migration, earnings, and the importance of self-selection.

This paper analyzes the impact of internal migration on earnings within the human capital model framework. Since migrants constitute a non-random sample of population, the endogenous nature of migration decision warrants necessary correction for the selectivity bias in their earnings function. The Mincer-type earnings model is thus augmented to determine the extent of this bias. Besides estimating the standard Mincerian earnings model, the paper also attempts to verify the learn-as-you-go proposition by introducing migration duration variables in the earnings model. Based on the household level Population, Labor Force, and Migration (1979-80) survey data, the analysis yields the following important conclusions: (i) the data allowed a meaningful estimation of Mincerian earnings function for migrants and non-migrants; (ii) the level of schooling was one of the important determinants of the distribution of income both for migrants and nonmigrants--the four categorical variables of education were in general statistically significant with expected signs, implying that the hypothesis of a positive relationship between income and education was accepted; (iii) the rates of return to education improved systematically with higher levels of education, thus confirming the notion that education serves as a signalling device; (iv) the age-income profile was almost linear for migrants but showed concavity for nonmigrants; (v) the presence of sample-selection was observed for migrants; and (vi) even after controlling for the influence of personal characteristics, i.e., education and experience, the long-standing migrants earned relatively more at the destination than the more recent migrants.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Multiregional estimation of gross internal migration flows.

"A multiregional model of gross internal migration flows is presented in this article. The interdependence of economic factors across all regions is recognized by imposing a non-stochastic adding-up constraint that requires total inmigration to equal total outmigration in each time period. An iterated system estimation technique is used to obtain asymptotically consistent and efficient parameter estimates. The model is estimated for gross migration flows among the Canadian provinces over the period 1962-86 and then is used to examine the likelihood of a wash-out effect in net migration models. The results indicate that previous approaches that use net migration equations may not always be empirically justified."

Americas↗
PubMed1982

International migration in the Dominican Republic: implications for development planning.

"The Dominican Republic represents a microcosm of all the major migration patterns: substantial emigration and immigration, sizeable return migration, and persistent internal rural-urban migration. The impacts of these various types of migration are related and have a significant influence on the development process. This study analyzes the causes of these migrations as well as the costs and benefits in terms of the individual migrants and the country as a whole. Finally, it investigates the implications of migration for development planning in the Dominican Republic." The authors conclude "that the migration issue is not an area distinct from the various development focuses, but rather cuts across and is related to many of the program areas in which the government is involved."

Americas↗
PubMed1993

International migration and control of communicable diseases.

The epidemiology and policy implications of communicable disease (CD) transmission associated with international migration have received little systematic study. This is a review of clinical and epidemiological reports in search of strategies to assess and manage the impact of international migration on the transmission of CDs. The economics and demography of migration from less developed to industrialized nations is considered. Migration-related transmission should differentiate between actual transmission as opposed to geographic relocation of disease. Limitations of current screening and disease prevention strategies are discussed. Social and ecological processes through which migration can contribute to increased CD transmission are described, including placement in refugee camps, unclear legal status of migrants in recipient nations, and temporary return migration. Strategies for non-discriminatory and non-punitive control of migration-related CDs, needed changes in clinical practice, and complexities presented by CDs of long latency (such as HIV infection) are reviewed.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1997

The geography of highly skilled international migration.

"The present paper provides a research review of recent literature on international migration by the highly skilled. Its principal aim is to identify the themes which are being discussed, and suggest where research into the subject might best proceed.... [The authors outline] the two most important perspectives in extant research, economic and socio-cultural, [and review] what is known about the geography of migration by the highly skilled.... The paper proposes...a reconceptualisation of migration by the highly skilled as one element in the international movement of expertise."

Culture↗
PubMed1996

Global economic restructuring and international migration: some observations based on the Mexican and Central American experience.

"The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between processes of global economic restructuring and international migration through an examination of Mexican and Central American immigration to the U.S. and the experiences of Central American and Mexican immigrants in the U.S. This relationship is analysed as one of mutual causation: on the one hand, global restructuring affects conditions in both sending and receiving countries (it is not only a factor in emigration but also in the economic and political receptivity to immigrants at their point of destination); on the other, international migration in turn has an important impact on countries of origin, receiving countries, and the relationship between them." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Americas↗
PubMed1994

Monitoring international migration flows in Europe. Towards a statistical data base combining data from different sources.

"The paper reviews techniques developed in demography, geography and statistics that are useful for bridging the gap between available data on international migration flows and the information required for policy making and research. The basic idea of the paper is as follows: to establish a coherent and consistent data base that contains sufficiently detailed, up-to-date and accurate information, data from several sources should be combined.... The issues may be tackled more easily if the statistics that are being compiled are viewed as different outcomes or manifestations of underlying stochastic processes governing migration. The link between the processes and their outcomes is described by models, the parameters of which must be estimated from the available data.... The paper discusses the experience of the U.S. Bureau of the Census in combining migration data from several sources. It also summarizes the many efforts in Europe to establish a coherent and consistent data base on international migration." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Americas↗
PubMed1998

Effect of the economy on international migration flows.

"This article examines the relationship between economic growth and international migration. On the basis of regression analysis of immigration into the Netherlands it may be concluded that a rise in unemployment in the Netherlands has a negative influence on immigration. A rise in unemployment in the country of origin of migrants has a positive effect on the migration to the Netherlands."

Demography↗
PubMed1988

Canadian internal migration statistics: some comparisons and evaluations.

The purpose of this paper "is to discuss some of the major sources of existing [Canadian] internal migration data, especially interprovincial migration data, and to provide some comparisons and evaluations of the various data sets. The analysis will relate to gross migration rates, correlations of migration matrices, net-gross migration ratios, and net impact measures, and it will also include specific case studies of the migration experience of some Canadian provinces in the last few decades." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Americas↗
PubMed1981

Dutch international migration statistics, 1820-1880: an analysis of linked multinational nominal files.

"International migration statistics in the nineteenth century are acknowledged to be deficient and biased, but there are few source-critical studies to determine the extent of underreporting and omissions. This article provides a critical analysis of the statistics of Dutch emigration to North America in the period 1835-1880, based on the method of nominal record-linkage of computer files derived from Netherlands emigration lists and U.S. ship passenger manifests. Published and unpublished official records in the Netherlands, U.S.A. and Canada are used to determine the extent of underreporting, the structural biases in the migration data and the 'true' annual Dutch immigration rate to the United States."

Americas↗
PubMed1981

On estimating internal migration for open populations.

"The purpose of this note is to review the case for using the forward census survival ratio (FCSR) method for estimating internal migration. Through this technique seems likely, on certain criteria, to offer usable estimates of migration, it suffers from what some critics regard as a crucial weakness, namely a sensitivity to inernational migration. It is argued here, however, that this deficiency is less damaging than others have made it out to be. Consequently, a case can be made for preferring the FCSR method to other methods."

Demography↗